Environmental Degradation Valuation in Daerah Istimewa

Yogyakarta
Dian Hudawan Santoso1, a), Iqbal Samusa Ihsan Usama, Maria Novarella Adventia

Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Mineral Technology, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional

Veteran Yogyakarta.
Jalan Padjajaran (Lingkar Utara), Condongcatur, Depok, Sleman Yogyakarta, 55283

Corresponding author: dian.hudawan@upnyk.ac.id

Abstract. The higher the human civilization, the higher the intervention in the environment. Pressure on the environment
that exceeds the capacity to recover from the environment has the potential to cause environmental degradation. D.I.
Yogyakarta is one of the areas where the rate of development is quite high so environmental degradation cannot be
avoided. This study aims to determine the value of environmental degradation that occurred in D.I.Yogyakarta Province
within 1 year, namely in 2020. The method in this study to obtain data used the literature review method and literature
study from data from related agencies, then for environmental valuation used the market price approach method in the
form of prevention costs, and the cost of illness method. The types of environmental degradation identified are critical
land, water pollution, solid waste, disasters, and greenhouse gas emissions. The economic valuation value of
environmental degradation obtained is Rp. 888.541.744.310,-

Keywords:Degradation, Environment, Economic Valuation

INTRODUCTION
The Special Region of Yogyakarta is a province located in the south of the island of Java which is bordered by
Mount Merapi in the north which has an altitude of 2,968 meters above sea level, the Progo River in the west, the
Opak River which empties into the Java Sea in the east, and the Indian Ocean with a coastline of 110 km in the
south. . Administratively, the Special Region of Yogyakarta has one city, namely the City of Yogyakarta with an
area of 32.5 Km2, four districts namely Bantul Regency covering an area of 506.85 Km2, Gunung Kidul covering an
area of 1,485.36 Km2, Kulon Progo covering an area of 586.27 Km2, and Sleman Regency covering an area of 574.
82 Km2, 78 Kepanewon, and 440 Kalurahan. The total area of the Special Region of Yogyakarta is 3,186 Km2.
Yogyakarta Province also has three main rivers, namely the Winongo River, Code River, and Gajah Wong River.
Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) can show the success of the economic performance and development
of a region which is routinely made by BAPPEDA in collaboration with BPS. From the GRDP report, some
components take into account the impacts or consequences resulting from economic and development activities for
both the community and the environment which are usually referred to as environmental degradation [1].
Environmental degradation is a decrease in the quality of the environment that is detrimental to human life.
Environmental degradation is caused by two main factors, namely nature, and humans. In general, this
environmental degradation results in many losses such as physical damage, loss of life, disease incidence, climate
change, and hunger. Also various other indicators such as scarcity of clean water sources, water and air pollution,
widespread slum areas, and penetration of salt water in resident wells [2]. Province of the Special Region of
Yogyakarta every year, agricultural land shrinks by about 250 hectares. The area of function transfer per year
reaches 2.3% for Sleman Regency and the City of Yogyakarta reaches 7% per year. The growth rate of Gross
Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) from the agricultural sector experienced negative growth. In 2010, the
agricultural sector contributed Rp. 3.63 trillion to GRDP and in 2011 it fell 2.12% to reach Rp. 3.55 trillion [3]

FIGURE 1. Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Administration Map

METHODOLOGY
The method used in this study uses survey and observation methods, interviews, and literature studies and searches
for data from agencies. The survey and observation methods carried out in the field are observing and measuring
environmental natural resources that are experiencing degradation in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. Mathematic
method used to determine the value degradation of the critical land, water pollution, waste, disaster, greenhouse gas
emission sector. The formula explanation below.

Critical land formula (Lost Productivity Costs and Replacement Costs (Soil Fertility))

Fertilizer Price /Kg x Fertilizer needs per season x critical land area

Water pollution formula (Cost of Illness)

Number of Sufferrers /year x cost of medicine /year

Waste formula (Cost management)

Comparison between the amount of unmanaged waste

x managed waste cost
total managed waste

Disaster formula (Countermeasures)

Disaster victims x land use area

Greenhouse gas emission formula (Benefit Transfer)

Greenhouse gas total emission x carbon tax

The next method is the interview method, this method is carried out to determine the characteristics of
environmental objects that are experiencing degradation. Interviews were conducted on respondents related to the
utilization, use, and impact of changes in environmental natural resources in the Special Region of Yogyakarta..

RESULT AND EVALUATION

Identification of environmental conditions based on priority issues of the Environmental Management Performance
Information Document of the Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIKPLHD DIY) in 2020, the Forestry Statistics Book
in 2020, and also the National Waste Management Information System (SIPSN) of the Ministry of Environment and
Forestry in 2020 found several types Environmental problems that can trigger and cause natural resource
degradation include critical land and land conversion, water pollution, pollution due to waste activities, and
disasters. The following is a table of economic valuation due to environmental degradation and the approach used is
as follows:
TABLE 1. Type of Degradation and Approach Used
Type of Environment
No Approach Used Data Location
Degradation
Critical land area,
Lost Productivity Costs
price of NPK
1 Critical Land and Replacement Costs D.I. Yogyakarta
fertilizer, price of
(Soil Fertility)
rice (HGK)
Cost of healing
2 Water Pollution Cost Of Ilnes D.I. Yogyakarta
disease
Waste Management
3 Garbage Cost management D.I. Yogyakarta
Fee
The price of
building and
equipment for flood
4 Disaster Countermeasures D.I. Yogyakarta
and landslide
disaster
management
Total Greenhouse
Greenhouse Gas Gas Emissions and
5 Benefit Transfer D.I. Yogyakarta
Emissions Carbon Tax Price
per kg

Critical Land and Land Use Change

Changes in land use took place significantly due to the conversion of undeveloped land, especially
agricultural land, and rice fields, into built-up land. Land conversion can result in the loss of topsoil so that the land
turns into critical land. The occurrence of land use change is one of the factors caused by a significant increase in
population, see D.I. Yogyakarta is one of the cities for education and tourism destinations. Based on the DIKPLHD
DIY report, 2020 population growth due to migration is higher than natural population growth. This can cause the
need for residential space to increase. Based on BPS data from the Province of D.I Yogyakarta, in 2021, the
population of D.I. Yogyakarta reached 3,970,220 people while in 2020 there were 3,919,197 people. So that the
annual population growth rate in D.I. Yogyakarta reached 1.29%. If this population growth is not controlled by the
spatial planning plan of D.I. A good Yogyakarta will harm the general environmental quality of D.I. Yogyakarta.
Land changes in DIY can be seen in Table 2.
TABLE 2. Changes in Land Use in D.I.Yogyakarta
Area of Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Land Use
Changes in Land Use in DIY (Ha)
2018 2019
A. Agricultural Land 203.638 173.320,5

B. Non-Agricultural Land (Roads for

114.942 145.259,5
Settlements, Offices, etc.)

Amount 318.580 318.580

 Percentage of Depreciation of
-3.03% -14.89%
Agricultural Land

Source : DIKPLHD DIY, 2020

Critical land has an impact on the environment such as causing flooding, erosion and reduced water catchment areas.
Critical land area in D.I. Yogyakarta is shown in the following table:
TABLE 3. Area of Critical Land in D.I.Yogyakarta in 2020

Critical Level
No Province
Critical (Ha) A Bit Critical (Ha) Amount (Ha)

1 DIY 879,37 24.904,41 25.783,78

Source : Statistik Kehutanan DIY, 2020

FIGURE 2 Critical Land and Land Use Change

Based on data from DIY Forestry statistics in 2020, the Province of D.I. Yogyakarta has a total of 25,783.78
hectares of critical land with a moderate to a critical level. Critical land in D.I. Yogyakarta itself covers an area of
879.37 hectares and a rather critical area of 24,904.41 hectares. Critical land in D.I. Yogyakarta is mostly the result
of land conversion from agricultural land to non-agricultural land. When paddy fields are turned into settlements, it
has the potential to increase domestic waste. Settlements built on former rice fields will dispose of their domestic
waste directly into the fields without any processing.[4]

Calculation of the valuation of critical land degradation in this study uses 2 approaches, namely the substitution
approach and the lost agricultural productivity value approach. The calculation of the critical land valuation is done
by calculating the price of fertilizer that must be paid to restore critical land. The determination of critical land in the
substitution method uses an approach to the nutrient content contained in the soil, namely Sodium (Sodium),
Phosphorus, and Potassium which are degraded due to land conversion. Therefore, to evaluate the price of degraded
land, the NPK fertilizer price approach is used with the allocated land being built up land.
TABLE 4 The Value of Land Degradation in D.I.Yogyakarta
Type of
Fertilizer Needs Hara Element Fertilizer Price Fertilizer Price
Fertilizer
kg per Ha (Rp per Kg) (Rp per Kg)
NPK 250 70%, 20%, 10% 5000 1.250.000
Fertilizer Needs per Ha (Rp, per Ha per season) 1.250.000
Fertilizer Needs per Ha (Rp, per Ha per year) 3.750.000
Total Critical Land (Ha) 25.783,78
Economic Value of Lost Soil Nutrition (Rp) 96.689.175.000
Source : Permentan Nomor 06/Permentan/SR.130/2/2011 tentang HET, Permentan Nomor
40/Permentan/OT.140/4/2007 tentang rekomendasi pemupukan N,P,K pada lokasi sawah spesifik

With the existence of critical land, it can be estimated the nutritional value of the lost land due to the critical land.
Because soil generally consists of 70% N, 20% P, and 10% K, then using NPK (Sodium Phosphorus Potassium)
fertilizer for IDR 5,000 per kg in 50 kg packages. With this price, it can be estimated that all nutrient losses in
critical land in D.I. Yogyakarta. The price of fertilizer per kilogram is then multiplied by the recommended dose for
rice planting, which is 250 kg/ha, multiplied by the need for fertilizer per season and then multiplied by the total
critical land area of 25,783.78 Ha so that the value of critical land degradation in D.I. Yogyakarta is Rp.
96,689,175,000,-.
The agricultural productivity approach is used to find out how much rupiah value is lost due to critical land no
longer being able to produce staple foods, in this case, rice or paddy. Most of the critical land that occurs is the
conversion of land from rice fields and agriculture to built-up land, so it can be assumed that the availability of food-
producing land in D.I. Yogyakarta is also reduced. The total area of land that is no longer productive in D.I.
Yogyakarta is 30,317.5 Ha.

TABLE 5 Paddy Productivity in D.I.Yogyakarta

Province Harvest Area (ha) Production (kg) Productivity (kg/ha)
D.I. Yogyakarta 110.550 52.340.000 473,45
Total 110.550 52.340.000 473,45
Source : BPS D.I. Yogyakarta Dalam Angka, 2021

Based on the Minister of Trade of the Republic of Indonesia No. 27/M-DAG/PER/5/2017 concerning Determination
of Reference Purchase Prices at Farmers and Reference Sales Prices to Consumers, it is known that the price of
Harvested Dry Grain (GKP) is Rp. 3,600/kg. Based on the above, it can be calculated the rupiah lost from food
productivity in D.I. Yogyakarta, is 30,317.5 Ha x 473.45 Kg/Ha x Rp. 3,600,-/kg = Rp. 516,738,385,710

Based on the results of these calculations, it can be concluded that the conversion of land from productive land to
unproductive land during 2020 has caused the loss of ecosystem services (food) amounting to Rp.
516,738,385,710.00.

Based on the above calculation, the total value of the rupiah lost due to the occurrence of critical land and land
conversion in 2020. The existence of critical land that causes soil infertility is worth Rp. 96,689,175,000.00. Then
the existence of critical land and land conversion causes lost agricultural productivity of Rp. 516,738,385,710.00. So
that the total value of land degradation is Rp. 613,427,560,710.00.

Water Pollution
Water pollution is a form of environmental degradation. Water pollution occurs in two types of places, namely
groundwater pollution, and surface water pollution. The decrease in the function of water is a manifestation of the
occurrence of degradation and damage to the environment so that it cannot be utilized optimally according to its
designation. In calculating the degradation value of water pollution in D.I. Yogyakarta will first present the results
of measuring the quality of groundwater (well water) and surface water (river water) from the results of DLH D.I
measurements. Yogyakarta in 2020.

Surface Water
Several rivers are flowing in the D.I. Yogyakarta, including the Code River, Gajahwong River, Yellow River, and
others. Water pollution includes Fecal Coliform in surface water or rivers in Yogyakarta, including Winongo River,
Code River, Gajahwong River, Bedog River, Tambakbayan River, Oyo River, Yellow River, Konteng River, Belik
River, and Bulus River. The following is the quality of the river in D.I. Yogyakarta based on Fecal and Total
Coliform.
TABLE 6 River Quality in D.I.Yogyakarta based on Coliform year 2020
Fecal Coliform Bakumutu Total Coliform Quality Standard
No River Name 1000JPT/100mL 5000JPT/100mL
Max Min Average Max Min Average
1 Winongo 14.000 9.000 12.333 240.000 39.000 107.333
 Fecal Coliform Bakumutu Total Coliform Quality Standard
No River Name 1000JPT/100mL 5000JPT/100mL
Max Min Average Max Min Average
2 Code 15.000 1.400 14.666 460.000 20.000 303.333
3 Gajahwong 43.000 2.300 36.333 240.000 43.000 164.333
4 Bedog 75.000 3.900 63.000 2.400.000 460.000 1.106.666
5 Tambakbayan 14.000 9.000 11.500 210.000 28.000 119.000
6 Oyo 43.000 1.400 26.666 460.000 39.000 246.333
7 Kuning 23.000 9.000 17.666 460.000 23.000 186.000
8 Konteng 75.000 9.000 35.666 210.000 43.000 109.333
9 Belik 75.000 1.500 37.666 2.400.000 75.000 875.000
10 Bulus 120.000 2.000 53.666 2.400.000 93.000 984.333
Source : DIKPLHD DIY 2020

From the results of these measurements, then they are compared with the water quality standards that have been
applied in Pergub DIY No. 20 of 2008 concerning Water Quality Standards in the Province of the Special Region of
Yogyakarta, as follows:

TABLE 7 Water Quality Standards

Class
No. Parameter Unit
I II III IV

1 Fecal Coliform MPN/100 ml 100 1000 2000 2000

2 Total Coliform MPN/100 ml 1000 5000 10000 10000

Source : Pergub DIY No. 20 Tahun 2008 tentang Baku Mutu Air di Provinsi Daerah Istimewa
Yogyakarta

The results of the analysis of river water quality with Fecal Coliform and Total Coliform parameters found that all
river water studied was above the applicable quality standard threshold by Pergub DIY No. 20 of 2008 concerning
Water Quality Standards in the Province of the Special Region of Yogyakarta. In Pergub DIY No. 20 of 2008
concerning Water Quality Standards in the Province of the Special Region of Yogyakarta. The results can be said
that all rivers in D.I. Yogyakarta are polluted. Polluted river water in D.I. Yogyakarta with Fecal and Total Coliform
parameters certainly has an impact on the environment. One of the things that can be observed in public health.
Diarrhea is the number two disease after hypertension in D.I. Yogyakarta. This disease is a disease caused by e-coli
bacteria in the body, causing disturbances in the large intestine and causing diarrhea in the body.

a b

FIGURE 3 (a) Kali Code River Condition 2022 (b) Pile of Trash in River Body Kali
Code
 Groundwater
Measurement of groundwater quality in D.I. Yogyakarta was carried out on citizen wells with samples
spread evenly throughout the D.I. Yogyakarta. The parameters taken are Nitrate, Nitrite, Fe, Hg, Mn, Total
Coliform, and Fecal Coliform. Based on the results of measurements in the field of all parameters in the sample
studied, some exceed the quality standard threshold of all existing parameters. This is based on Pergub DIY No. 20
of 2008 concerning Water Quality Standards in the Province of the Special Region of Yogyakarta. However,
groundwater in D.I. Yogyakarta still has the potential to be more heavily polluted because there is always population
growth from year to year and an increase in population activities from various development sectors.
The occurrence of degradation of groundwater can be caused by various factors including domestic
activities, industry, waste, and so on. It is assumed that groundwater pollution activities originate from the domestic
sector because the domestic sector dominates activities and land use in D.I. Yogyakarta.
The approach used is the cost of treatment approach. Diseases suffered by the people of D.I. Yogyakarta in
2020 can be seen in Table 8. below
TABLE 8 D.I.Yogyakarta Disease year 2020
Number of
No Kind of Disease
Sufferers
1 Hypertensy 24203
2 Diarhea 10276

3 Diabetes melitus 8519

4 Influenza 7850

5 Tifus 1440

6 Dengue Fever 1024

7 Pneumonia 883

8 Lung TBC 650

9 Lung TBC BTA + 482

10 Bloody Diarhea (Disentrie) 411

Source : DINKES DIY 2020, dalam DIKPLHD DIY 2020
The calculation of river pollution valuation is carried out using the Cost Of Ilnes method, which is the calculation of
the cost of treating diseases from the effects of pollution that occur. The dominant type of disease as a result of
water pollution is diarrhea, with a total of 10,276 people. This large number of patients requires treatment costs of
Rp. 28,040 per episode. If on average per day the patient has to spend Rp 4,210. The details of this financing include
4.7% consultation fees, 14.7% drug costs, 8.4% administrative costs, 6.3% transportation costs, 5.4% consumption
costs, and 60.6% opportunity costs. Calculation of the valuation of the type of diarrheal disease, namely by finding
the cost of treatment for the type of disease per year then multiplied by the number of sufferers per year. The value
of valuation of the type of diarrheal disease is Rp. 15,574,305,600,-.

Garbage
Until now, the waste problem has become an unsolved problem, especially in big cities in Indonesia. Garbage is
managed by the D.I. government. Yogyakarta is collected by the yellow troops and transported to the Temporary
Processing Site (TPS). After that, it was transported by a vehicle from the Department of Cleanliness and Parks
(DKP) D.I. Yogyakarta and disposed of at the Final Processing Site (TPA). The Yogyakarta City Sanitation Service
 itself has 28 garbage trucks, 30 garbage carts, 68 TPS, and 34 heavy equipment to handle the waste problem in the
city of Yogyakarta itself..

The cost of waste management per year is Rp. 19,346,243,000, - and the receipt of a waste retribution of
Rp 1,575,000,000,-. The average landfill in D.I. Yogyakarta in 2020 based on data from SIPSN MENLHK is
773,849.72 tons/year and the average volume of waste that has been managed is 416,558.60 tons/year or 53.83%.
Garbage generation in D.I. Yogyakarta originates from all activities in D.I. Yogyakarta.

a b

FIGURE 4 (a) Waste in TPS 3R Srimartani (b) Garbage Transport in

TPS 3R Srimartani
TABLE 9 Amount of Waste in D.I.Yogyakarta
Managed Managed Unmanaged Unmanaged
Waste of Managed
Deficit Waste Waste of Waste of Waste of Waste of
Year Waste
(%) Year Year Year Year
No Kabupaten/Kota (ton/tahun) (%)
(ton/tahun) (ton/tahun) (ton/tahun) (ton/tahun)
(A-
(A) (B) (C) (B+C) (B+C)/A A-(B+C)
(B+C))/A
1 Kulon Progo 62.257,32 - 9.805,86 9.805,86 15,75 52.451,46 84,25
2 Bantul 192.021,91 77.578,28 39.814,91 117.393,19 61,14 74.628,72 38,86
3 Gunungkidul 131.671,16 30.670,44 15.330,00 46.000,44 34,94 85.670,72 65,06
4 Sleman 256.210,07 27.418,51 85.534,10 112.952,61 44,09 143.257,46 55,91
5 Yogyakarta 131.689,26 34.332,48 96.074,02 130.406,50 99,03 1.282,76 0,97
Total 773.849,72 169.999,71 246.558,89 416.558,60 53.83 357.291,12 46.17
Sumber : SIPSN MENLHK, 2020
When all the trash in D.I. Yogyakarta can be managed then the total cost to be incurred by the government in waste
management is Rp. 19,346,243,000,-. The amount of value obtained is by multiplying the waste generation by the
management cost.

TABLE 10 Price and Volume Waste Managed

Volume (ton/yet) Cost
Managed Waste 416.558,60 Rp 10.413.965.000
Unmanaged Waste 357.291,12 Rp 8.932.278.000
Unmanaged Waste Cost Rp 8.932.278.000
Source : data analysis, 2020
From the results of the above calculation, it is found that the cost of economic value due to the existence
of unmanaged waste is Rp. 8,932,278,000 This means that environmental pollution due to solid waste will not
appear when it is managed properly with the value of the management cost. The approach taken is a prevention and
management approach so that the cost of prevention and management is assumed to be the value of pollution
resulting from waste activities.
 Disaster
The natural disaster that occurred in D.I. Yogyakarta throughout 2020 was dominated by landslides, floods,
forest/land fires, and droughts. Of course, this causes environmental and material losses for the affected victims.
Based on data from Pusdalops BPBD D.I. Yogyakarta in 2020, the following is data on disaster events in D.I.
Yogyakarta.
TABLE 11 Type of Disaster in D.I.Yogyakarta
Type of Impact Number of Victims Loss Estimate
No Kabupaten/Kota
Disaster Area (Ha) Evacuate Dead (Rp.)
1 Bantul Flood 10 0 0 Rp0
2 Gunungkidul Flood 1 8 0 Rp233,000,000
3 Kulonprogo Flood 0 0 Rp1,000,000
4 Sleman Flood 0 0 0 Rp0
5 Kota Yogyakarta Flood 0 0 0 Rp0
6 Kota Yogyakarta Drought 0 0 0 0
7 Gunungkidul Drought 0 0 0 0
8 Bantul Drought 0 0 0 0
9 Kulonprogo Drought 0 0 0 0
10 Sleman Drought 0 0 0 0
Forest/Land
11 Bantul 1.135 0 0 Rp49,400,000
Fire
Forest/Land
12 Gunungkidul 2 0 0 Rp0
Fire
Forest/Land
13 Kulonprogo 1.2945 0 0 Rp10,000,000
Fire
Forest/Land
14 Sleman 0 0 0 Rp3,000,000
Fire
Forest/Land
15 Kota Yogyakarta 0 0 0 Rp0
Fire
16 Bantul Land Slide 0 0 0 Rp222,300,000
17 Gunungkidul Land Slide 0 0 0 Rp281,600,000
18 Kulonprogo Land Slide 0 0 0 Rp380,000,000
19 Sleman Land Slide 0 0 0 Rp268,000,000
20 Kota Yogyakarta Land Slide 0 0 0 0
Total Rp1,448,300,000
Source : Pusdaplos BPBD DIY 2020

To find out the economic valuation of degradation due to disasters with the estimated cost of the impact of the land
area and the number of victims affected. So it is known that the economic valuation of the degradation due to the
disaster is Rp. 1,448,300,000.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Greenhouse gas emissions are also a form of environmental degradation that, if left unchecked, can trigger losses to
the community, government, and the environment. The effect of the emergence of GHG is the potential for UHI
(Urban Heat Island) on a small scale and triggers global warming and climate change on a larger scale.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Waste Management Sector

Emissions from the waste management sector are grouped into 5 (five) categories, namely: solid waste,
biological management, combustion, domestic liquid waste, and industrial liquid waste. GHG emissions from the
waste final disposal category are caused by the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter. This process produces
CH4, CO2, and other gases such as CO, N2, O2, H2, and H2O. These gases are commonly called landfill gas (LFG).
Emissions for the category of waste disposal at the TPA are calculated using the First Order Decay (FOD) method
where the waste will produce CH4 emissions over a long period.
In the landfill system, there are several types, each of which affects the generation of CH4 because it is
associated with contact with outside air, especially oxygen. The classification includes unmanaged and shallow (<5
meters), unmanaged and deep (> 5 meters), managed, managed semi-aerobic, and others. CH4 emissions are also
influenced by the amount and composition of waste where the greater the number of easily degraded fractions, the
greater the chance of CH4 formation. There are three TPAs in D.I Yogyakarta, namely Piyungan TPA which is
located in Bantul Regency, serving Sleman, Bantul, and Yogyakarta City. This TPA has been operating since 1995,
while the other two, namely the TPA in Kulon Progo and Gunung Kidul, only operated in 2010. All three are
included in the managed category. The new TPA service level, namely TPA in Kulon Progo and Gunung Kidul, is
assumed to be able to accommodate 10% of the total waste generation.
To calculate the resulting emission, the required activity data is the weight of the composted wet waste. The
category of burning waste produces GHG emissions in the form of CO2, CH4, and N2O. This category consists of
incineration and open burning of waste. Inventory is only carried out on domestic liquid waste because information
on industrial wastewater treatment is not yet available by activity data needs.
Based on data obtained from the D.I. Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report. Yogyakarta waste sector generates total
greenhouse gas emissions in 2020 of 431.99 Gg CO2e which will be converted into kg and multiplied by the carbon
tax price of Rp. 30-, based on Law No. 7 of 2021 article 13 paragraph 9. The value obtained is based on calculations,
namely the waste sector valuation of Rp. 12,957,000,000-,.

Energy Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions

The energy supply and use sector consists of three categories, namely fuel combustion activities, fugitive emissions,
and CO2 transportation and storage. As with previous inventories, CO2 transport and storage are not taken into
account as this category is generally absent in Indonesia. The fugitive emission category comes from mining solid
fuels, oil and gas and other emissions from energy procurement.
In the fuel combustion category, there are five sub-categories of emission sources, namely energy-producing
industries, processing and construction industries, transportation, other sectors, and others. Of all these sub-
categories, energy-producing industries are not found in DI Yogyakarta.
Based on data processing on SignSmart, emissions from the energy procurement and use sector in 2020 are 2640 Gg
CO2e. The source of emission from the energy sector comes from the transportation category of 2192 Gg CO2e
(83.03%), and Offices and Residential Areas of 448 Gg CO2e (16.97%). The increase in emissions was influenced
by the increase in emissions from the transportation category by 58.08%, while from the office and residential
category it decreased by 44.19%. The increase in emissions from the transportation category occurred as a result of
the increasing use of petroleum-based fuels in line with the increase in the number of motorized vehicles.
Based on data obtained from the D.I. Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report. Yogyakarta's energy sector contributed the
largest value in total greenhouse gas emissions in 2020 by producing a total greenhouse gas emission in 2020 of
3,695.25 Gg CO2e which will be converted into kg and multiplied by the carbon tax price of Rp. 30-, based on Law
No. 7 of 2021 article 13 paragraph 9. The valuation results obtained in the energy sector are Rp. 110.857.500.000-

Industrial Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions

The main sources of GHG emissions from this sector are grouped into seven categories including the mineral,
chemical, metal industry, emissions from the use of non-energy products in the form of fuels and solvents,
electronics, the use of products as substitutes for ozone-depleting substances, and the production and use of other
products. .
Based on data processing at Signsmart, GHG emissions from industrial process activities and product use in
2020 are 208 Gg CO2e which is the total emission from one activity, namely the Mineral Industry. In the DI
Yogyakarta region, the mineral industry production is very limited, only covering the production of
chalk.
The results of data processing obtained from the D.I. Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report. Yogyakarta's industrial
sector contributes to the total value of greenhouse gas emissions in 2020 with a total greenhouse gas emission of
1,331.25 Gg CO2e which will be converted into kg and multiplied by the carbon tax price of Rp. 30-, based on Law
No. 7 of 2021 article 13 paragraph 9. The valuation results obtained in the industrial sector are Rp. 39,937,5000 -,.

Agricultural Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions

GHG emissions from the agricultural sector come from several activities, including:
(1) animal husbandry, (2) biomass burning, (3) lime use, (4) urea use, (5) direct and indirect N2O from tillage, and
(6) CH4 from lowland rice cultivation. To calculate emissions from the agricultural sector, it is necessary to prepare
activity data such as the number of livestock, planted area, harvested area, soil type, and the amount of fertilizer
used. The activity data is accessed from various sources, especially from agencies that handle agriculture
Based on the results of Signsmart calculations, GHG emissions from the agricultural sector ranked in the top three
were contributed by the category of direct N2O emissions from soil management of 503.78Gg CO2e (37.84 %),
followed by enteric fermentation of livestock by 270.97 Gg CO2e (20.35% ), and the rice field management
category was 259.10 g CO2 e (19.46 %). Other emission sources that are relatively small are biomass burning in
agricultural lands at 4.97 Gg CO2e (0.37 %), biomass burning in grasslands at 1.91 Gg CO2e (0.14%), and liming at
0.20 Gg CO2e (0.01%).
Based on data obtained from the D.I. Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report. Yogyakarta's agricultural sector contributed
the smallest value although activities from agriculture were also quite a lot in D.I. Yogyakarta. The total greenhouse
gas emissions in 2020 in the agricultural sector are 207.68 Gg CO2e which will be converted into kg and multiplied
by the carbon tax price of Rp. 30-, based on Law No. 7 of 2021 article 13 paragraph 9. The valuation results
obtained in the agricultural sector are Rp. 6,230,400,000-,.

Forestry Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Calculation of GHG emissions in the forestry sector covers all land-based areas, both within forest areas and outside
forest areas. To determine the current emission level, land cover data is used which is generated from the
interpretation of satellite imagery obtained from BPKH Region XI Yogyakarta.
Based on data obtained from the D.I. Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report. Yogyakarta's Forestry sector contributes a
considerable value because there is still quite a lot of forest in D.I. Yogyakarta as in Gunung Kidul and Kulon
Progo. The total greenhouse gas emissions in 2020 in the forestry sector are 2,639.23 Gg CO2e which will be
converted into kg and multiplied by the carbon tax price of Rp. 30-, based on Law No. 7 of 2021 article 13
paragraph 9. The valuation results obtained in the forestry sector are Rp. 79,176,900,000-,.

TABLE 12 Total Emission GRK D.I.Yogyakarta

Total Emisi GRK Tahun (Gg CO2e)
Sector
2018 2019 2020
Waste 567,88 690,73 431,9
Energy -479,27 184,15 3.695,25
Industry 1.746,70 1.783,98 1.331,25
Agriculture 266,25 471,69 207,68
Forestry 2468,69 2.189,75 2.639,23
Total 4570.25 5320.3 8305.31
Source : Laporan Inventarisasi GRK D.I. Yogyakarta, 2021

In 2020 the energy sector is the largest sector in total GHG emissions, amounting to 3,695.25 Gg. The following is a
table of GHG Emissions valuation in 2020 from several existing sectors:
TABLE 13 Emission Total Valuation GRK in D.I.Yogyakarta
GRK Sektor Valuasi Total Emisi GRK (dalam Rp.)
Waste 12.957.000.000
Energy 110.857.500.000
Industry 39.937.500.000
Agriculture 6.230.400.000
Forestry 79.176.900.000
Total 249.159.300.000
The valuation value of the total GHG emission is obtained from the total GHG emission in kg multiplied by the
carbon tax price of Rp. 30-, per kg whose value is determined based on Law No. 7 of 2021 article 13 paragraph 9.
Total GHG emissions in 2020 are 8,305.31 Gg CO2e which has a valuation value of Rp. 249.159.300.000,-.

Total Economic Value of Environmental Degradation in D.I.Yogyakarta

The total economic value of environmental degradation in D.I. Yogyakarta is the result of the sum of the economic
value of degraded critical land, the economic value of air pollution, the economic value of water pollution, the
economic value of unmanaged waste and the economic value of degradation due to disasters.
TABLE 14 Degradasi Lingkungan di D.I.Yogyakarta
Degradation Economic
No. Type of Degradation
Value (Rp)
1 Critical Land and Landuse Change 613.427.560.710
2 Water Polution 15.574.305.600
3 Unmanaged Waste 8.932.278.000
4 Disaster 1.448.300.000
5 Greenhouse Gasses Valuation 249.159.300.000
Economic Total Value 888.541.744.310

Based on data processing as shown in Table 14, it is known that the type of degradation that contributes the largest
degradation is the type of critical land degradation with a value of Rp. 613,427,560,710,- The total degradation
value due to environmental degradation that occurs by critical land and land conversion, water pollution, waste
management, disaster, and greenhouse gas emissions is Rp 888,541,744,310,-

CONCLUSION
Environmental degradation that occurs based on environmental identification based on priority issues of the
Environmental Management Performance Information Document of the Special Region of Yogyakarta in 2020, the
Forestry Statistics Book in 2020, and the National Waste Management Information System of the Ministry of
Environment and Forestry in 2020 are determined by the types of natural resource degradation including. Critical
Land, Water Pollution, Waste, Disasters, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions. It is concluded that the economic value of
the degradation of the five types of degradation is Rp. 888.541.744.310,-

REFERENCES
Badan Pusat Statistik. 2022. Kabupaten Sleman dalam angka 2022. BPS, Sleman
Badan Pusat Statistik. 2021. Kabupaten Sleman dalam angka 2021. BPS, Sleman
Badan Pusat Statistik. 2020. Kabupaten Sleman dalam angka 2020. BPS, Sleman
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