CHAPTER

1
Simple Stresses
and Strains
------------
Chapter Out lin e

Introduction
l .l
1.2 Loads
1.3 Stress
l .4Stra in
l .5Hooke 's law
1.6 Stress-stra in d iagram
l .7Factor of safety
1.8 Mechanical properties of materials
1.9 Difference between ductile and brittle materials
l. l OTrue stress and true strain
l .l l Deformation in bars of varying cross-section
l . 12 Deformation in bars of uniformly tapering rectangular cross-sectio n (bar)
l .13 Deformation in bars of uniformly tapering circular cross-section (rod )
1. 14 Elongation of a bar due to self weight
1.15 Deformation of a bar of uniform strength
1.16 Principle of superposition
l .17 Indeterminate systems
l .18 Difference between determinate and indeterminate structures

1.1 INTRODUCTION
The strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied stress without failure.
Strength of materials is a subject which deals with loads, deformations and the forces
acting on the material. It is also kno:-vn by other names s_u ch as mechanics of solids,
mechanics of materials, and mechanics of deformable solids.
The principal objective of mechanics ~f materials is to determine the stresses, strains,
and displacements in structures and their components due to the loads acting on them
and to ensure that the structure used will be safe against maximum internal effects that
may be produced by any combination of loading.
 2 M echanics and Streng1 l1 of Mo1oriol:;
_.-=..~-=-=-~-:....:....- - - -.::;._- ------ --- - - - - .______
-
• Ria-id Bodi/: A rt\'id bi..)dv is .rn 1den li 7..1 l11..m of a s o lid bod y of r· .- - . ·--.__
~- .' . 0 .
deforrn~, tlnn ,~ nq;le1..' h.'d . ln 1..,th1..1, . WlHd
. • intlcs 1:,,.(' i .
s, llw d1 s lt1ncc• be t ween an ~ n Wh ich
points (lt ,, ri.sid bod)' 1-em.,ins '-' onst rmt in t imc rq~nrcl less of cx lc rna f Y t~o g iven
on it. I
. o rccs exe rted
• nc(m-,,rn hlc litldy: t\ dchffm,, hk bod y is "- p h ys icrd body th at d e for .
· ih- ~h.,pc . .)r Y\) l nmc w lu·1c l1em
· g ac le d upon by 3 , rnean1
('h,,ngcs an ex terna l m
force. ng ·1t

1.2 LOADS
l(,,ld m,-l~· be dch nC\.i as the (:om.bi.ncd effect of ex ternal forces acting on a bod
• The k"'ads ma~r be classified as y.
a . Dead / steady loads, b . Live/var iable / fluctuati ng loads,
~- Inertia loads d. Centrifu gal loads.
• Apart from. th.ese loads nrny also be classified as
i. Tensile loads, ii. Compres sive load s,
iii. Torsiona l / n visting load, iv. Bending loads
Y . Shear loads.
• Further loads can also be eith er as
i. Point/ concentr ated load ii. Distribu ted load.
In general,
• Transverse Loading: Here the forces applied are perpendi cular to the longitudi nal
axis of a member. Transver se loading causes the member to bend and deflect from
its original position, w ith internal tensile and compres sive strains accompa nying
change in curvatur e. Transver se loading also induces shear forces that cause shear
deforma tion of the m aterial and increase the transvers e deflectio n of the member.
• Axial loading: Here the applied forces are collinear with the longitudi nal axes of
the member. These forces cause the member to either stretch or shorten:
• Torsiona l loading : Twisting action caused by a pair of externall y applied equal and
opposite ly directed couples acting on parallel planes or by a single external couple
applied to a member that has one end fixed against rotation.

1.3 STRESS
When a body is subjected to a load within the elastic limits, it develops an equal and
opposite resisting force within the body. This resisting force per unit area is called
stress.
F
a =-MPa orN /mm 2 ... (Eq.1.1)
A
w here F = Force acting on the member or body (Newton )
A = Cross sectional area (mm 2 )
The stresses are of the following types:
• Tensile stress: is the stress state caused by an applied load that tends to elongate
the 1:1aterial in the axis of the applied load, in other words the stress _ca1:1sed by
pul~g the material. Due to this the length of the member increases , while its cross
section decreases , as shown in Fig. 1.l(a). .
The strength of structure s of equal cross sectiona l area loaded in tension is
· d ependen
in • tenswn· are
t of shape of the cross section. Materia ls loaded in .
susceptib le to stress concentr ations such as material defects or abrupt changes m
geometry . Howeve r, material s exhibitin g ductile behavio r (most metals for

~
~
Simp le Stresses and strains 3 ~
--- --
rate som e d "'fcc
I l ' 111·1 b , can
example) can tole . c s w c nlllc ma terfo ls (s uch as cer amics)
.1 11 b Iow ·tl7en·. ,u 1tunate material s lrcn g lh .
fa1 we ~
st app lied loa d tha t ac ts to red uce
• Compreth ssme th12:ess: ~s .~he st ress s late cau sed by anin the axis of the app lied loa d, in
the len g of ma tcn al (co mp ressio n memb er) this
l'ds the
_ stre ss s
. tate cau sed by squ eez ing / p ush ing the material. Du e to
other wo wn in
g th of th e me m.b er decrea ses, while its cro ss~section increases ' as sho
the len
Fig. 1.l(b) .
stre ngt h.
st is generally higher tha n their tensile
Compres.siv e rei: gth for m? ted als fail ure mo des
st pressio n are subjec t to add itio nal
Ho wever , ruc tme s loa ded m com
er bucklin g.
dep end ent on geo1_netry, suc h as Eul s.
l the ten sile and com pre ssiv e stre sses are referred to as nor ma l stre sse
In gen era

(a} Tens ile stress

-------- ---- ---- ~ Defo rme d
shap e

F~'--------'h
(b) Com pres sive stress
L ____ ____ ____ _ __ _

(c) She ar stress

Fig. 1.1: Types of stresses
ing alo ng
sed by a pai r of opp osi ng forces act
• Shear stress ('t): is the stre ss stat e cau ~au sed by
material, in oth er wo rds the s_tress
parallel line s of act ion thr oug h t~e pap er
to one another. An exa mp le 1s cut ting
faces of the ma teri al slid ing relative to ten sile
ion al loa din g, or a riv et sub jec ted
wit h scis sor s or stre sse s due to tors
loading, as sho wn in Fig. 1.l(c).

1.4 STRAIN (e) n can be

orm atio n of a bod y per uni t len gth is cal led stra in. The def orm atio
The def
elongation/ con trac tion .
The strains are of the foll ow ing types: duc ed in
jected to tensile stress, the stra in pro
• Tensile strain: Wh en a bod y is sub er
y is ref err ed to as ten sile stra in. Du e to this the len gth of the me mb
the bod
reases, as sho wn in Fig. 1.l( a).
increases, wh ile its cross section dec
£ = cha nge in len gth _ ol · .. (Eq. 1.2)
original len gth l
in
e stra in: Wh en a bod y is sub jec ted to com pre ssiv e stre ss, the stra
• Compressiv len gth of
duc ed in the bod y is re~eri:ed to as compre~sive stra in. Du e to this the
pro b).
ection increases, as sho wn in Fig. 1.l(
the me mb er dec rea ses1.wh ile its cross-s in the
stra in: Wh en a bod y is sub jec ted to she ar stre ss, the stra in pro duc ed
• Shear
body is refe rred to as she ar stra in.
 erials
d Strength o f Mat
4 M ec ha ni cs a n

1.5 HOOKE'S LAW w it

.
hi n th e el r 11.m1ts, stress is d.
y is lo ad ed
h en a b o d as tc Irectly
It st at es th at , "w
st ra in ".
pr op or ti on al to
O' oc €

0 '= £ ·£
r N /m m
2
·.. (Eq. 1.3)
E = <JI£ M P a o , kn ow n as M od 1 or
n al it y co ns ta nt u us of elasticity
E is a p ro p o rt io s
Y ou ng 's m o d u lu

ss , st ra in an d Y oung's modulus:
R el at io n be tw ee n stre
w th at cr = !._ an d st ra in £ = ol
l
We k n o A
E = FIA
And fJl/l
· ·. (Eq. 1.3a)
ol = Fl
AE
IN DIAGRAM nsile
1.6 STRESS- STRA r ca n be ex pl ai ne d on the basis of te
l (MS) ba en shown
re ss - st ra in cu rv e fo r a m il d stee ne (U TM ). H er e the test specim
The st
ed in a U ni ve rs al Testing M ac hi
hi ne al on g w it h a strain measuring
test pe rf or m f th e m ac
2 is gr ip pe d be tw ee n th e ja w s o
in Fig. 1. e). Initially
ce an d lo ad m ea su ri ng device. re ss an d st ra in (stress-strain curv of
de vi
in di ca te s th e re la ti on be tw ee n st
(O P ), w he re P de fi ne s the limit
Fig. 1.3 is li ne ar astic,
ti on be tw ee n st re ss an d st ra in ti on is no lo ng er linear bu t is still el
th e re la
it y. O n fu rt he r st ra in in g, th e rela up on th e re m ov al o f applied load.
pr op or ti on al s its original sh ap e
an d size
th e m at er ia l to underg
o
at er ia l re ga in o u t ca us in g
i.e. th e m ed w it h of elastic
ax im u m lo ad th at ca n be ap p li m it (P E ). P oi nt A m ar ks the en d
The m elastic li
rm an en t de fo rm at io n defines th e as up per yield point (Yu), tension occurs at
pe at e, kn ow n
of pl as ti c st an d then ex
state an d initiation su dd en dr op in stress increases
n fu rt he r st ra ining, th er e is a
er yi el d po in t (Y L). After YLt stress ter
U po
el y co ns ta nt st re ss, kn ow n as low er ia l be in g ab le to withstand grea
approximat o f the mat ing.
rt he r in cr ea se in strain. This effect na l ar ea is ca lle d strain or work harden
with fu s-sectio pace with
de sp it e un if or m reduction in cros w or k ha rd en in g is un ab le to keep
stre ss
ig n/ w or ki ng st ress) the ra te o f ce 'n ec ki ng ' (lo ca l strain hardening)
A t S (d es ea. H en
of re du ct io n in cross sectional ar ac tu
).
re /b re ak in g stress pr es en ts the
the rate (U lt im at e/ fr
g to fr~cture at B it tl e m at er ia ls . F
ig. 1.5 re
t~kes pl~ce ~eadin du ct il e an d br
Fig. 1.4 md1cate
s th e failure of erials.
for different mat
stress-strain curve

- --+I
,.,..._ _ _ _ l, -
ctile
12 st ecimen m ad e of du
Fig. · = Te sp
- Ac1ual strain -stress curve
Simple Stresses and Strains 5

--- ------
i
> -----/;-
~

A, Yu ,,.

\ ,B
YL
E
p

I
I

~
niform plastic elongation:
:
,.,_ _____ Necking __.

0 Strain
Fig. 1.3: Stress-strain curve for ductile material (MS)

(a) Cup and cone arrangement (b) Brittle materials

in ductile materials

Fig. 1.4: Failure of specimen

Mid steel

Concrete

Strain

Fig. 1.5: Stress-strain curve for various materials

• Limit of proportionality: refers to the limit until which stress is directly pro-
portional to strain.
• Elastic Limit: The elastic limit is the limit beyond which the material will no longer
regains its original shape when the load is removed, or it is the maximum stress
 J6 Mechanics a nd Strength of Materials -

that may be developed such that lhcr(' is no pc rm <1 nc nt or r('.'l id ual d e form .
when the load is entirely t'l'tn(Wcd . ati on
• Yield Point: Yield poinl i s the point n l w hi ch II H' mnt cr icd w ill h<1 ve ,in ar,rr , .
· or y1e
elongat10n · 1.,J
u1ng· wit· I1ml t· ,my 11H.' · Irn1< I.
•. 1·en .ci t' 111 u :18 bl 0
• Upper yield
.
poi1lt .
(Yu) : is tilt' stress nl w h ic h lhl' c• x t<'n ~ion in c rc•ase,;;
- '
w I·th (J I I~
further mcrc-.1sL' m lo,1d .
• Lower :r1ield poi11t (Yz): rk're s tress remain s cons tan t w hile th e s train increas es for
some tune.
• Ultimate stl'C11gth (S) : The max imum ord inate jn th e stress-s train dia gram is th
ultimate stren~.0 ,. th or tensile strength .
l
e
• R uptm'l' strength (B) : Rupture ~treng th is the s treng th of th e material at rupture.
This is also known as the brea kmg streng th.
• ;Modulus o,(Resilience: Modulus of resilience is the work done on a unit volume of
material as the force is gradually increased from O to P. This may be calculated as
the area tmder the stress-sh·ain curve from the origin Oto up to the elastic limit E
(the shaded area in the Fig. 1.3).
TI1e resilience of the material is its ability to absorb energy without creating a
permanent distortion.
• Modulus of Toughness: Modulus of toughness is the work done on a unit volume
of material as the force is gradually increased from O to B. This may be calculated
as the area under the entire stress-strain curve (from Oto B). The toughness of a
material is its ability to absorb energy without causing it to break.
From the stress- strain diagram, the following parameters can be evaluated:
Load at proportionally limit
• Limitofproportionality ... (Eq. 1.4)
Original cross sectional area

Load at elastic limit

• Elastic limit =----------- ... (Eq. 1.5)
Original cross sectional area
Yield load
• Yield strength =----------- ... (Eq. 1.6)
Original cross sectional area

Maxim um tensile load

• Ultimate strength = ... (Eq. 1.7)
Original cross sectional area

• Percentage elongation = Final length - original length= lJ - lo ... (Eq. l.B)

Original length 10
• Percentage reduction in are _ Original area - final area A 0 - A I
a - - - - - - - - - - = - - - x 100
Original area A0
.. .(Eq. 1.9)
l. 7 FACTOR OF SAFETY (n)
It is defined as the ratio of ultimate stress to the k.
. wor mg stress.
Factor of safety n = Ultimate stress _ au
.
Ultimate stress - -ad .. . (Eq. 1.10a)
 . Simple Stresses and Strains 7 ~
Ultima te stress: is the maxim st
Working or allowa ble or d _umst ress that_the materia l is subjected to during a test.
the materia l can carry und e~ign_ ress (ad) : 1s defined as the maximum safe stress that
er a given load
The allowab le stress should b 1. . ·
limit of the materia l so th t . e, imite_d to a value not exceeding the prop ortiona l
ield point stress ford : Hooke . law 1s not invalidated. Working stress is based on
8

Y uc Ile matena ls and ultima te strength for brittle materials.

a
n = -11 ··· used for brittle materials ... (Eq. 1.10b)
ad
a
n=_}!_ ···used for ductile materials .. . (Eq. 1.10c)
ad

1.8 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

Follo': ing are some of the most import ant mechanical propert ies of engine ering
materials:
• Elas ticity:_is the ability of a material to regain its original shape and size, when the
load causm g the deform ation is remove d. Example: Steel, copper, _.E]_uminiu m,
concrete, etc.
• Plast!c ity: is the propert y of a material which does not regain its original shape
and s12e, when the load causing the deformation is removed. .
• St rength: is the ability of a material to withsta nd the action of externa l force s.
• To ughness: is the proper ty of a material which absorbs energy elastically before
failure, i.e. to withsta nd elastic and plastic deformation.
• Stiffness or rigidity: is the ability of a material to resist elastic deformation.
• Hardness: is the proper ty of a material which resists indenta tion/ penetra tion or
propert y of a materia l to resist plastic deformation.
• Resilience: is the propert y of a material to absorb energy elastically.
• Ductili ty: is the proper ty of a material of drawin g it into wires. Example: Mild steel
(MS)
• Brittlen ess: is the propert y of the material which breaks easily into pieces. Example:
Cast iron
• Mallea bility: is the proper ty of the materia l which can be beaten into sheets.
Example: MS, aluminium, etc.
• Creep: refers to the slow and progressive deformation of a material with time at
constant stress ..
• Fatigue: refers to the behavi or of a materia l when subject ed to fluctua ting or
repeated loads.
• Fracture: refers to the separation of a material into two or more parts under stress.
a. Ductile fractur e: This occurs after extensi ve plastic deform ation and is
characterized by slow crack propagation.
b. Brittle fracture: This occurs by rapid propag ation of a crack after little or no
plastic deformation.
Apart from these, a metal should have good thermal and electrical conductivities.
• Thermal conduc tivity: is defined as the rate at which heat can flo w through a
material under the influence of a given temper ature gradient.
• Electrical conductivity: It is a measure of the material's ability to accomm odate
the transpo rt of an electric charge.
 of Ma ter ials
8 M echanics an d Strength
0t h er classifications of mdterials include : t
rmstr u ct ur e th ro ug ho u
us m~ te~ ·'i~l : A t~1 at~1.·inl_w hic h has a un ifo ou s mate ria l.
• ~? m og cn co sco11tmrntJ es 1s ll'r rn ed
a homogene
flaws 01 d1 te an d
" ith ou t an y
ge 11 eous ma terirl l: M ntcrinls s uc h as co nc re
;11ltomo r ics fro m po in t to po in
t
• Non-homogeneous ot s tru ctu re w hi ch vn
~viii th us h.i vc fl rit ies .
po or -q t~ ali ty c~st iron s mi d th e pr es en ce of cns lin g fl aw s or Im pu
tit ue nt th ro ug ho ut in all
d ep en dm g on 1ts co ns l ex hi bi ts un ifo rm pr op e rti es
If a m at er in
• ls ot t0 pi c ma te ria l: be iso tro pi c
di re ct io ns i
. t is sa id to exhi bi ts un ifo rm
ro pi c m at eria l: If a m a ter ia l do es no t pi c.
• No n- iso tro pi c 01· An
is ot n-iso tro pi c or an iso tro
in all di re c tions it is sa id to be no t
pr op er tie s th ro ug ho ut pi c m at er ia l is on e w hi ch h as di ff er en
ia l: A n or th ot ro
• O rt ho tr op ic m at er pl an es .
pr op er tie s in di ffe ren
t m po si te s wh ic h
a m at er ia l is w oo d, al th ou gh so m e co ed to fall
su ch m ay al so be co ns id er
A ty pi ca l ex am pl e o f "i nh om og en ei tie s"
co nt ai n sy ste m at ic al
ly or ie nt at ed
in to th is ca te go ry
RIALS
EN CE BE TW EEN DU CT ILE AND BRITTLE MATE
1.9 DIFFER
Brittle material
Sl Du cti le material
No . fore Material fails by fracture.
I. Material fails by yie
lding. (Necking occurs be
fa ilu re ). hand is exactly an
rm Brittleness, on the other
ial is its ab ili ty to de fo ctility as it is the
2. Ductility of a ma ter op po sit e pr op er ty of du
plied up on it. It is also break without first
when a tensile force is ap ability of a material to
of a substance to with- deformation upon
referred to as the ability undergoing an y kind of
ion wi th ou t un de rg oi ng
stand plastic deforma~ application of force.
ich is having very
rupture.
ntage Brittle material is one wh
is one with a large Perce ation.
3. A ductile material low percentage of elong
of elongation before fai
lure. ngation is < 5%, the
e If the percentage of elo
el on ga tio n is ~ 5%, th
4. If the pe rc en ta ge of material is brittle.
material is ductile. k su dd en ly under
an d Br itt le m at er ia ls br ea
, the ul tim at e ten sil e yond its elastic limit.
5. For du cti le ma ter ial stress at a po in t ju st be
ve ap pr ox im at el y th e
compressive str en gt h ha ate stress.
Design is ba se d on ultim
same absolute value.
e to tensile (normal)
ld strength. Brittle ma ter ial s fail du
6. Qe~ign is based on yie curs along a surface
us ually fail on pl an es th
at str es se s an d ru pt ur e oc
fi\ J? pc tile ma terials d.
r stresses (45 °). pe rp en di cu la r to the loa
corre spon d to the maximum sh ea
r .i \ :. . . . res. Breaks in to piece s.
Ma terial• ' ca~ n, be dr aw n into wi
8. "A 1.11 ss, stone, etc.
strength alloys, aluminiu
m, Ex am pl es : Ca st iro n, gla
_9. Wc~Pl~s: ~t~el, high
g_bld! etc. .
• • t
I I

UE STRAIN
1.10 TRUE STRESS AND TR eous
ra tio of in st an ta ne ou s lo ad to th at of instantan
st defined as the
• True res~ (a ): isea . n as
cross-sectional ar at a
given m· t t of tim
s an e. The tr ue st re ss is gi ve

- Ff . . (Eq. 1.11)
a = a( l + c) = Al
 Simpl e Stresses and Strain s 9

• True strain ( I ): is defin ed. as' th c, I.,tl l 1' 0 o f ·111s lunbin co us change in leng th to the
insta ntane ous 1engt l1 at a g i v en 1· . 1 f . ,,
( tru e s~rc1in is g ive n as
11s i1 11t n tim e. rlw
"f = ln(l + r) ... (Eq. 1.12)
For volu me cons is tency , A ()
r·'r -: /\ /
/) ... (Eq . J.13)
<Y = ~ om'cnl~on.i l o·r ~'ngi 1wcr ing or IH>rni
1 w l stn:•ss = r~,
f = Convcnl101w l or engin eerin g sl rn in
fc 1 = Load
r,- = Load at failu re
A 0 = Orig inal cross secti onal arru
At = Final cross secti onal area
• PrOlf stress: is the stres s necessary to cr1usc pcrm uncn t exten sion egua l to defin ed
as th e s tress at whic h the
percc ntag~ (s~y 0.2%). Proo f s tress can be expr essed
of the gaug e lengt h from
stress -stra m drng1:am ~epa rts by a specified perce n tage
ecified perce ntage is 0.2% of
the prod uced strai ght lme of prop ortio nality. If the sp
nated as 0.2% proo f stress.
the gauge leng th , the corre spon ding proo f stress is desig
a strai ght line paral lel
The proo f stres s of a m ateri al is deter mined by draw ing
a poin t whic h is equa l to the
to the linea r porti on of the stres s-stra in diag ram from
h as show n in Fig. 1.6. The
specified perc entag e of the strai n on the gaug e lengt
sents 0.2 % proo f stres s
inters ectio n of this line with the stres s-stra in curv e repre
for the mate rial.
I
I
Proof stress 1
- - - - - - - -; - - - - - I
I I
I I
I I
I,
I
I
CJ> I
CJ> I
~ I
u3 I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

O 0.2% Strain %

Fig. 1.6: Determination of proof stress

us m ateri als
Fig. 1.7 Indicates true stres s-tru e strai n diag ram for vario
of 100 k N. Calc u late the
1. A steel rod of 30 mm x 30 mm carri es an axial load
rod is 50 mm.
defo rmat ion of the bar if E = 2.1 GPa and leng th of the
Solution: A= 30 x 30 = 900 mm , F = 100 kN, 81 = ?, E = 2.1
2 x 105 MPa, I= 50 mm.
3
Fl 100x l0 x50 = 0.0265 mm
We know that, 81 = - = 5
AE 900x 2.1x l0
2, A cast iron (C.1) colu mn has an internal diam eter of 250 mm. what shou ld be the
load of 2 M N, with out the
· mini mum exter nal diam eter, so that it may carry a
stress exce edin g 90 MPa.
 10 Mechanics and Strength of Materials

304 stainless stee l 1,200

160
70-30 bra ss as received
- 1,000

140
70-30 bass, annealed
........... - 800
0 120
'<"-
1020 s teel
X
·v; ct)
0..
100 Copper.Annealed 600 ~
-~
~
C/l
C/l 80
~
U) 400
Q)
::,
t= 60

2 00
40

20
0

0 L ~ o-.2- -=0}_4::~o~.6~~0~.a~-:;-1.~0-1.1.22-1.1.44-1.1.~6-11:S.s~2.2.o
0
True strain (e)
. d. for various materials
7· True stress-True strain iagram
. . 1..
F ,g
- ? F=2MN=2x106 N,o-=90MPa
Solution: di = 250 mm, do - .,

F
We know that a = A
6
i.e.
A=2 xlO = 22222.22 mm 2
90

Bu t A=;(a; -df)

22222.22 = ; (d; - 250 2 )

d; =9.08 x 104 mm 2
d0 = 301.32 mm = 302 rrun
13" A hollow steel column of external diameter 300 mm has to support an axial loa~
of 2 MN. If ultimate stress for s teel is 400 MPa, find the internal diameter, 1£
factor of safety is 4.
Solu tion: do = 300 mm, d; = ? F = 2 MN = 2 x 106 N, a 11 = 400 MPa, factor of safety
n =4
F
We know that a= - . .. Eq. (i)
A

But n =
 0
"' 'f..J'e .)Jresses and !:;trains 11 f
= 400
4
ad
ad = a =100 MPa
2 x l0 6
Eq. (i) yields ... 100 =
A
A = 20000 m rn 2

Also A = 4n (d02 -d?)

l

2
20000= : (300 - df )
2
~ = 64.54 x 103 mm 2
di = 254.05 mm :::: 255 mm
thick is
4. A hollo w C.I cylind e r 4 m long, 300 mm outer diame ter and 50 mm
ced is
subje cted to a centra l load on top when standi ng straigh t. The stress produ
2
75 MN/m 2 • Assu me E = 150 kN/m m and find
a. Mag nitud e of load b. Longi tudina l strain c. Total decrea se in length .
2 =75 N / mm2,
Soluti on: l = 4 m =4000 mm, d0 = 300 mm, t = 50 mm, cr = 75 MN/ m
E =150 kN / mm2 =150 x 10 N/mm • (a) F =? (b) £ =? (c) f>l = ?
3 2

a. To f ind F:
F
We know that cr = A

F = aA = cr x
7t( do2- di2) [di = d0 - 2t = 300 - 2 x 50 = 200 mm]
4
7t
= 75 X (3002 -200 2 )
4
F = 2.945 X 106 N
cr cr 75
E = ⇒ £=-=--- =0.0005
b. To fin d e: £ E 150 x1 0
3

c. To find Bl: £ = ol ⇒ ol = £1= 0.0005 x 4000 = 2 mm

£
mm in diame ter. Find
,s. A sig nal is being ~orke d by a s!eel wire 75~ m long and 6 of
the move ment w hich must be given to the signal box end the wire at a pull of
N/mm 2.
1.6 kN, if the movem ent at the signal is to be 250 mm. Take E = 2 x 10s
VTll -(CV) June! July 14- 07 Marks
, = 250
Soluti on: / = 750 x 10 mm, d = 6 mm, F= l. 6 kN = 1600 N , £ = 2 x 10s N /mm2 0
3

mm, move ment = ?

H ere total movem ent, o= o+ ol
3
But <5l= Fl= 1600 x750 xl 0 _
AE (1tx62 / 4)x 2x 1os = 212.21 mm
~ = 250 + 212.21 = 462.21 mm
 . and Streng t h of MoJtt~er~io~ls
: - - - -- - - -- - - -
12 Mechanics
. d on a ten sil e tes t spe cimen:
lts were obta1ne
6 The follow ing res u . . .
ge len gth = 100 mm , hm1t at propo rr
. 0 'ginal diame ter == 20 mm, gau
Th e sp
- 82 kN extension = o.12 mtn,
n . eci m en yie lde d a loa d of 86 ~?nalih .
- , l d withstood wa s 153 kN . .t\N ,,
maximum oa al\cl
·f ali ty b. Yo un g's mo du lus
Calculate : ·a. Stress at propot ton
d. ultimate stress
c. yield ~tress
. f) [ = _
- l 00 111 lll, Fa. = 82 X 103 N'
So lu tio n : de,== 20 ,nm , 10- . 0 .12 / F
rII
= 15.> ' Hi N. a) (\x == ?, b) E== ?, C) - ? d) cr = ?
cry- ., ti
y - 86 )( 1Q3
N,
3
Fa _ 82 x l 0 = Z61 MP a
,1. Tofimt cra: On == Ao - (!r x202/ 4)

E- Ga = ~ 261
b. To find E: = = 217 .51 xl0 3 MPa
- £ Bl/l 0 0.12 / 100

c. To fin d cry: cr _5_ = 86 xl0 3

=273 .74 MP a
y - A0 (1tx20 2 /4)

3
d. To find cru: cr _.5£.= 15 3x l0 =4 87 MP a
u - A0 (1tx20 2 / 4)
7. 'Fo r the lab ora tor y tes ted spe cim
en the fol low ing da ta we re ob tai
ned :
D iamete r of the spe cim en = 25 mm
, len gth of the spe cim en = 300
un der the load of 15 kN = 0.045 mm, extension
mm , loa d at yie ld po int = 127.65
loa d = 208 .60 kN , nec k dia me ter kN , maximum
= 17.75 mm , len gth of th e spe cim
= 375 mm en after failure
De ter mi ne: a. Young's mo du lus
b. Yie ld po int stress
c. Ultimate stress
d. Per centag e elongation
e. Percentage red uct ion in area
£. All ow ab le stress, tak ing factor of
saf ety as 2.
VTU - fune/ fuly 200 8-1 0 Marks;
[Similar: (CV) June/ Jul y 2013 - 10 Marks]
So~ution: do = ~5 mm , lo= 300 mm
, Fa = 15 x 103 N, ol = 0.045 mm
Fu - 208_.6 x 10 N, d1 = 17.75 mm , , Fy = 127.65 x 103 ~ '
Ii= 375 mm . a) E= ?, b) cr , = ?, c)
elo nga tio n= ?, e) Per cen tag e red cr = ?, d) ~ercenta1,~
saf ety n=2 uct ion in are a= ?, f) allo 1wa ble str11ess
= ?, 1f factor 0

a. To find E: , E- Fala (15x10 3 )x300

--=- --:--.:__- - 3 MP
Aaol (nx 252 / 4) x 0.045 =203 .72 xl0 a

b. To find ay: o- = FY = 127 .65 x l0 3

u A = 260.05 MP a
o (nx 25 2 / 4)

c. To find 0 11 : ~ _.5!__ 208.60x10 3

vu - - - - - - = 4 2 5 MP a
Ao (nx 25 2 / 4)
 Simple Stresses and Strains 13 J

d. Percentage elongation: Percentage elongation [li- 10JxlOO=(375-300]

10 300
X 100 = 25%
e. Percentage reducti.on in area: Percentage reduction in area

(Ao - At]
= l Ao X 100 =
(25
2
- 17- 752 ]
· x 100 = 49 .59 %
25 2

cr, 260.05
f. A llowable stress: Allowable or safe stress = - : = = 130.025 MPa
2
8. The tensile stress was conducted on a mild steel bar. The following data was
obtained from the test:
Diame t e r o f steel bar = 16 mm, gauge length of the bar = 80 mm, load at
proportionality limit = 72 kN, extension at a load of 60 kN = 0.115 mm, load at
failure= 80 kN, final gauge length of the bar= 104 mm, diameter of rod at failure
= 12 mm. Determine:
a. Young's modulus b. Proportionality limit
c. True breaking stress d. Percentage elongation.
' ii~it~~!~igiii~~~qMl1i:lss;tjrc,1f:IJan. 15 - 08 Marks
yfpfi:.~
3
Solution: do = 16 mm, [0 = 80 mm, Fa= 72 x 103 N, F = 60 x 10 N, 81 = 0. 115 mm, Fi =_ 80
x 103 N, di = 12 mm, li= 104 mm. a) E = ?, b) O"a = ?, c) ab=?, d) Percentage elongation

-- ?.,
E - Fla = (60x103)x80 = 207.59xl03MPa
a. To find E - Aabl (nxl62 /4)x0.ll5
3
Fa _ 72 X 10 = 358 MPa
b. To f ind cra = A - (nx 16 2 /4) -
0

103
Ff _ BO x 707.36 MP a
c. To find O"J = At - (nxl2 2 /4)
d. Percentage elongation:
.
Percentage elongat10n =
(lJ - loJ
lo x 100 -l
- (104 - 80]
80
0
x 100=30 1/o

9 _ A tensile specimen with 12 mm diameter

and 50 mm gauge length reaches a
maximum load of 90 kN and fra ctures a t 70 k N. The minimum diameter at
fracture is 10 mm.
Determine: a. The engineering stress at maximum load
b. True stress c. Engineering strain d. True strain
Solution: _d0 = 12 mm, lo= 50 mm, F = 90 kN, Fi = 70 kN, dI= 10 mm. a) a = ?, b) -a =?.,
C) E = ?, d) E = 7.
 '"' IVlechan·,cs and Strength of Materials

a. Engineering stress (a) F 90xl0 3

cr = - = - - - - = 795.78 MPa
Ao (nx 122 /4)
b. True stress ( 0 ) cr = Ff = 70 x 103 = 891.27 MPa
Af (n x J0 2 /4)

c. Engineering strain (a) f. = -

of = -
lf - lo
- .. . Eq. (i)
l /0
But for volume consisten cy, A f lf = A 0 l0
2
. _ A l _ d5l _ 12 X 50 _ _
l1 - 0 0 - _ 0 - 2
- 72 mm
At dJ 10

Eq. (i) yields ... £ = 72 - 50 = 0.44

50
d. Engineering strain = e = ln(l + £) = ln(l + 0.44) = 0.3646
10. A 50 mm diameter forging billet is decreased in height from 125 mm to 50 mm.
Detennine the engineering strain and true strain in the direction of compression.
Also compute final diameter after fracture.
Solution: d0 = 50 mm, !0 = 125 mm, 11= 50 mm,£=?, £ = ?, di=?

a. Engineering strain(£) £= t5l = 11- 10 = 50-125 =-0. 6

l 10 125
(negative because compression)
b. True strain (e) e = ln(l + £) = ln(l-0.6) = -0.916

2
d_f = 50 x125 = 79.06 mm
50
1.11 DEFORMATION IN BARS OF VARYING CROSS-SECTION

(1) (3)
I (2)
t

A1 A2 A3
~

F
i l
'
i
41 / 1 ~! ◄ /2 ... ~ I ►I
Fig. 1.8: Bars of varying cross-section
~ -onsid er a bc\r of varyin g Simple St resses and Strains 15
ig. 1.8. Here the tot 1 cross section su b.
indivi dual section s. a deform ation of the barJ:c: ed to tensile load (f ) as shown in
Let, F - T . qual to the sum of deformations of
- en s1le force.
E == Young ' d
l - s mo ulus of the material
1
= Length of section (1), '
. ·1 1 A1 - Area of section (1)
S1m1 ar y l 2 A . I A b e corres pondin, .
' ' 2, 3, 3 1ues of sec twns
Since · total d f . . g va (2) & (3) respectively.
, e onna hon L\ == 8l + 8l + ol 3 + .. .
1 2

= fl1 + Fl 2 + FL 3
A1E A 2 E A 3 E

a = F[_.!1_+-2._+_!1_] ... (Eq. 1.14)

E A1 A2 A3

···This equati on is used when the bar is made of same m aterial (E is consta nt)

a = F[ l1 + l2 +-l3_ ] ... (Eq. 1.15)

A 1 E1 A 2 E2 A 3 E3

... This equatio n is used when the bar is made of different materi als.
11. A steel bar is 900 mm long and has rods of diameters 40 mm and 30 mm at either
ends. The length of each rod is 200 mm. The middle portion has a diame ter of
15 mm for the remain ing length. If the bar is subjec ted to an axial pull of 15 kN,
find its total eh>ngation. Take E = 200 GPa.
Soluti on: l = 900 mm, d 1 = 40 mm, d3 = 30 mm, Z1 = 13 = 200 mm, d 2 = 15 mm, 12 = 900-40 0
3
= 500 mm, F = 15 x 103, N, E = 200 x 10 MPa, d =?
I

15 kN
qi 40 mm <!> 15 mm 6 30mm
I
l
15 k~
'
I◄ 200 mm .. j 500 mm 1. 200 mm

Fig. 1.9: Problem 11

Total deform ation, L\ = 811 + 812 + 81 3

Since the bar is made of same ma terial, we have

d =F [_!i_ + !?_ +
E A1 A2
il_]A3

- 1sx 103 [ 200 soo 200

- 200 X 3 2 + +
- 10 (n x4o /4) (rc x 152 /4) (rc x 302 /4)]
L\ - 0.2454 mm
 . th of M a te ria ls
16 M ec ha nic s a nd Str en g
d. .
un iv ersa l te st in g m ac • .
12.The ba r sh ow n in . 11 0 is te st e 111 hi ne . It is observ
F1fN ~h e total ex tensio D t
th at at a lo ad of 40 n is 0.285 m m . e er . h
. .I m in e t e Younged 's
f ti e m at en a •
m od ul us O 1
V tU .... Dec. 2012 _ 09 M . .
arks; Ju tte / July 2016 - 07 Marks
- - -- ·-
~
<1>25 mm lj> 20 mm $3 0m m
~

40 kN
40 kN
.
~

I◄ 160 mm
►◄
240m m
~ ~
160 mm
'"I
Fig. 1.10: Proble m
11
Solution: J = 25 m
1 m , d2 = 20 m m , d3 =3
F = 40 x 103 N , E =? , fl.= 0 m m , 11 = 13 =1 60 m
0.2851nn1 m , 12 = 240 mm,
Total deformation, fl.=
811 + 812 + 813
Since the ba r is m ad e of
same material, w e ha ve

fl. = F
E A1
[Ji_ + J1A2_ + ~ ]
A3
3
0 285 = 40 x1 0 160 [ + 240
· E
+ 160 1·
(1tx25 2 / 4) (1tx20 2
/ 4) (1tx30 2 / 4)
: . E = l.8 5x 10 5 M Pa
13. A member is fo
rmed by connecting
aluminium bar as sh a steel bar to an
ow n in Fig. 1.11. Ass
the bars are pr ev en
calculate th e m ag ni tu
cause the to tal length
te d fr om bu ck li ng
de of an axial force
of the member to decr
uming that
si de w ay s,
that w il l r -+
mm. The valu es of
aluminium are 210 G
el as ti c m od ul li for
Pa and 70 GPa respec
ease by 0.4
st ee l and
- E
E E
tively. a>
0 E
\
I
_s x
LO
0
0
v ru --,(CV) DeC:201.1-io Marks Cf) E 'q'

Solution: A 5 = 50 m m
x 50 m m , A a =100 m
m x 100 m m , 1 =
I 0
~
E
--·
II

400 m m, la= 50 0 m m
,~ = -0 .4 m m (compr 5
= 210 x 103 MPa , Ea= ession), F = ?, E s
70 x 10 M Pa
3
Total de fo rm ation, ~
~ 81 + 81
1 2 E
1
Since th e ba r is m ad e E
of di ffe rent m ateria ls EO E
, w e ha ve

l
E
·-.S:::i..-O 0
>< 0
fl. = F \_s_
l + la EE l{)
II
~E ....:
lAsEs A aEa 0
0

-0 .4 = Fl 400 + 500 l
l( sOx5 0) x2 10 x l03
(100 x 100) x70x 10 3 J
:. F = -2 70.90 x1 03 N Fig. 1.11 : Problem 13
=· 270.96 kN (com
pr es si on)
 14. A st ee l tie ro d 50 m
m in di am et er an d 2.5 m
To w ha t le ng th th e ba
Simple Str
esses an d Stra ins 17
lo ng is su bj ec te d to a pu
ll of 100 kN .
i
r sh ou ld be bo re d ce nt ra
in cr ea se by 15 % un de lly so th at th e total exten
r th e sa m e pu ll, th e bo sion wi ll
E = 200 G Pa . re be in g 25 m m in diam
eter. Take

100 kN
$ 50 mm
100 kN
\.__ _ _2_5o
_o_rn_m
_ _ _~\

I◄ I x j
Fig. 1.12: Problem 14
200
= 2500 m m , F =100 x 103N, x =?, bo re di a d1 -- 25 m m , E =
Solu tio n: d = 50 mm, l . x
103 M Pa , 81 = 15 %=0.15

Fl l0 0x l0 3 x2500 -0 .6 36 6 mm .
a. So lid rod: 8l= AE = (1
tx S0 2/ 4) x2 00 x1 0 3
b. Ro d w ith bore: .
In cr ea se in elonga!o~1.5
% 81
~ : 1.15 X 0.6366 = 0.7321
. mm
de of sa m e material, we ha
Si nc e the b ar is m a ve
]
- F\ .!J__+_!1_+2-
~ - ELA1 A2 A3
1oox103 [ 25 00 - x +
o.7321== 2oox103 (n x5 02 X 2
/4 ) [n x( 502 - 25 )/ 4j
l
4642 =[ 5.09x10-4(2500 -x -4
1. )]+ 6. 79 xl 0 x
-4
= 1.2725 + 1.79 X 10 X
:. x = 1127.6 m m = 1.1 2 m
is 50 m m sq ua re in se ct io
15 . A ba r 3 50 m m 1°~ :th n fo r a le ng th of 10 0 m
m , 30 m m in
1 of 60 m m an d 40 m m in
diamete~lfolr :d eof 120 kN di am et er fo r th e re m ai
If a tens1 e O is ap pl ie d to th e ba r, de ni ng le ng th .
• te rm in e:
Th to tal elongation
~~) T~ e m ax im um an d m in im um
str es s. Ta ke E = 210 GP
Solu tion: A1 = 50 m m x a.
50 ~m , d2 =30 ~ , d3= 40

I
_ (l0 0 + 60) = 190 m m m m 11 = 100 m m , I2 = 60
, F = 120 x 10 N, E = m m l3= 350
O min =?
210 x 10 3 M Pa . a)
=
11 ? b) cr
· ma x,

\
 ~

~
50 X 50 11> 30 mm $ 40m m
120 kN
120 kN
-
100 mm 60mm
... --1~ Ill

... 200 mm
J
Fig. 1.13: Problem 15
a. To find A:
Total deformation,
Since the bar is ma de of same materi al, we hav
e
ti = F [_Ii_ +J1_ +-2_]
E A1 A2 A3
3
__12_0_x_l0_ [ -1_0 0_ + __6_0__ + _ _1_90__
]
- 210 x10 3 (50 x50) (n x30 2 / 4) (nx 40 2
/ 4)
: . Ii= 0.1578 mm
b. Stresses:
3
a 1 -_ !__ -
_ 120 x10 -_ 4 MP
- -- 8 a
A1 500 x50
3
a 2 =_!__= 120xl 0 =169.76 MP a
A2 2 (nx 30 / 4)
a =_!__= 120x103 =95 .49 MPa
3
A3 (nx 402 I 4)
Thu s a max = 169 .76 MP a and a min = 48 MPa
16. The bar sho wn in Fig . 1.14 is sub jec
ted to loa din g. Fin d the dia me ter of the
mid dle por tion if the stre ss the re is to be
lim ited to 100 N/m m 2 • Als o find the
len gth of the m idd le por tion , if the tota l
exte nsio n of the bar is to be 0.13 mm .
Tak e E = 200 G Pa.
VTU - (CV) Jan. 2013 - 12 Ma rks

- ---
E
h

.. E
~

...... -
E "Cl E
100 kN
0
~ ,..------ -
,, 0
~ 100 kN
,
"
I
X
I 300 mm .I
Fig. 1.14: Problem 16
 Simple Stresses and Strains 19
Solution: F 100 x 103 N d
d3 == 40 mm ⇒ A1 = A - 1256.64 mmi , l =300 mm , 0'2 =
100 N/m m2 , L\ == 0.13 mm,, Ei ==- 200 x 103 MP 3-
a, d2= ?, x = ?
_ -F- .
a. To fin d d 2 -v 2
A2
3
100 _ 100 X 10
mt? /4
d2 = 35.68 mm
b. To fin d x:

l00 x l0 3
Since dia me ter s are sam e' 0'1 =0'3 =-F =- - - =79.58 MP a
. A3 1256.64
we have
Smee fue bar is ma de of same material,
,1 = · + u~1mid portion
Blend portion

0_13 ~ [ 01( ~-x ) +at]

1
=---
3
[79 .58 x(3 00- x)+ l00 x]
200 x10
26000 =(23 874 -79 .SB x) + lO0x
2126 = 20. 42x
:. x =104.11 mm
5. If the mid dle por tio n is als o
of squ are
17. A tie bar is as sho wn in Fig . 1.1
tio n is
gth . The str ess in the mi dd le por
cro ss sec tio n, fin d its siz e and len ke
exc eed 140 MP a. The tota l ext ens ion is 0.14 mm and E = 200 GP Ta a.
not to
F= 87.5 kN

~ 60 mm x 60 mm/1--- _□a-'--"-~-"----Li--ll 60 mm x 60 mm h
I X
300 mm
I
Fig. 1.15: Problem 17
3 mm x 60 mm _ 36
Sol utio n: F = 87.5 x 10 N, A1 = A3 = 60 x - 00 mm
2
, I= 300 mm, cr2 = 140
a, a= ?, =?
N/m m , L\ = 0.14 mm , E = 200 x 103MP
2

F
a. To find a: cr2 = -
A2
_ 87.5x1Q 3
140
a2
a=25mm.
 •
20 Mechanics and Streng th o f Ma teria ls

b. To find x: 3
p _ 87.5 >< 10 == 24.31 MP a
. . " , a
Since cross scchon 1s sc1nH ' 1 = cr 1 == - - 3600
, /\1
• l we ha ve
Since the b,\1' is 1'),Wl C O ( s," \tnC ' rnntcna ,
.
~ ~l . +8l ,nid11or110n
u = l rnd 10r t1,111s
1
01(1 - X) + OzX]
0.14 =
I E E
== -1 [24.31 x (300 - x) +14 0x]
3
200'-<10
28000 = 7293 - 24.3 l x + 140 x
20707 == l 15.69x
x = 178.98 m.m

1.12 DEFORMATI ON IN BARS OF UNIFOR

MLY TAPERING RECTANGULAR
CROSS-SECTION (BAR)

l
b,
1b
F F

l
X dx

Fig. 1.16: Elongation in bar of uniform

tapering rectangular c/s
Fig .1.1 6 shows a rectangular bar of uni
for m tap erin g sec tion hav ing w idth b
end and tapering dow n to a wid th b at at one
2 the oth er end , in len gth La nd sub jec ted 1
force F. to axial
Consid er a small element of len gth dx at
a dis tan ce x fro m the lar ger wid th (b ).
1
The rate of change of breadt h in a len gth
L is = bl - b2
L
Therefore wid th at sec tion x is
b = bt - ( b1 ~ b2 )x
..· b = b1 - kx
. wh ere
k = (bl -L b2 \) ... Eq. (a)
The cross sectional are a of the ele me nt
' A= b x t =(b1 - kx)t ... Eq. (b)
We kno w tha t ol = - Fl
AE
 Simple Stresses and Strains 21 i
For the element under consideration, we have

f>l' = F dx ... Eq. (c)

(b1 - kx)tE

Thus the total extension of the bar, f)/ = fL f)l'

0
L F dx
= f(b - kx)xtE
0
1
L

=I__ fL
tE (b1 - kx)
dx = £[1n(bi
tE
- kx) ( ~1)]
o
.0

= _!__ [- ln(b1 - kx) ]~

tEk

= t:k {-l+tf l JxJL ~b2 ···uslllg Eq. (a)

= t:k {[-in(bi -(bi~ b2 )L)]-[-In(bi - O)]}

F F (1 b - ln b2)
=-(-lnb2 +lnb1)= tEK n 1
tEk

81=_£.__ln(J!l_J
tEk b2

. _ FL ln(J!l_J
·. ol- tE(b1 -b2) b2
... (Eq. 1.16), using Eq.(a)

BARS OF UNIFORMLY TAPERING CIRCULAR CROSS-SECTION

1. 13 DEFORMATION IN
(ROD)

Fig. 1.17: Elongation in rod of uniform tapering circular els

Fig. 1.17 shows a circular rod of uniform tapering section having diameter d1 at one
end and tapering down to a diameter d2 at the other end, in length Land subjected to
axial force F.
r 22 Mech anics and Stren gth o f M ateria ls
the large r diam eter (di).
Consider a small elem ent of lengt h dx at a dista nce x from
. . . dl - d2
The rate of chan ge of diam eter m a leng th L 1s = L

Therefore diam eter at secti on x is d = d, - ( d1 ~dz ) x

:. d = d , - kx wher e k = ( di ~ dz J · · · Eq. (d)

2
kx-)-
- -
A = - 1r(d1' -
1r d 2 =--=
The cross secti onal area of the ele111ent, ... Eq. (e)
4 4
Fl
vVe know that SI= -
AE
For the ele1nent unde r cons idera tion, we have f>l' =
F dx = 4F dx

[ 1t(d1 ~ kxj2 ] E
2
1t(d1 - kx) E

L ... Eq. (f)

Thus the total exten sion of the bar, f>l = J f>l'
0

- JL 4F dx 4FL
- o it(.Ji -kx) 2 x E=nE[ (d1 -kx)-2dx
= 4F[(d1 - kx)-1 ]L 4F [ 1 ]L
nE (-1). (-k) o = nEk (d1 -kx) o

1
= n:[di ~kl di -k(OJ n:[di~ kL -d:] .=

. .. usin g Eq. (d)

. .. usin g Eq. (d)

... (Eq. 1.17)

 ains 23
·- -- Simple Stresses and Str
en th e b- - - - - ~ -
If the rod is uniform th - a ove (Eq. 1. 17) rcidu cc
s to the form ,
'
ol :: :~ .. (Eq . II RJ
2
. 1tE,i
of too kN ap pl ie d
to a
se d hy "" ax ia l lo ad
18. D e te rm in e th e
e_l on ga li o'.1 ca u m m in a length of JO m. Ta
ke
g fro m 12 0111111 to 40
fla t ba r 20 m. m tl~1ck, la pe nnes si on you us e .
G Pa D en ve th e ex pr
E= 20 0
trru- (CV) funel fuly 2009 - 08 Marksm,
m , /, )= .JO mm , r. =10
m = lOOOO m
20 m m , /, = 120 m
tion:
So lu20 F= lOO x H r N, f =
81= \ Pa 1

E= 0 , 10 ~M

_
3
(1 00 x 10 )x lO000 ln (120]
3 - 40) 40
- 20 x (200 x 10 )x (120
81 = 3.43 m m .
rt 1.12
For ex pres si on, re fe r A . use d f or calcu latin g
th e ex te ns io n,
m , if th e av er af e area is
. pr ob le
19. If in th e ab o v e
rc en ta ge er ro r.
w h at w ou ld be th e pe ... Eq. (i)
_ 81-81' x lOO
lu tio n: Pe rc en ta ge er ro r - 81
So
... Eq . (ii)
FL
Bu t 81' = - -
Anvg ·E
= l 600 rn m2
b1t+ b2 t _ (1 20 +420) x 20
Aavg = 2 -

=3 .1 3 mm
. ' (100 x l0 3) x 1000
3)
ol = 1600 x (200 x l0
Eq . (ii ) yi el d s .. ·

43 - 3.1 . , 7r::;,,: 0110

3) x ,lOO = 8.
·ce nt ag e er ro r = ( -3. -3-4-3 -
. y1•.eld s. · · p eJ
Eq . (1)
a le ng th
of 15 m m to a di am et er of 40 mm in
•cal ro d ta pe rs fro m a di am et e r
ax ial te ns ile lo ad of
20
inMe . th e elongatio n of th e rod un de r an
· Afc:::c'i mm. Determ N ·; m m z
o 0 kN . Ta ke E = 0.2
40
20 13 - 04 Marks
VTLl - (CV) June / July
0 m m , Ol= ?, F = 40 0 x 10 3 N , E = 0.2 x
= 40
So6lu tio n: 2 = 40
di m m , d2 = 15 m m , L
10 N /m m

W e kn ow th at 8/ =
 24 Mech anics a nd Strength of Mate rials

3
4x (400 xl0 )x400
= 6
1l"(0.2 X 10 ) X 40 X 15
81 = 1.697 mm
(D + a) to (D - a). Prove
21. The diameter of a circular rod varies unif orm ly from
ng's mod ulus of the rod by
-:: - that the percentage invo lved in find ing the You 2
ideri ng it as a unif onu of mean diam eter is (l Oa/D ) •
cons
Solution:
Let d1 = (D + a)= Larg er diam eter
d2 = (D - a)= Smal ler diam eter
E = Youn g's mod ulus of the rod
L = Leng th of the rod.

I
(D + a)
(D- a)

l .I
j. L

Fig. 1.18: Problem 21

4
We know that for a circu lar tape ring rod, 81 = FL
1tEd1d2
4FL
1tE(D + a)(D -a)
4FL
= - - - -2-
2
1tE(D - a )

4FL
E 2 2
1t8l( D - a )

Similarly for a uniform rod, E' _ 4FL 2 ... usin g (Eq. 1.18)
1t 81 D

l ( E'J
E - - xl00
Percentage error in youn g' s mod uus = -
E

= ( 1_E'Jx10 0= [l- 4FL / 8ID J 2

1t .. . usin g Eq. (i)
E 4FL / 1t8l(D 2 - a2 ) x l OO

=[1- (o2 ~ a2) lX 100 =[ D2 - D2 + a2 J

D j D2 x l 00
 Sim p le Stresses a nd Strains 25 J

Per cen tag e err or in Young 's mo dul us

= ( J~ ar of lm and
1.5 m lon g ste el b ar h av ing un ifo rm dia me ter o f 40 mm for a len gth
22. A De ter mi ne the
ter gra du a lJ y red u ces to 20 mm .
_.. in the n ex t 0.5 111 its dia me to an axi al ten sile Joa d of 160 kN .
Tak e
on of the bar wh en sub jec ted
elo ng ati ·
E = 200 GP a. rks
VI' U - (CV) Dec. 14/ Jan. 15 - 10 Ma
r-._______

II.
...
E E
E -
-' 0
E
0
N
r

160 kN
'<t
160 kN -e- -e-, Ir
, Ir

1 mm /, 0.5 mm ./

Fig . 1.19: Pro blem 22

mm 2, d2 = 2omm ,
,1 -- ?. , / 1 = 1000 mm, /2 = 500 mm , F
Sol uti on: d 1 = 40 mm, ⇒ A31 = 4001t
= 160 x 103 N , E = 200 x 10 MP
a.
Total def orm atio n, .1 = 811 + 812

Fl 1 4Fl2 ]
= A1E
[ + 1tEd1d2

F[ 11 412 ]
= E A1 + 1tli1d2

160 x10 3[1 000 4x 500 ]

= 200 xl0 3 4001t + nx 40x 20
,1 =1.273 mm
•ect ed to an ext ern al loa din g as sho wn in Fig . 1.20. Ca lcu lat e
. E = 70 GP a for
A ste pp ed b~r is sub t~ f the bar . Ta ke E = 200 GP a for s te el,
23. h n ge 1n Ien g
0
~ h per . ·
t e c. a m an d £ = 100 GP a for cop
alu mi nu
e/ Ju ly 14 - 10 Ma rks ;
VT U - Dec. 07/ fan. 08 - 08 Ma rks ; Jun
(Si mil ar) Dec. 13/ Jan. 14 -1 0 Ma rks

Aluninu m Copper

Stee l

~ 50
(jl20 mm
--- - - -- - ►
,---
4 - - ---+ -- - - -- -
40 kN 40 kN

l .] ◄
200 mm / 200 mm
►~ ►

Fig. 1.20: Problem 23