CSEN 404

Introduction to Networks
1-1
Hisham Othman
Nadeen Hamza
Basma Mohamed Afifi

** Slides are attributed to J. F. Kurose

 People and Resources
1-2

Course Name Introduction to Communication Networks

Emails hisham.othman@guc.edu.eg
nadeen.hamza@guc.edu.eg
basma.mohammed@guc.edu.eg
Textbooks Computer Networking, A Top-Down Approach
Featuring the Internet, James F. Kurose & Keith W.
Ross, ISBN 0-321-26976-4
Slide contents are copyrighted to: 1996-2010, J.F
Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved
 Assessment
1-3

Class work
10%

Quiz Final Exam

25% 40%

Midterm Exam
25%
 Course Outline
1-4

Introduction
Internet
Network Delays
Application Layer
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Data Link Layer
Datacenters
Datacenters and Clouds
Introduction to Cloud Computing
 Important Note
1-5

 These slides are not meant to be comprehensive

lecture notes! They are only remarks and pointers. The
material presented here is not sufficient for studying
for the course

 Your main sources for studying are:

• the text and
• your own lecture notes
 Introduction: Roadmap
1-6

1.1 What is the Internet?

1.2 Network edge
 end systems, access networks, links
1.3 Network core
 circuit switching, packet switching, network structure
1.4 Delay, loss and throughput in packet-switched
networks
1.5 Protocol layers, service models
 Data Networks in Business
1-7

 Q: Why a BI’an would

wish to learn about data
networks !!?
 A: For managing
external transactions
such as:
 Purchase orders and
Payments with Suppliers
 Shipping notices, price
updates, and invoices
with customers
 Data Networks in Business
1-8

 Q: Why a BI’an would

wish to learn about
data networks !!?
 A: For managing
internal distributed
s/w applications such
as:
 HR and recruitment
 Project management
 Payroll and Purchase
 What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view
1-9

 millions of connected Mobile network PC

computing devices:
Global ISP server
 hosts = end systems
 running network apps wireless
laptop
cellular
Home network handheld
 communication links
Regional ISP
 fiber, copper, radio,
satellite access
points
 transmission rate =
Institutional network wired
bandwidth links

 routers:
 forward packets (chunks router
of data)
 What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view
1-10

 protocols control sending, Mobile network

receiving of msgs Global ISP

 e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, Skype, Ethernet
 Internet: “network of networks”
Home network
 loosely hierarchical
Regional ISP
 public Internet versus private
intranet
 Internet standards Institutional network
 RFC: Request for comments
 IETF: Internet Engineering Task
Force
 What’s a protocol?
1-11

human protocols: network protocols:

 “what’s the time?”  machines rather than

 “I have a question” humans

 introductions  all communication activity
in Internet is governed by
protocols
… specific msgs sent
protocols define format,
… specific actions taken
order of msgs sent and
when msgs received, or
received among network
other events
entities, and actions
taken on msg
transmission, receipt
 What’s a protocol?
1-12

a human protocol and a computer network protocol:

Hi
TCP connection
request
Hi
TCP connection
Got the response
time? Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross
2:00
<file>
time
 What’s the Internet: a service view
1-13

 Communication infrastructure
enables distributed applications:
 Web,VoIP, email, games, e-
commerce, file sharing

 Communication services provided

to apps:
 reliable data delivery from
source to destination
 “best effort” (unreliable)
data delivery
Network Edge
- End systems,
- access networks,
- links
 A closer look at network structure:
1-15

 Network edge:
 applications and hosts

 Access networks, physical

media:
 wired, wireless
communication links

 Network core:
 interconnected routers
 network of networks
 The network edge:
1-16

 end systems (hosts):

 run application programs
 e.g. Web, email
 at “edge of network” peer-peer

 client/server model:
 client host requests, receives service
from always-on server client/server
 e.g. Web browser/server; email
client/server

 peer-peer model:
 minimal (or no) use of dedicated
servers
 e.g. Skype, BitTorrent
 Access networks and physical media
1-17

Q: How to connect end systems

to edge router?
 residential access nets

 institutional access networks

(school, company)
 mobile access networks

Keep in mind:
 bandwidth (bits per second)

of access network?
 shared or dedicated?
 Examples of Access Networks
1-18
1-16

Dial-up modem
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
Cable Internet
Ethernet
Wireless Networks
 Chapter 1: roadmap
1-19

1.1 What is the Internet?

1.2 Network edge
 end systems, access networks, links
1.3 Network core
 circuit switching, packet switching, network structure
1.4 Delay, loss and throughput in packet-switched
networks
1.5 Protocol layers, service models
 Internet core structure: network of networks
1-20

 roughly hierarchical
 at center: “tier-1” ISPs (e.g., Verizon, Sprint, AT&T, Cable and
Wireless), national/international coverage
 treat each other as equals
 fully connected

Tier-1
providers
Tier 1 ISP
interconnect
(peer)
privately
Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP
 Tier 1 Networks
1-21
 Internet structure: network of networks
1-22

 “Tier-2” ISPs: smaller (often regional) ISPs

 Connect to one or more tier-1 ISPs, possibly other tier-2 ISPs

Tier-2 ISPs also

Tier-2 ISP peer privately
Tier-2 ISP pays tier- Tier-2 ISP with each other
1 ISP for
connectivity to rest Tier 1 ISP
of Internet
 tier-2 ISP is
customer of
tier-1 provider Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP

Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP

 Internet structure: network of networks
1-23

 “Tier-3” ISPs and local ISPs

 last hop (“access”) network (closest to end systems)

local
ISP Tier 3 local
local local
ISP ISP
ISP ISP
Local and tier- 3 Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP
ISPs are
customers of Tier 1 ISP
higher tier ISPs
connecting them
to rest of Internet
Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP
local
Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP
ISP
local local local
ISP ISP ISP
 Internet structure: network of networks
1-24

 a packet passes through many networks!

local
ISP Tier 3 local
local local
ISP ISP
ISP ISP
Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP

Tier 1 ISP

Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP

local
Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP
ISP
local local local
ISP ISP ISP
 The Network Core
1-25

 mesh of interconnected routers

 How is data transferred
through net?
 circuitswitching:
dedicated circuit per call:
telephone net
 packet-switching: data
sent through network in
discrete “chunks”
 Network Core: Circuit Switching
1-26

End-to-end resources
reserved for “call”
 link bandwidth, switch
capacity
 dedicated resources
 circuit-like (guaranteed)
performance
 call setup required
 Network Core: Circuit Switching
1-27

network resources (e.g.

bandwidth) divided into
“pieces”
 pieces allocated to calls
 resource piece is idle if not
used by owning call (no
sharing)
 No store and forward
 Piece:
 frequency division
Multiplexing (FDM)
 time division
Multiplexing (TDM)
 Circuit Switching: FDM and TDM
1-28

FDM
4 users

frequency

time
TDM

frequency

time
 Network Core: Packet Switching
1-29
each end-to-end data stream is
divided into packets
 user A, B packets share network
resources
 each packet uses full link
bandwidth
 resources used as needed
Bandwidth division into “pieces”
Dedicated allocation
Resource reservation
resource contention:
 aggregate resource
demand can exceed
amount available
 congestion: packets queue,
wait for link use
 store and forward: packets
move one hop at a time
 Node receives complete packet
before forwarding
 Packet-switching: store-and-forward
1-30

L
R R R

 takes L/R seconds to Example:

transmit (push out) packet  L = 7.5 Mbits
of L bits on to link at R bps
 R = 1.5 Mbps
 store and forward: entire
 transmission delay = 15 sec
packet must arrive at
router before it can be
transmitted on next link
 delay = 3L/R (assuming
zero propagation delay) more on delay shortly …
 Packet Switching: Statistical Multiplexing
1-31

100 Mb/s
A Ethernet statistical multiplexing C

1.5 Mb/s
B
queue of packets
waiting for output
link

D E

Sequence of A & B packets does not have fixed pattern, bandwidth

shared on demand  statistical multiplexing
 Packet switching versus circuit switching
1-32

packet switching
 great for bursty data
 resource sharing
 simpler, no call setup
 excessive congestion: packet delay and loss
 protocols needed for reliable data transfer, congestion
control
 Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior?
 bandwidth guarantees needed for audio/video apps
 Next Time
1-33

1.1 What is the Internet?

1.2 Network edge
 end systems, access networks, links
1.3 Network core
 circuit switching, packet switching, network structure
1.4 Delay, loss and throughput in packet-switched
networks
1.5 Protocol layers, service models
 Any Question?
1-34