CA 2 ASSIGNMENT

Name: Shahzeb Ali Mohammed

Course: Bsc. Psychology

Semester: 2

Roll number:23443623036

College:NSHM College of Management and Technology(234)

Subject: STATISTICAL METHODS

 Q1. Difference between statistics and
parameter
Name different types of statistics

Statistics
Definition: a statistics is measures which is used to estimate
the population parameter while parameter is used to
describe the properties of an entire population
Information: describe aspects about the sample parametric
describe some aspect about the population
Value: Value of a statistics are unfixed and may vary sample to
sample because value of a statistics can be calculated from a
sample
population parameters are fixed and unknown
Time: it take less time to computing to the parametric
value parameter take much time as best upon the entire
population
Error: change of error are high as best upon the sample
which is drawn from a large population parameter change of
error are very late because it is based upon complete in
enumeration
computation: statistics can be easily computed because it is
based on the small part of population
 But parameter is become state girls and very complex
calculate the parametric value because proper sources are not
available in some cases

Statistics are of 2 types descriptive statistics

and inferential statistics
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS: descriptive status checks
mostly focus on the central tendency variable and description
of sample data. Central tendency mean the estimate of
characteristics a typically element of a sample or population.
Example of descriptive statistics are mean median and mode.
Descriptive statistics are of two type:-
STATISTICS OF LOCATION, STATISTICS OF
DISPERSIONS ,STATISTICS OF CORELATION

STATISTICS OF LOCATION:-
They give the location of either a central position or some
other specific point of the frequency distribution of scores in a
sample on the scale of the variable. Statistics of location have
two subclasses:
• Measures of central values such as mean, median and mode
which give some central scores of the frequency
distribution, around which other individual scores of the
sample tend to collect
 STATISTICS OF DISPERSION : These are measures of
the spread or scatter of the scores of a sample around a central
value like mean or median. They are further classified as
follows:
• Absolute measures of dispersion such as standard deviation,
variance and quartile deviation, computed directly from the
raw scores of the sample and expressed in either the same unit
as the scores, or some power that unit, and

• Relative measures of dispersion such as coefficient of

variation and coefficient of quartile deviation, which consist
of expressions of some absolute measures of dispersion as
ratios or percentages of the corresponding statistics of
location, and do not bear the units of the raw scores.
Statistics Of Correlation: These measure and describe the
magnitude and direction of relationship between two or more
variables in the individuals of a sample, e.g., between body
height and weight, wing length and trunk length, cardiac
output and venous return, anxiety test scores and
performance, and intelligence test scores and achievement
scores. Correlation coefficients such as product-moment
correlation coefficient and rank-difference correlation
coefficient belong to this class.
 INFERENTIAL STATISTICS:-
Inferential statistics are tools that statisticians use to draw
conclusions about the characteristics of the population from
the characteristics of a sample and to determine how curtain
they can be of the reliability of those conclusions based on the
samples size distribution Statistics can calculate the
probability that Statistics which measure the central tendency
variability that statistics distribution and relationship between
Characteristics within a data sample.

Q2. Write a short note on descriptive

statistics.
Descriptive statistics is a statistical methods popularly
used in organising and summary data. Descriptive statistics:
descriptive status checks mostly focus on the central tendency
variable and description of sample data. Central tendency
mean the estimate of characteristics a typically element of a
sample or population. Example of descriptive statistics are
mean median and mode.
Descriptive statistics are of two type:-
STATISTICS OF LOCATION, STATISTICS OF
DISPERSIONS ,STATISTICS OF CORELATION
 STATISTICS OF LOCATION:-
They give the location of either a central position or some
other specific point of the frequency distribution of scores in a
sample on the scale of the variable. Statistics of location have
two subclasses:
• Measures of central values such as mean, median and
mode which give some
central scores of the frequency distribution, around which
other individual scores of the sample tend to collect
Statistics of dispersion: These are measures of the spread or
scatter of the scores of a sample around a central value like
mean or median. They are further classified as follows
• Absolute measures of dispersion such as standard deviation,
variance and quartile deviation, computed directly from the
raw scores of the sample and expressed in either the same unit
as the scores, or some power that unit, and
• Relative measures of dispersion such as coefficient of
variation and coefficient of quartile deviation, which consist
of expressions of some absolute measures of dispersion as
ratios or percentages of the corresponding statistics of
location, and do not bear the units of the raw scores.
Statistics of correlation: These measure and describe the
magnitude and direction of relationship between two or more
variables in the individuals of a sample, e.g., between body
height and weight, wing length and trunk length, cardiac
output and venous return, anxiety test scores and
performance, and intelligence test scores and achievement
scores. Correlation coefficients such as product-moment
correlation coefficient and rank-difference correlation
coefficient belong to this class

Q3. Describe correlation statistics

A correlation coefficient is a descriptive statistic that
summarizes the data and helps you compare results between
sample data. It is unit-free, which means that you can compare
the coefficients directly. In this tutorial, you will learn what
correlation is and the different types of the correlation
coefficient.
Correlation refers to the statistical relationship between the
two entities. It measures the extent to which two variables are
linearly related. For example, the height and weight of a
person are related, and taller people tend to be heavier than
shorter people.
You can apply correlation to a variety of data sets. In some
cases, you may be able to predict how things will relate, while
in others, the relation will come as a complete surprise. It’s
important to remember that just because something is
correlated doesn’t mean it’s causal.
 Correlation refers to a co-relationship between two sets of
scores. Thus, to obtain a correlation, we must have two sets of
scores on the same individuals. To obtain a correlation, we
follow a statistical procedure in which we see how the standing
of one score among its set of scores compares with its mate in
the other set. If the correlation is perfect, that is, if the
standing of one score is exactly the same as its mate, and if this
is true of all pairs of scores in the two sets, the correlation
coefficient, or number expressing this perfect relationship, is
1.00. This is the highest possible correlation. Note that a
correlation of 1.00 is also perfect. The negative sign indicates
the type of relationship, not the degree of relationship. With a
correlation of – 1.00, high scores in one set are related to low
scores in the other set, and vice versa. Correlations can be
presented visually on a special type of graph called a
scattergram.
Q4. Write a short note on prediction
statistics.
Predictive analytics is a branch of advanced analytics that
makes predictions about future outcomes using historical data
combined with statistical modelling, data mining techniques
and machine learning.

It use modern statistics and motility techniques to determine

future performance
Industries and description such as insurance and marketing
used predictive techniques to make important decisions
Predictive analytic is a form of technology that makes
predictions about certain ear known in the future it draw a
series of technique to make this determination includes
artificial intelligence data mining machine learning
modelling and statistics for instance data mining involves
the analyse of flower set of data to detect pattern from it
text analyse does same except for large blocks of
Predictive analytic is also useful for business to help them
manage in westers development and forecast cells it also help
business service specially those in highly competitive industries
healthcare and retail