CSEN 404

Introduction to Networks

Hisham Othman
Nadeen Hamza
Basma Mohamed Afifi

** Slides are attributed to J. F. Kurose

 Roadmap
1-2

1.1 What is the Internet?

1.2 Network edge
 end systems, access networks, links
1.3 Network core
 circuit switching, packet switching, network structure
1.4 Delay, loss and throughput in packet-switched
networks
1.5 Protocol layers, service models
1-3 Preliminaries
 Recap – Store and Forward
1-4

Sender has message,

message is broken down to
𝒎 packets before sending to
router
Message (n bits)
Once packet is received, sent Packet Packet
to next router without waiting Packet 1 (n/m bits) 2 (n/m m
for entire msg
bits)

Once bit is received, router

waits for rest of bits of
same packet and Bit 1 Bit 2 … Bits Bits
assembles packet before
sending to next router

x bits for x bandwidth x bits for x bandwidth

BUT – packet is not sent as one unit! As soon as packet is received and
processed by router, bits are sent to next router according to bandwidth
 Some Preliminaries
1-5

Bandwidth – data transfer rate of a network

 How much data (bits) can be sent over a connection in a given
amount of time (second)
 Downstream (network to user) rate is typically higher than
upstream (user to network) rate

 DSL rate: 30 Mbps

to over 100 Mbps
 WiFi rate: can
reach 54 Mbps
 Some Preliminaries
1-6

Router – device that forwards packets from incoming

links to outgoing links
routing
routing, management
processor
control plane (software)

forwarding data
plane (hardware)

high-seed
switching
fabric

router input ports router output ports

1-7 Nodal Delays
- Processing Delay
- Queuing Delay
- Transmission Delay
- Propagation Delay
 How do loss and delay occur?
1-8

packets queue in router buffers

 packet arrival rate to link exceeds output link capacity
 packets queue, wait for turn
packet being transmitted (delay)

B
packets queuing (delay)
free (available) buffers: arriving packets
dropped (loss) if no free buffers
 Four sources of packet delay
1-9

 1. Processing:  2. queuing:
 check bit errors  time waiting at output link

 determine output link for transmission

 depends on congestion
level of router

transmission
A propagation

B
nodal
processing queuing
 Delay in packet-switched networks
1-10

3. Transmission delay: 4. Propagation delay:

 R=link bandwidth (bps)  d = length of physical link

 L=packet length (bits)  s = propagation speed in

 time to send bits into link = medium (~2x108 m/sec)

L/R  propagation delay = d/s

transmission Note: s and R are very

A different quantities!
propagation
Propagation: speed at
which electrical signals can
B travel
nodal
processing queuing Limited as a percentage of
the speed of light
 Nodal delay
1-11

d nodal  d proc  d queue  d trans  d prop

 dproc = processing delay
 typically a few microsecs or less
 dqueue = queuing delay
 depends on congestion. Characterized using statistical measures
 dtrans = transmission delay
 = L/R, significant for low-speed links
 dprop = propagation delay
 a few microsecs to hundreds of msecs
 Caravan analogy: [An Example from the Textbook]
Transmission delay vs Propagation delay
1-12

100 km 100 km
ten-truck toll toll
caravan booth booth

 Trucks “propagate” at  Time to “push” entire caravan

100 km/hr
 toll booth takes 12 sec to
service car (transmission time)
 truck ~ bit; caravan ~ packet
 Q: How long until caravan is
lined up before 2nd toll
booth?
through toll booth onto
highway = 12*10 = 120 sec
 Time for last car to
propagate from 1st to 2nd
toll both: 100km/(100km/hr)
= 1 hr
 A: 62 minutes
 Queuing delay (revisited)
1-13

average
 R=link bandwidth (bps) queuing delay
 L=packet length (bits)
 a=average packet arrival
rate

traffic intensity = La/R

 La/R ~ 0: average queuing delay small

 La/R < 1: delays depends on nature of arrivals
 La/R ~1: more “work” arriving than can be serviced,
average delay infinite!
 Packet loss
1-14

 queue (aka buffer) preceding link in buffer has finite

capacity
 packet arriving to full queue dropped (aka lost)
 lost packet may be retransmitted by previous node,
by source end system, or not at all
buffer
(waiting area) packet being transmitted
A

B
packet arriving to
full buffer is lost
1-15 Throughput
- Instantaneous
- Average
- Bottleneck
 Throughput
1-16

 throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at which (useful)

bits arrive at receiver
 instantaneous:rate at given point in time
 average: rate over longer period of time

Note: Bandwidth is theoretical and associated with sender

Throughput is actual and linked to receiver

server,
server sendswith
bits link that
pipe capacity
can carry link
pipecapacity
that can carry
(fluid)
file into
of Fpipe
bits Rfluid
s bits/sec
at rate Rcfluid
bits/sec
at rate
to send to client Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec
 Throughput (more)
1-17

 Rs < Rc What is the average end-end throughput?

Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec

 Rs > Rc What is the average end-end throughput?

Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec

bottleneck link
link on end-end path that constrains end-end throughput
 Throughput: Internet scenario
1-18

 per-connection end- Rs
to-end throughput: Rs Rs
min(Rc,Rs,R/10)
 in practice: Rc or Rs is R

often bottleneck
Rc Rc

Rc

10 connections (fairly) share backbone

bottleneck link R bits/sec
 Improving Bandwidth and Latency
1-19
 Bandwidth
 More fibers in fiber links
 More links on congested
routes
 Improve channel
multiplexing techniques
 Latency
 Increase propagation
speed to speed of light (we
are already 60% close)
 Hard bound!
 Reduce distance travelled
 Move data closer to clients
1-20 Network Model
- Layered Model
- Protocols
 Protocol “Layers”
1-21

Networks are complex!

 many “pieces”:
 hosts Question:
 routers Is there any hope of organizing
 links of various media structure of network?
 applications

 protocols Or at least our discussion of

networks?
 hardware, software
 Organization of Air Travel: [An Example from the Textbook]
1-22

ticket (purchase) ticket (complain)

baggage (check) baggage (claim)

gates (load) gates (unload)

runway takeoff runway landing

airplane routing airplane routing

airplane routing

 a series of steps
 Layering of airline functionality
[An Example from the Textbook]
1-23

ticket (purchase) ticket (check) ticket

baggage (check) baggage (claim baggage

gates (load) gates (unload) gate

runway (takeoff) runway (land) takeoff/landing

airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing

departure intermediate air-traffic arrival

airport control centers airport

Layers: each layer implements a service

 via its own internal-layer actions
 relying on services provided by previous layer
 In a distributed way
 Why layering?
1-24

Dealing with complex systems:

 explicit structure allows identification, relationship of
complex system’s pieces
 layered reference model for discussion
 modularization eases maintenance, updating of system
 change of implementation of layer’s service
transparent to rest of system
 e.g., change in gate procedure doesn’t affect rest of
system
 Internet protocol stack
1-25

 application: supporting network

applications application
 FTP, SMTP, HTTP
 transport: process-process data transfer transport
 TCP, UDP
 network: routing of datagrams from source network
to destination
 IP, routing protocols link
 link: data transfer between neighboring
network elements physical
 Point-to-point Protocol (PPP), Ethernet
 physical: bits “on the wire”
 message M
source
application
Encapsulation
segment Ht M transport
1-26
datagram Hn Ht M network
frame Hl Hn Ht M link
physical
Hl Hn Ht M link
physical

switch

destination Hn Ht M network
M application H l Hn Ht M link
Ht M transport physical
Hn Ht M network
Hl Hn Ht M link router
physical
 Summary
1-27

 Nodal Delays
 Processing Delay
 Queuing Delay
 Transmission Delay
 Propagation Delay

 Throughput
 Instantaneous
 Average
 Bottleneck

 Network Model
 Layered Model
 Protocols
 Next Lecture
1-28

Application Layer
 Any Question?
1-29