Computer Networking

2010
Through these notes you are able to make a LAN network. In it you are
learn how to install the network software and how to manage the Faisal Yasin
network and many more in very easy way.
Content
Computer Networking
Computer Networking
s
COMPUTER NETWORKING..........................................................................................................................4
Introduction: -.............................................................................................................................................4
PURPOSE: -..................................................................................................................................................4
BENEFITS OF NETWORKING: -.....................................................................................................................4
Increase in Productivity..................................................................................................................5
Cost Saving: -..................................................................................................................................5
Less Disk Storage and Easy to Maintain: -.......................................................................................5
Security: -........................................................................................................................................5
TYPES OF NETWORKING: -...........................................................................................................................6
Local Area Network (LAN)...............................................................................................................6
Wide Area Network (WAN).............................................................................................................7
DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN LAN AND WAN...................................................................................................7
NETWORK TOPOLOGY:-...............................................................................................................................8
Bus Topology..................................................................................................................................9
Working of Bus Topology........................................................................................................................9

Advantages.................................................................................................................................................... 9
Disadvantages.............................................................................................................................................. 9
Star Topology................................................................................................................................10
Working of Star Topology....................................................................................................................10

Advantages..................................................................................................................................................10
Disadvantages............................................................................................................................................10
Ring Topology...............................................................................................................................11
Working of Ring Topology...................................................................................................................11

Advantages..................................................................................................................................................11
Disadvantages............................................................................................................................................11
Tree Topology...............................................................................................................................12
Advantages of a Tree Topology..........................................................................................................12
Computer Networking Page 2

Computer Networking
Disadvantages of a Tree Topology...................................................................................................12

Mesh Topology.............................................................................................................................12
PROTOCOL: -..............................................................................................................................................13
COMMUNICATION MEDIA: -......................................................................................................................14
Guided Media (Bounded Media): -...............................................................................................14
Types: -......................................................................................................................................................... 14
Twisted-Pair Wire................................................................................................................................... 14
Coaxial cable...............................................................................................................................................15
Fiber- Optic cable.....................................................................................................................................16
Unguided Media (Unbounded Media): -.......................................................................................16
NETWOR MODEL / ARCHITECTURE OF NETWORK: -.................................................................................17
Client / Server: -............................................................................................................................17
Advantages: -..............................................................................................................................................17
Disadvantages: -........................................................................................................................................17
Peer-to-Peer: -..............................................................................................................................18
Advantages: -..............................................................................................................................................18
Disadvantages: -........................................................................................................................................18
Necessary things that are required for making LAN network: -.................................................................19
Hub or Switch: -............................................................................................................................19
Difference between Hub AND Switch: -........................................................................................19
HOW TO MAKE A PEER TO PEER NETWORK..............................................................................................20

Computer Networking
COMPUTER NETWORKING
Introduction: -
A number of computers connected through a communication medium to share
information, communicant with each other and share resources of other computers, is called
Computer Networking.
PURPOSE: -
There are some main purposes of networking which are as below: -
 Through network we can share information and data.
 We can Share Resources of other computer (available in the Network) e.g.

Printer, Hard-disk, Scanner and many more.
 We can secure our data on the network.
 Through network we can save our time and increase our work efficiency.
BENEFITS OF NETWORKING: -
There are some benefits of computer networking which are as follow:-
 Increase in Productivity
 Cost Saving.
 Less Disk Storage.
 Easy Maintenance of Data.
 Security of Data.

Computer Networking
Increase in Productivity.
Through networking we can share/exchange data easily and faster. A network
provides easy access to data. This point increases productivity and efficiency of work.
Example:
Suppose in offices without networking, people share data by carrying it in different

type of storage devices such as floppies, Pen Drive and CDs etc. Many time waste through
this method.
On other hand we can communicate, share our information and computer resources
without leaving our offices.
Cost Saving: -
Through networking you are able to share costly equipments among many users.
Example:
Suppose there is a small office having ten (10) computers

but there is only one printer, if printer attached to computer no
one (1). Then how can user of computer 7 prints his
documents?
Answer is very simple, transfer it’s data in that system where

printer attached. But if Ten (10) users wanted to print their own documents
simultaneously then what will happen? Answer is same all the Ten (10)
users transfer their data and print it but this is time consuming and to much
slow procedure.
On other hand through networking we share the printer

and all user can access and use easily without living his computer
or room.
Less Disk Storage and Easy to Maintain: -

With networking we can install any software centrally and all users share it easily
with out install that software individually, and also we maintain our data very easily. But
with out networking we install the same software on every computer in our office it’s
difficult and wasting of time and difficult to maintain our data.
Security: -
In network only authorized user can access the data through this process our data is
secure in safe hand.

Computer Networking
TYPES OF NETWORKING: -
There are many types of networking but general we known two (02) popular networking
types which are as under:
 Local Area Network (LAN)
 Wide Area Network (Wan)
In addition to these types, the following characteristics are also used to categorize different
types of networks.
 Topology.
 Protocol.
 Architecture.
Computers on a network are sometimes called nodes. Computers and devices that allocate
resources for a network are called servers.
Local Area Network (LAN)

In this type computers connected through a NIC (Network Interface Card) is called
LAN (Local Area Network). As the name suggests, a local area network covers short
distances. Local Area Network usually consists in a building or in a single roof.
The figure of Local Area Network (LAN) is as below.
LAN Network

Computer Networking
Wide Area Network (WAN)

Wide Area Network (WAN) is a network of computers and terminals that are
spread over a relatively large geographical area. Computers connected to a wide area
network are often connected through public networks, such as the telephone system. They
can also be connected through leased lines, microwave or satellites e.g. Internet is best
example of WAN.
DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN LAN AND WAN

Criteria LAN WAN
Typed of Network Ethernet, Token Ring, Star Leased lines, ISDN, X.25
Objective To connect computers placed To connect computers
at one location. anywhere in the world.
10-1000 Mbps Up to 45 Mbps

Speed
Mostly 10 Mbps Mostly 1 Mbps
Coverage Covers short distances Covers long distances

Communication link is not
Communication link is permanent. It is usually
Communication
permanent, usually through a established as and when
link
wire. required through telephone
lines.
Sharing resources, for
Use E-mail, file transfer
example printer, scanners
Disturbance in the
communication media, for
Problem Cable disruption by users.
example telephone lines,
microwave links, etc

Computer Networking
NETWORK TOPOLOGY:-
The way in which computers are connected in a network is called network
topology. It is a physical layout or arrangement of computers in a Local Network.
There are five (05) basic topologies for connecting computers in a network (but
first three topologies are most important and popular) which are as under.
 Bus Topology
 Star Topology
 Ring Topology
 Tree Topology
 Mesh Topology

Computer Networking
Bus Topology
In this type computers are connected through a central wire. This central
wire is called Bus. This wire is used as backbone of Topology. The ends of the
cable are closed with terminators. These terminators are used to absorb signals.
Bus topology is commonly used for small and simple networks. This
topology is also called Linear Bus.
BUS
Working of Bus Topology

In this type sender sends the data on the bus and attached an
address. All system receives that message but only that computer read it
whose address matched with the sender’s address.
Advantages
 It is simple and easy to install.
 It is easy to expand (extra cable can be connected to make a longer

bus through repeater).
Disadvantages
 In this topology only one computer can send data at a time,
therefore the speed of the network reduces.
 It supports only small networks.
 As the Number of computers increases, network gets slower.

Computer Networking
Star Topology
In this topology, all computers are connected with each other through a
central device. This device is called HUB
HUB
Star Topology
Working of Star Topology

In Star Topology each computer communicated through HUB.
Sender sends his data to HUB and also attached an address. The HUB then
sends data to the destination computer or computers.
Advantages
 Easy to install and detect error easily.
 Removing or connecting devices doesn’t effect on the network.
 Faster then Bus or other topologies.
 Easy to modify (new computer can added to the HUB).
 If any computer breaks down, the network is not affected.
Disadvantages
 If the HUB fails, the whole network breaks down.
 Star topology is very costly.
 This topology requires more communication cable than any other

topology.

Computer Networking
Ring Topology
In this topology all computer are connected with each other. In Ring
Topology each computer is connected to next computer and last computer is
connected to the last computer. Then a circle or ring of a computer is formed.
Ring Topology
Working of Ring Topology

In Ring Topology every computer receives message from the
previous computer and transmitted it to the next computer till the
destination computer receives the message. Since each computer re-
transmits that it receives.
Advantages
 In Ring Topology all computer have equal access to the network.
Disadvantages
 Failure of one computer can affect the whole network.
 It is difficult to troubleshoot a ring network.
 Adding or removing a computer affects the whole network.
 Problem detection and solving is difficult.

Computer Networking
Tree Topology
A tree topology combines characteristic of Bus Topologies and Star
Topologies. It consists of groups of star-configured work stations connected to a
linear bus. The bus works as the backbone cable for the network.
Tree Topology
Advantages of a Tree Topology

 Point to Point writing for individual segments.
 Supported by several hardware and software manufactures.
Disadvantages of a Tree Topology

 Overall length of each segment is limited by the type of cabling
used.
 If the backbone breaks down, the entire network goes down.
 It is more difficult to configure and wire then other topologies.
Mesh Topology
In this topology each device is physically connected to every other device
on the network. Thus messages send on a mesh network can take any of several
possible paths from source to destination. Each device is physically to every other
device on the network. This increases the performance and reliability. However the
complexity and difficulty of creating a mesh network increases as number of nodes
on the network increases.

Computer Networking
PROTOCOL: -
To communicate in network computers use some rules and signals. That rules and
signals are called Protocol.
A protocol is an agreed-upon format for transmitting data between two devices.

The protocol determines the following:
 The type of error checking to be used.
 Data compression method, if any.
 How the sending device will indicate that it has finished sending a
message.
 How the receiving device will indicate that it has received that it has
received a message
Some of the most popular protocols are TCP/IP, HTTP, FTP, SMTP,POP, Token-
Ring, Ethernet, Xmodem, Kermit, MNP, etc.

Computer Networking
COMMUNICATION MEDIA: -
“The why in which data is transmitted from one place to another is called
Communication Media”
Communication has two types, which are as below: -
 Guided Media (Bounded Media).

 Unguided Media.
Guided Media (Bounded Media): -

Guided Media is the physical devices in which signals are send to a narrow path.
These consist of various types of wires. It is also called Bounded Media.
Types: -
There are following types of communication media: -
 Twisted-Pair Wire.
 Coaxial cable.
 Fiber optical.
Twisted-Pair Wire.
This is the oldest and still most common transmission line and consists of copper
wires twisted into pairs. Through LAN card we can connect two devices with Twisted
Pair Wire. This wire can transfer data at a maximum rate of about 9600 bits per second to
maximum distance of 100 meters. These cables are used for local telephone lines and for
short distance data communication.
Types:-
There are two categories which are as below: -

 UTP
 STP

Computer Networking
UTP.
UTP stands for “Unshielded Twisted Pair” Cable. This cable consists of 4
(Four) group. Each group has 2 Cables and these cables are twist with each
other. Following are 4 groups: -
 Group (1): -
Brown and White Brown.
 Group (2): -
Green and White Green.
 Group (3): -
Brown and White Brown.
 Group (4): -
Green and White Green.
STP.
STP stands for “Shielded Twisted Pair” Cable. It same like UTP but only
difference is that all the groups of wires covered with a Silver shield to protect
these groups from interference by external electromagnetic waves.
Coaxial cable.
Coaxial cable consists of a hard copper wire that is surrounded by an insulating
material. The insulated copper wire is surrounded by copper mesh this mesh protect the
cable from interference by external electromagnetic waves.
This cable is usually used for long distance telephone lines and local are networks.
These cables can transfer data at a maximum rate of 100 Mbps for a maximum length of
1.0km.

Computer Networking
Fiber- Optic cable.

The core of a fiber-optic cable consists of dozens or hundreds of thin filament of
glass or plastic that use light to transmit signals. Each filament, called an optical fiber, is
as thin as a human hair. These high intensity light beams are generated by lasers and are
conducted along the transparent fibers.
Inside the fiber-optic cable, each filament is surrounded by a layer of glass known
as cladding. The cladding is further protected by a plastic coating, called jacket.
Unguided Media (Unbounded Media): -

In this media signals are send in the form of waves and this media is
natural part of the environment. They do not guide them along a specific path and are,
therefore also called unbounded media.
The atmosphere and the space are example of unguided media.

Computer Networking
NETWOR MODEL / ARCHITECTURE OF NETWORK: -

The design of computers, devices and media in a network is called the network
architecture. It is also known as the network modal. There are two types of network architecture
which are as below: -
 Client / Server.
 Peer to Peer
Client / Server: -
In this network one or more computers are working as a server and other
computers are working as clients. The client computers request services from the
server. This modal consists of two parts which are as below: -
 Server. The server controls access to the hardware, software, and other
devices.
 Clients. The clients are the computers on the network that depend on the
server for its resources. For example, a large database is usually stored on a
server.
Types: -
Some servers on a network perform only one specific task.
These are called dedicated servers.
For example, a print server manages printers and print jobs
and a file server stores and manages files etc
Advantages: -
 It provides strong central security to ensure that network resources
are not accessed by unauthorized users.
 Data is stored on the server. Several users can work on the same
data simultaneously.
 Data storage at one place on server allows easy management and
backup of data.
 A limited number of resources (e.g., printers, Scanners, etc) can be
used by several users.
Disadvantages: -
 The servers are costly
 They need expensive Server/Client Operating Systems.
 Network administrator of usually required for maintenance of the
network.

Computer Networking
 This type of modal need a Network Administrator to manage the

network.
Peer-to-Peer: -
This is different from client / server architecture where some computers are
dedicated to serve the others. The computer network in which all computers are
equal and no one computer is in control is called per-to-peer network. Usually, a
peer-to-peer network consists of between two and ten computers. In this network
only one computer is connected to peripherals. The other computers in the network
can share these resources.
For example, a printer may be connected to any one computer in the
network, any one of the network can use this printer.
Advantages: -
These types have many advantages. They are simple to install and easy to
maintain.
 Expensive server hardware and software are not required.

 They are easy to setup.
 Usually in this modal do no need any Network Administrator.
Disadvantages: -
 When a number of users access recourses at a time the performance
of this modal reduced.
 This modal cannot support many computers like Client/Server
modal.
 This modal do not provided security of data.

Computer Networking
Necessary things that are required for making LAN network: -

To make a network either it is peer-to peer or Client/Server modal following items are
required:-
 Hub or switch.
 Network Cable (STP, UTP, Coaxial).
 LAN Network Card.
 Network software.
Hub or Switch: -
It is a device that connects computers with each other or you can say through this
device we can connect computers each other in a network (its only use when your network
consists of more then two computers).
Difference between Hub AND Switch: -

In Hub and Switch the main difference is its speed shape and other functions and
ports etc are same. Hub sends the data only at the speed of 10 mbps (mega bite per
second). On the other hand switch sends the data at the speed of 100 mbps (mega bite per
second).

Computer Networking
Network Cable: -
In LAN network all cables are used but most of common and reliable cable is STP.
In LAN networking we use two shapes of STP Cable which are as below: -
 Straight cable.
When you are making a network on the same devices then you use
that type (When you are connecting two switches or two
computers).
 Cross cable.
When you are making a network on the different devices then you
use that type (When you are connecting two computers and one
HUB).
Straight Cable: -
Specific combination of 8 wires (available in the cables) on the both side makes a
cable the combination is given below: -
Side “A”: -
1. WHITE GREEN and GREEN (On the first position starts from your left hand).
2. WHITE ORANGE and BLUE (On the Second position starts from your left hand).
3. WHITE BLUE and ORANGE (On the Third position starts from your left hand).
4. WHITE BROWN and BROWN (On the first position starts from your left hand).
Side “B”: -
1. WHITE ORANGE and ORANGE (On the first position starts from your left hand).
2. WHITE GREEN and BLUE (On the Second position starts from your left hand).
3. WHITE BLUE and GREEN (On the Third position starts from your left hand).
After arranging the wires insert it in the RJ45 connector (while inserting the wire
position of plane side of the connector always on the top) and punched it through puncher.
After making the cable checks it through a meter.
Top Side

Computer Networking
Cross Cable: -
Specific combination of 8 wires (available in the cables) on the both side makes a
cable the combination is given below: -
Side “A”: -
Side “B”: -
After arranging the wires insert it in the RJ45 connector (while inserting the wire
position of plane side of the connector always on the top) and punched it through puncher.
After making the cable checks it through a meter.

Computer Networking
HOW TO MAKE A PEER TO PEER NETWORK

You are able to do that only following the steps given below:-
Make sure that your both computer have same operating systems.
Attach the both computer with straight cable (if you make a network with two computers).
On the first computer Click on: -
1) Start Menu
Programme
Accessories
Communication
Network Connection
2) Click on Local Area Network.

Computer Networking
3) Click on Property Button.
4) Select Internal Protocol (TCP/IP).

Computer Networking
5) Click on Properties.
6) Write IP Address.
192.160.0.1 (Enters in first computer)
192.160.0.2 (Enters in second computer)
On the network every computer has a different IP.

Computer Networking
7) Write IP in Default gateway and remaining fields.

Type in it the IP of the first computer.
8) Click Ok.
9) Repeat these entire steps on the other computer.
10) After that click on start menu

Click on Run.
Write PING (the address of other computer)
11) After that a message you will the given below message on your screen
show again and again.
Ping “Your entered IP” with 32 bytes of data.
13) If the message appeared then networking completed. If not then follow the
instructions: -
 Make sure cable is plugged or made correctly.

 IP Does not match or enter correctly.
 Time must be same.
 Firewall is off.
 Operating system must be same.

Computer Networking

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2010

BENEFITS OF NETWORKING: -.....................................................................................................................4

Cost Saving: -..................................................................................................................................5

Less Disk Storage and Easy to Maintain: -.......................................................................................5

TYPES OF NETWORKING: -...........................................................................................................................6

Local Area Network (LAN)...............................................................................................................6

Wide Area Network (WAN).............................................................................................................7

DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN LAN AND WAN...................................................................................................7

Working of Bus Topology........................................................................................................................9

Working of Star Topology....................................................................................................................10

Working of Ring Topology...................................................................................................................11

Advantages of a Tree Topology..........................................................................................................12

Computer Networking Page 2

Disadvantages of a Tree Topology...................................................................................................12

COMMUNICATION MEDIA: -......................................................................................................................14

Guided Media (Bounded Media): -...............................................................................................14

NETWOR MODEL / ARCHITECTURE OF NETWORK: -.................................................................................17

Client / Server: -............................................................................................................................17

Hub or Switch: -............................................................................................................................19

Difference between Hub AND Switch: -........................................................................................19

HOW TO MAKE A PEER TO PEER NETWORK..............................................................................................20

Computer Networking Page 3

 Through network we can share information and data.

 We can Share Resources of other computer (available in the Network) e.g.

 We can secure our data on the network.

 Less Disk Storage.

 Easy Maintenance of Data.

Computer Networking Page 4

Suppose in offices without networking, people share data by carrying it in different

Suppose there is a small office having ten (10) computers

Answer is very simple, transfer it’s data in that system where

On other hand through networking we share the printer

Less Disk Storage and Easy to Maintain: -

Computer Networking Page 5

 Local Area Network (LAN)

 Wide Area Network (Wan)

Local Area Network (LAN)

The figure of Local Area Network (LAN) is as below.

Computer Networking Page 6

Wide Area Network (WAN)

DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN LAN AND WAN

10-1000 Mbps Up to 45 Mbps

Coverage Covers short distances Covers long distances

Computer Networking Page 7

Computer Networking Page 8

Working of Bus Topology

 It is easy to expand (extra cable can be connected to make a longer

 It supports only small networks.

 As the Number of computers increases, network gets slower.

Computer Networking Page 9

Working of Star Topology

 Removing or connecting devices doesn’t effect on the network.

 Faster then Bus or other topologies.

 Easy to modify (new computer can added to the HUB).

 If any computer breaks down, the network is not affected.

 Star topology is very costly.

 This topology requires more communication cable than any other

Computer Networking Page 10

Working of Ring Topology

 It is difficult to troubleshoot a ring network.

 Adding or removing a computer affects the whole network.

 Problem detection and solving is difficult.

Computer Networking Page 11