Qualitative Theory of Dynamical Systems

The relationship between order of (m,n)-Riemann-Liouville fractional integral and the

fractal dimensions of a fractal function
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Manuscript Number: QTDS-D-21-00043

Full Title: The relationship between order of (m,n)-Riemann-Liouville fractional integral and the
fractal dimensions of a fractal function

Article Type: Original Research

Keywords: (m,n)-Riemann-Liouville fractional integral, Fractal dimension, Weierstrass function,

Fractional integral.

Corresponding Author: Navish A A

The Gandhigram Rural Institute Deemed University Department of Mathematics
INDIA

Corresponding Author Secondary

Information:

Corresponding Author's Institution: The Gandhigram Rural Institute Deemed University Department of Mathematics

Corresponding Author's Secondary

Institution:

First Author: Navish A A

First Author Secondary Information:

Order of Authors: Navish A A

PRIYA M

Uthayakumar R

Order of Authors Secondary Information:

Funding Information:

Abstract: This paper mainly investigates the relationship between the fractal dimension and the
order of fractional integral of ( m, n ) - Riemann-Liouville fractional integral of the
famous fractal function known as Weierstrass function. This artifact inspects many
approaches to the use of fractional calculus, in particular ( m, n ) -Riemann-Liouville
fractional integral in science and engineering. Our result is manifested by varying the
order of fractional integral. The related fractal dimension can be seen in the graphical
representation.

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The relationship between order of (m,b nb)-Riemann-Liouville

fractional integral and the fractal dimensions of a fractal
function

A.A. Navish∗ · M. Priya · R. Uthayakumar

Received: date / Accepted: date

Abstract This paper mainly investigates the relationship between the fractal dimen-
sion and the order of fractional integral of (m,
b nb)- Riemann-Liouville fractional in-
tegral of the famous fractal function known as Weierstrass function. This artifact in-
spects many approaches to the use of fractional calculus, in particular (m,
b nb)-Riemann-
Liouville fractional integral in science and engineering. Our result is manifested by
varying the order of fractional integral. The related fractal dimension can be seen in
the graphical representation.
Keywords (m, b nb)-Riemann-Liouville fractional integral · Fractal dimension ·
Weierstrass function · Fractional integral.
Mathematics Subject Classification (2010) 26A33 · 26B30 · 28A78 · 28A80

1 Introduction

The analysis of integrals and derivatives of non-integer order is known as fractional

calculus theory, which has a large part of its use as a real-life problem. Over the last
two decades, too many mathematicians, such as Reimann, Liouville, Caputo argued
important findings related to fractional calculus, which is the perfect mathematical

A.A.Navish
Research scholar, Department of Mathematics, The Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed to be University)
Dindigul-624302, TamilNadu, India. E-mail: aa.navish2@gmail.com
orcid id: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2755-5391.
M. Priya
Research scholar, Department of Mathematics, The Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed to be University)
Dindigul-624302, TamilNadu, India. E-mail: priyamathavan777@gmail.com
oricid id:https://orcid.org/ 0000-0002-7903-9703.
R. Uthayakumar
Professor, Department of Mathematics, The Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed to be University)
Dindigul-624302, TamilNadu, India. E-mail: uthayagri@gmail.com
oricid id:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8819-1520.
2 A.A. Navish∗ et al.

method for applied sciences. The definition of fractal has attracted significant interest
in recent days and has been applied to a number of science and engineering issues.
One of the key uses of the order of fractional integro-differential equation is to relate
the fractal component of the graph of a fractal function. In 2004, K.Yao et.al stud-
ied the fractional calculus of the Weierstrass function. Riemann-Liouvillie fractional
integro-differential equation was used for their analysis. In this paper we were in-
terested in using the more generalized version of the Riemann-Liouvillie fractional
integral defined as (m,
b nb)-Riemann-Liouvillie fractional integral equation.
To simplify discussions, we make the following symbols.
Notations Description
J The unit interval [0, 1]
φ Continuous function φ on J
G(φ , J) The graph of function φ on J
OSC(φ ,J) = supx,y∈J |φ (x) − φ (y)| The oscillation of φ on interval J
So far in this present paper, by M symbolizing a positive constant that may have
varying values at different occasions, by Mi (α
b ) denoting a positive constant based on
α.
b

2 Preparations

This section is concerned with the basic definitions and results that are used to derive
our main conclusion.

2.1 Fractal dimensions

Definition 1 [2] Let φ be a continuous function on a finite interval J. Then (m,

b nb)
b ≥ 0 is defined by
Riemann-Liouville fractional integral of φ of order α
α
n + 1)1− mb
b Z pb
(b α
nb α
( pbnb+1 − τ nb+1 ) mb −1 τ nbφ (τ)dτ,
b
mb J0 φ (x) =
b
pb ∈ J
b mb (α
mΓ b) 0

where m > 0, n ∈ R − {−1}.

Remark 1 [3] The definition of fractional derivatives can also be defined by Defini-
tion 1. We are mainly interested in considering a fractal function, ie., the Weierstrass
function defined by

W (t) = ∑ λ −β j sin (λ j t), 0 < βb < 1, λ > 1

b

j≥1

Let
α
n + 1)1− mb
b Z pb
(b α
D −bα sinat = ( pbnb+1 − τ nb+1 ) mb −1 τ nbsinaτdτ = Sbx (α
b
b , a)
mΓm (αb) 0
 Title Suppressed Due to Excessive Length 3

denote the (m,

b nb) Riemann-Liouville fractional integral of sin at, and let
α
n + 1)1− mb
b Z pb
(b α
D −bα cosat = ( pbnb+1 − τ nb+1 ) mb −1 τ nbcosaτdτ = Cbx (α
b
b , a)
mΓm (αb) 0

denote the (m,

b nb) Riemann–Liouville fractional integral of cosat. For λ > 1, 0 <
β,α
b b < 1 with 0 < βb + α
b < 1.
Define
g(t) := D −bα (W (t)) = ∑ λ −β j Sbx (α
b, λ j)
b

j≥1

be the fractional integral of Weierstrass function W (t) of order α

b.

Fig. 1 (a) Weierstrass function [W (t)] and (b) Fractional integral of W (t)

Lemma 1 [7] For Sbx (α b , a) and Cbx (α

b , a), we have the following relations:
(i) Sx (α
b b , a) = aCx (α
b b + 1, a);
(ii) d(Sbx (α
b , a))/dx = Sbx (αb − 1, a);
(iii) d(Cbx (αb , a))/dx = Cbx (αb − 1, a).
Proposition 1 [8] Let φ be continuous on J, 1 < s0 ≤ 2, let P = {0 = t0 < t1 < t2 <
... < tn = 1} be a partition of J, δi = [ti−1 ,ti ), |P| = max |δi |. Then we have
1≤i≤n

s0 0
K (G(φ , J)) = lim in f
δ →0+ |P|<δ
∑ OSC(φ , δi ) |δi |s −1
P
0
where K s (G(φ , J)) denotes the K-measure of G(φ , J).
Proposition 2 [9] Let φ be continuous on J, M > 0, 0 ≤ s0 ≤ 1, suppose
0
|φ (x) − φ (y)| ≤ M| pb − qb|s (0 ≤ pb, qb ≤ 1)
Then
dimB (G(φ , J)) ≤ 2 − s0 .
 4 A.A. Navish∗ et al.

Proposition 3 [8] Let φ be continuous on J. Then

(i) dimK G(φ , J) ≤ dimB G(φ , J);
(ii) If the values of dimK G(φ , A) are equal for all open intervals of A of J. Then
dimK G(φ , J) ≤ dimP G(φ , J).
Proposition 4 Let 0 < α
b < 1, a > 1, J.
(i) Let x ∈ J. Then
n + 1)αb /m b
(b
|Sbpb(α
b , a)| ≤ b , a)| ≤ Ma−bα
, |C pb(α
b Γmb (α
α b)
" #
 αb  αb
Mh1 a−1 (8−3/4)π mb −2 (8−1/4)π mb −2
 
4 jπ 3π
(ii) Let pbj = a , j = 2, 3, . . . , h = a , M1 (α
b b ) = nb+1 a − a ≥

Ma−1
b , a) − Sbbpb (α
Sbbpb +h (α b )a−bα
b , a) ≥ M1 (α
j 1 j
!
α
b −1
(4π) mb α α
1
+ (2π) mb −1 + π mb −1 . Then
b b
(iii) Let x > 0, M2 = b mb (b
mΓ α) α
b
m
b

|Sb0 pb(α b )a1−bα

b , a)| ≤ M2 (α
α
b
2(4π) mb
(iv) Let x > 0, 0 < h < 1, M3 (α
b) = b .mΓmb (b
α α)
. Then

|S pb+h (α
b , a) − Sbpb(α b )a−bα
b , a)| ≤ M3 (α
Proof We prove the proposition one by one.
(i)
n + 1)1−bα /mb
Z pb
(b α
|( pbnb+1 − τ nb+1 ) mb −1 τ nbsinaτ|dτ
b
|Sbpb(α
b , a)| ≤
b mb (α
mΓ b) 0
Z pbnb+1
n + 1)1−bα /mb
(b α du
|( pbnb+1 − u) mb −1 |
b
≤
b mb (α
mΓ b) 0 (b
n + 1)
Z pbnb+1
n + 1)αb /mb
(b α
( pbnb+1 − u) mb −1 du
b
≤
b mb (α
mΓ b) 0

n + 1)αb /mb
(b
≤
b mb (α
mΓ b)
(ii) We may verify that
Z pbj +h1
α
(( pbj + h1 )nb+1 − τ nb+1 ) mb −1 τ nbsinaτdτ
b
b , a) − Sbpbj (α
Sbpbj +h1 (α b , a) =
pb j
Z pbj
α α
[(( pbj + h1 )nb+1 − τ nb+1 ) mb −1 − ( pbn+ nb+1 mb −1 nb
b b
+ j −τ ) ]τ sinaτdτ
pb j −2h1
Z pbj −2h1
α α
[(( pbj + h1 )nb+1 − τ nb+1 ) mb −1 − ( pbn+ nb+1 mb −1 nb
b b
+ j −τ ) ]τ sinaτdτ
0
= I1 + I2 + I3
 Title Suppressed Due to Excessive Length 5

Now by Lemma 1
Z (4 j+3)π
a α
(( pbj + h1 )nb+1 − τ nb+1 ) mb −1 τ nbsinaτdτ
b
I1 = 4 jπ
a
Z (4 j+1)π
a α
(( pbj + h1 )nb+1 − τ nb+1 ) mb −1 τ nbsinaτdτ
b
= 4 jπ
a
Z (4 j+2)π
a α α
[(( pbj + h1 )nb+1 − τ nb+1 ) mb −1 − (( pbj + h1 )nb+1 − (τ + π/a)nb+1 ) mb −1 ]τ nbsinaτdτ
b b
+ (4 j+1)π
a
≥ 0.
while by Lemma 1 again,
Z 4 jπ
a α α
[(( pbj + h1 )nb+1 − τ nb+1 ) mb −1 − (( pbj )nb+1 − τ nb+1 ) mb −1 ]τ nbsinaτdτ
b b
I2 = (4 j−6)π
a
2 j−1 Z (2k+1)π
a α α
[(( pbj + h1 )nb+1 − τ nb+1 ) mb −1 − (( pbj + h1 )nb+1 − (τ + π/a)nb+1 ) mb −1 ]τ nb
b b
= ∑ 2kπ
k=2 j−3 a
α
+(( pbj + h1 )nb+1 − (τ + π/a)nb+1 ) mb −1 sinaτdτ ≥ 0.
b

By considering (3) and using the way close to the estimation of J( pb, h) in Lemma
1, we get an appropriate large λ .
2 j−4 Z (2k+1)π
−1 a α
( pbnbj +1 − τ nb+1 ) mb −1 τ nbsinaτdτ
b
I3 ≥ Mh1 a ∑ 2kπ
k=0 a
 
 αb  αb
Mh1 a−1  (8 − 3/4)π mb −2 (8 − 1/4)π mb −2 
 
≥ − ≥ Ma−1
nb + 1 a a

(iii) As we know (by Lemma 1), Sb0 pb(α

b , a) = aCb0 pb(α
b , a) = aCbpb(α
b , a). Hence
Z pb+h
α
S0pb+h (α (( pb + h)nb+1 − τ nb+1 ) mb −1 τ nbcosaτdτ
b
b , a) = a
0
2N1 +1/2
Related to the facts in part (ii), by selecting N1 to satisfy a π ≤ pb + η −
2(N1 +1)+1/2
2h0 < a π and writing
Z pb+η Z pb+η
α α
(( pb + η)nb+1 − τ nb+1 ) mb −1 τ mb cosaτdτ = (( pb + η)nb+1 − τ nb+1 ) mb −1 τ mb cosaτdτ
b b

0 pb+η−2h0
Z pb+η−2h0
α
(( pb + η)nb+1 − τ nb+1 ) mb −1 τ mb cosaτdτ
b
+ (2N1 +1/2)π
a
Z π
2a α
(( pb + η)nb+1 − τ nb+1 ) mb −1 τ mb cosaτdτ
b
+
0
N1 −1 Z (2 j+3/2)π
a α
(( pb + η)nb+1 − τ nb+1 ) mb −1
b
+ ∑ (2 j+1/2)π
j=0 a
α
−(( pb + η)nb+1 − (τ + π/a)nb+1 ) mb −1 τ mb cosaτdτ
b
 6 A.A. Navish∗ et al.

we see that

N1 −1 Z (2 j+3/2)π   αb
a α π/aτ nb+1 mb
|S0pb+η (α nb+1 b −1 m
nb+1 m
b
b , a)| ≤ Ma ∑ (( pb + η) −τ ) b
τ 1− 1−( ) dτ
j=0
(2 j+1/2)π
a
pb + η − τ
α
b
+o(ah0mb )
b /m
α
≤ M3 ah0
b

by a similar argument to that of part(iii) of this theorem. Thus we have the requi-
site outcome.
(iv) The result for the case x ≤ 4h0 is trivial. Suppose x > 4h0 . Apparently, it maintains
that Z pb+h α
(( pb + h)nb+1 − τ nb+1 ) mb −1 τ mb sinaτdτ = o(hαb /mb )
b
(1)
pb

Around the same moment, it is also evident that

Z pb Z pb
α α
(( pb+h)nb+1 −τ nb+1 ) mb −1 τ mb sinaτdτ − (( pb+h)nb+1 −τ nb+1 ) mb −1 τ mb sinaτdτ = o(hαb /mb )
b b

pb−2h0 pb−2h0
(2)
By setting
2N0 2(N0 + 1)
π ≤ x − 2h0 < π
a a
for some N0 . We conclude that
Z x−2h0
α α
[(( pb + h)nb+1 − τ nb+1 ) mb −1 − ( pbnb+1 − τ nb+1 ) mb −1 ]τ nbsinaτdτ + o(hαb /mb )
b b
J( pb, h) =
0
nb+1 ! mαbb −1

N0 −1 Z 2( j+1)π 
α h
( pbnb+1 − τ nb+1 ) mb −1  1 +
λ b
= ∑ 2 jπ
j=0 λ
pb − τ

nb+1 ! mαbb −1 nb+1 ! mαbb −1


 
h − π/a π/a αb
 τ nbsinaτdτ + o(h mb )
− 1+ + 1− 0
pb − τ pb − τ

Since for small βb1 , βb2 < 1, we have

α α α
(1 − βb1 ) mb −1 − 1 − (1 + βb1 − βb2 ) mb −1 + (1 − βb2 ) mb −1 ≈ βb1 βb2
b b b
(3)

It follows that
N0 −1 Z 2( j+1)π
a α α
b
|J( pb, h)| ≤ Mha−1 ( pbnb+1 − τ nb+1 ) mb −3 τ nbsinaτdτ| + o(h0mb )
b
∑ | 2 jπ
j=0 a

nb+1 ! mαbb −2
 
Mha−1

 1 − x − 2h0
α α
b
( pbnb+1 ) b −2
b
≤ m − 1 + o(h0mb )
α pb
(b b − 2)
n + 1)( m
b
Title Suppressed Due to Excessive Length 7

Proposition 5 Let λ > 1, 0 < α

b , βb < 1, with βb + α
b < 1, and J = [0, 1]. Then g(t) is
continuous on J.
Proof By using Proposition 4(i), we get

|g(t)| = ∑ λ −β j Sbpb(αb , λ j ) ≤ ∑ λ −β j < ∞

b b

j≥1 j≥1

This shows the continuity of g(t).

3 Main Results

Theorem 1 Let 0 < βb < 1,α b < 1, λ > 1 and J. Then dimB G(g, J) ≤
b < 1, with βb + α
2 − βb − α
b.
−N
Proof For any given 0 < h < 1, there exists integer N ≥ 0 such that h ∈ [λ (bn+1),λ ).
Then
N
|g( pb + h) − g( pb)| ≤ ∑ λ −β j b , λ j ) − Sbpb(α
S pb+h (α b, λ j)
b

j=1
∞
+ ∑ λ −β j b , λ j ) − Sbpb(α
Sbpb+h (α b, λ j)
b

j=N
= 41 + 42 (4)
By the mean-value theorem and Proposition 4(iii), we get
N N
41 = ∑ λ −β j h|S0pb+h (αb , λ )| ≤ M ∑ λ −β j h(λ j )1−bα ≤ Mhβ +bα (5)
b b b

j=1 j=1

by Proposition 4(iv), we get

∞  βb+bα
1
42 ≤ M λ −β j (λ j )1−bα ≤ M ≤ Mhβ +bα (6)
b b
∑ λ nb+1
j=N+1

Combine (4), (5) and (6), we have

|g( pb + h) − g( pb)| ≤ Mhβ +bα (7)

b

By (7) and Proposition 2 completing the proof of theorem 1.

Theorem 2 Let J, λ > 1, 0 < βb, α b < 1, with βb + α
b < 1, k > 0. Then for λ > λ0 , it
holds that dimK G(g, J) ≥ 2 − βb − α
b , where
λ0 = max{12π, λ1 , λ2 }
b ) + 1)1/(β +bα /m)
λ1 = (2M5 (α b b

λ2 = (2M5 (αb ) + 3)1/(β +bα /m)

b b

M5 (α
b ) = 2M4 (α
b )/M1 (α b)
0 b )}, M20 (α
M4 (α
b ) = max{M2 (α b ), M3 (α b ) = 3πM2 (α
b ). (8)
8 A.A. Navish∗ et al.

Proof Let δ < 1/λ , we consider any partition h P of J, foranyh given2interval

 δi of P,
1 1 λ λ
there exists an integer N > 0, such that |δi | ∈ λ N−1 , λ N−2 = λ N , λ N , let R = { pbj :
pbj = 4λjπ 3π
N , j = 2, 3, . . .}, h = λ N . Because λ > 12π, then, there exists at least one point
pbj of δi , such that pbi ∈ R, and ( pbi , xi+1 ) ⊂ δi . Due to Proposition 4(ii), we get
α
b )λ − mb N
b , λ N ) ≥ M1 (α
b , λ N ) − Sbpbj (α
b
Sbpbj +h (α (9)
In the other side, we can see that

|g( pb + h) − g( pb) − λ −β N
b

N−1
b , λ N ) − Sbpb(α
(Sbpb+h (α b , λ N ))| ≤ ∑ λ −β j |Sbpb+h (αb , λ j ) − Sbpb(αb , λ j )|
b

j=1
∞
+ ∑ b , λ j ) − Sbpb(α
|Sbpb+h (α b , λ j )|
j=N+1
= 41 + 42 (10)
by mean-value theorem and Proposition 4(iii) and (iv), we get
N−1 N
41 = ∑ λ −β j |Sb0 pb(αb , λ j )| ≤ ∑ λ −β j hM2 (αb )(λ j )1−bα
b b

j=1 j=1

λ (β +bα )−1
b
≤ M20 (α
b) λ −(β +bα )N
b

1 − λ (β +bα )−1
b

∞
λ −(β +bα )
b
42 = b )(λ j )−β ≤ M3 (α
λ β j M3 (α b ). λ −(β +bα )N
b b b
∑
1 − λ −(β +bα )
b
j=N+1

Hence !
λ (β +bα )−1 λ −(β +bα )
b b
41 + 42 ≤ M4 (α
b) + λ(βb+bα )N (11)
1 − λ (β +bα )−1 1 − λ −(β +bα )
b b

Let λ (β +bα )−1 = y, it is not difficult to find that

b

λ (β +bα )−1 λ −(β +bα ) λ qb2 + 1

b b
+ ≤ (12)
1 − λ (β +bα )−1
b
1 − λ −(β +bα )
b (1 − qb)(λ qb − 1)
Since λ > λ0 , we have
1 2M5 (αb) + 2
0 < qb < . < 1, (13)
2M5 (α
b) + 1 λ qb − 1
then
λ qb2 + 1 1
≤ (14)
(1 − qb)(λ qb − 1) M5 (α
b)
combine (10) and (14), we get

|g( pb + h) − g( pb) − λ −β N (Sbpb+h (α

b , λ N ) − Sbpb(α b )λ −(β +bα )N (15)
b , λ N ))| ≤ 1/2M1 (α
b b
Title Suppressed Due to Excessive Length 9

By combining (9) and (15), we know that there exist ( pbi , pbi + h) ⊂ δi , such that
M1 (α
b ) −(βb+bα )N
b )λ −(β +bα )N −
|g( pbi + h) − g( pbi )| ≥ M1 (α ≥ M|δi |β +bα
b b
λ
2
Hence
OSC(g, δi ) ≥ M|δi |β +bα (16)
b

By noting Proposition 1 and (16), we get

M 2−β −bα (G(g, J)) = lim in f ∑ OSC(g, δi )|δi |1−β −bα ≥ M0 (17)
b b
δ →0+ |P|<δ P

Hence dimK G(g, J) ≥ 2 − βb − α

b.
Combining Theorems 1 and 2, we can get our ultimate results.
Theorem 3 Let g(t) be the fractional integral of Weierstrass function W (t), 0 <
βb, α
b < 1, with βb + α
b < 1. Then, for λ > λ0 , it holds that
dimB G(g, J) = dimP G(g, J) = dimK G(g, J) = 2 − βb − α
b
Theorem 4 Let g(t) be the fractional integral of Weierstrass function W (t), 0 <
βb, α
b < 1, with βb + α
b < 1. Then, for λ > λ0 , it holds that
dimB G(g, J) = dimP G(g, J) = dimK G(g, J) = 2 − βb − α
b
For simplicity, if the box dimension, K-dimension, and the packing dimension
of the fractal function φ are equal on J, let dim G(φ , J) signify the three dimensions.
From Theorem 3, we have
dim G(g, J) = 2 − βb − αb (18)
On the other hands, we know from References [8–10] that
dim G(W, J) = 2 − βb (19)
A combination of (18) and (19) leads to
dim G(g, J) = dim G(W, J) − α
b
this presents the linear relation between the order of the fractional calculus and the
fractal dimensions of the Weierstrass graphs.

4 Numerical Examples

This section provides a numerical example to emphasize the linear relationship be-
tween the fractional integral order and the fractal dimensions of graphs of the Weier-
strass function.

Here the following values are fixed to illustrate the graphical effects. Let λ = 2,
n = 0, m = 1, βb = 1/2 and α
b differ as 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32.

Table 1 displays the connection between the order of fractional integral and
fractal dimension of graph of W (t).
10 A.A. Navish∗ et al.

α
b dim G(g, J)
1/4 1.25
1/8 1.375
1/16 1.4375
1/32 1.46875
0 1.5
Table 1 Order of fractional integral and fractal dimensions of G(g, J)

Fig. 2 Graphical representation of Table 1

5 Applications

? The theme of fractional calculus has a wide variety of applications in ubiquitous

fields such as fluid mechanics, electromagnetics, electrochemistry, viscoelasticity,
biological population models, optics and signal processing.
? Dynamic systems involving accurate daming modelling are addressed by frac-
tional differential equations for accurate modelling.
? In biological systems, the bioheat equation is continually used as a first order
heat transfer model. During laser surgery, the measurement of the heat flux at the
boundary for various periodic or on-off boundary conditions that closely reflect
the heating and cooling of the skin surface is regulated by a fractional differential
equation.
? To obtain information about the electrical properties of many different materials,
in particular, of liquids the most widely used technique is the electrical spec-
troscopy impedance.

6 Conclusion

The order of the fractional integral and the fractal dimension of (m, b nb)-Riemann-
Liouville fractional integral of the Weierstrass function is connected by a linear rela-
tionship. In particular, the box dimension, the packing dimension and the K-dimension
of the fractional integral graph of the Weierstrass function are calculated. A numerical
illustration for a different values of α
b (order of fractional integral) is used to explain
our finding.
Title Suppressed Due to Excessive Length 11

Acknowledgements The work of the authors are supported by UGC - SAP(DSA I), Department of Math-
ematics, The Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed to be University) Gandhigram, Dindigul District, Tamil
Nadu, India. Pincode: 624 302.

Compliance with Ethical Standards:

Conflict of Interest Statement

There are no conflicts of interest.

Funding

No specific grant was received for this research.

Ethics statements

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals per-
formed by any of the authors.

Data availability statement

The manipulation of datasets about MATLAB codes of the Weierstrass function and
fractional integral of this particular function should be available. Additionally, the
graph for the relation between fractal dimension of the fractional integral of the
Weierstrass function and the order of fractional integral is also accessible.

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