Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Introduction 2-1
Topics to be covered
Introduction: Overview, Network types, Protocol Layers
Network Applications: Network applications and
protocols, HTTP, DNS, Socket programming
Transport Layer: Transport layer services and protocols,
UDP, TCP, Flow and congestion control
Network Layer: Routing algorithms, Forwarding and
addressing in the Internet, IP, Router design
Link Layer and Local Area Networks: Multiple access
protocols, Error detection, Ethernet, Bridges
Network Security: Principles of cryptography, Message
Integrity and End Point Authentication
Introduction 2-2
Chapter 1
Introduction
Computer
Networking: A
Top Down
Approach
6th edition
Jim Kurose, Keith Ross
Addison-Wesley
Introduction 1-3
Chapter 1: introduction
overview:
more depth, detail what’s the Internet?
later in course what’s a protocol?
approach: network edge; hosts, access
use Internet as net, physical media
example network core: packet/circuit
switching, Internet structure
performance: loss, delay, throughput
protocol layers, service models
Introduction 1-4
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service model
Introduction 1-5
What’s the Internet: “ nuts and bolts” view
millions of connected
PC computing devices: mobile network
hosts = end systems
server
running network apps
wireless global ISP
laptop
smartphone communication links
fiber, copper, radio, home
network
satellite regional ISP
wireless transmission rate:
links bandwidth(bit/sec)
wired
links Packet switches: forward
packets (chunks of data)
routers and switches
link layer switches-
router Access N/W institutional
network
Routers- N/W Core
Rout/path: Sequence of Introduction 1-6
“ Fun” internet appliances
Web-enabled toaster +
weather forecaster
IP picture frame
http://www.ceiva.com/
Tweet-a-watt:
monitor energy use
Slingbox: watch,
control cable TV remotely
Internet
refrigerator Internet phones
Introduction 1-7
What’s the Internet: “ nuts and bolts” view
mobile network
Internet: “ network of networks”
Interconnected ISPs
global ISP
protocols control sending,
receiving of msgs
e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, Skype, 802.11 home
network
Internet standards regional ISP
RFC: Request for comments
IETF: Internet Engineering Task
Force
institutional
network
Introduction 1-8
What’s the Internet: a service view
mobile network
Infrastructure that provides
services to applications: global ISP
Web, VoIP, email, games, e-
commerce, social nets, … home
provides programming network
regional ISP
interface to apps
hooks that allow sending
and receiving app programs
to “ connect” to Internet
provides service options,
analogous to postal service
institutional
network
Introduction 1-9
What’s a protocol?
human protocols: network protocols:
“ what’s the time?” machines rather than
“ I have a question” humans
introductions all communication activity
in Internet governed by
protocols
… specific msgs sent
… specific actions taken
when msgs received, or protocols define format, order
other events of msgs sent and received
among network entities,
and actions taken on msg
transmission, receipt
Introduction 1-10
What’s a protocol?
a human protocol and a computer network protocol:
TCP connection
request
TCP connection
response
Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross
<file>
time
Introduction 1-12
A closer look at network structure:
network edge:
mobile network
hosts: clients and servers
servers often in data centers
global ISP
network core:
interconnected routers
network of networks
institutional
network
Introduction 1-13
Access networks and physical media
Q: How to connect end
systems to edge router?
residential access nets
institutional access
networks (school, company)
mobile access networks
keep in mind:
bandwidth (bits per second)
of access network?
shared or dedicated?
Introduction 1-14
An overall look of the Internet
Network Edge Access Network Network Core
mobile network
global ISP
home
network
regional ISP
institutional
network
Introduction 1-15
Access net: digital subscriber line (DSL)
central office telephone
network
DSL splitter
modem DSLAM
ISP
voice, data transmitted
at different frequencies over DSL access
dedicated line to central office multiplexer
cable splitter
modem
C
O
V V V V V V N
I I I I I I D D T
D D D D D D A A R
E E E E E E T T O
O O O O O O A A L
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Channels
to/from headend or
central office
often combined
in single box
Introduction 1-19
Enterprise access networks (Ethernet)
institutional link to
ISP (Internet)
institutional router
Introduction 1-20
Wireless access networks
shared wireless access network connects end system to router
via base station aka “ access point”
to Internet
to Internet
Introduction 1-21
Host: sends packets of data
host sending function:
takes application message
breaks into smaller chunks, two packets,
known as packets, of length L L bits each
bits
transmits packet into access
network at transmission rate R 2 1
link transmission rate, R: link transmission rate
also known as link host
capacity/link bandwidth
Introduction 1-23
Introduction 1-24
Physical media: coax, fiber
coaxial cable: fiber optic cable:
two concentric copper glass fiber carrying light
conductors pulses, each pulse a bit
bidirectional high-speed operation:
broadband: high-speed point-to-point
transmission (e.g., 10’s-100’s
multiple channels on cable Gbps transmission rate)
HFC low error rate:
repeaters spaced far apart
immune to electromagnetic noise
Introduction 1-25
Physical media: radio
signal carried in radio link types:
electromagnetic spectrum terrestrial microwave
e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels
no physical “ wire” LAN (e.g., WiFi)
bidirectional 11Mbps, 54 Mbps
propagation environment wide-area (e.g., cellular)
3G cellular: ~ few Mbps
effects: satellite
Shadow fading Kbps to 45Mbps channel (or multiple
smaller channels)
obstruction by objects 270 msec end-end delay
interference geosynchronous versus low altitude
Introduction 1-26
End of Lecture 1
Introduction 1-27
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history
Introduction 1-28
The network core
mesh of interconnected
routers
packet-switching: hosts
break application-layer
messages into packets
forward packets from one
router to the next, across
links on path from source
to destination
each packet transmitted at
full link capacity
Introduction 1-29
Packet-switching: store-and-forward
L bits
per packet
3 2 1
source destination
R bps R bps
R = 100 Mb/s C
A
D
R = 1.5 Mb/s
B
queue of packets E
waiting for output link
Introduction 1-31
Two key network-core functions
routing: determines source- forwarding: move packets
destination route taken by from router’s input to
packets appropriate router output
routing algorithms
routing algorithm
Introduction 1-33
Circuit switching: FDM versus TDM
Example:
FDM
4 users
frequency
time
TDM
frequency
time
Introduction 1-34
Circuit switching:
Let us consider how long it takes to send a file of 640,000
bits from Host A to Host B over a circuit-switched network.
Suppose that all links in the network use FDM with 24 slots
and have a bit rate of 1.536 Mbps. Also suppose that it takes
500 msec to establish an end-to-end circuit before Host A
can begin to transmit the file. How long does it take to send
the file? Each circuit has a transmission rate of (1.536
Mbps)/24 = 64 kbps, so it takes (640,000 bits)/(64 kbps) =
10 seconds to transmit the file. To this 10 seconds we add
the circuit establishment time, giving 10.5 seconds to send
the file. Note that the transmission time is independent of
the number of links: The transmission time would be 10
seconds if the end-to-end circuit passed through one link or
a hundred links. (The actual end-to-end delay also includes
a propagation delay; see Section 1.4.).
Introduction 2-35
Internet structure: network of networks
End systems connect to Internet via access ISPs (Internet
Service Providers)
Residential, company and university ISPs
Access ISPs in turn must be interconnected.
So that any two hosts can send packets to each other
Resulting network of networks is very complex
Evolution was driven by economics and national policies
Let’s take a stepwise approach to describe current Internet
structure
Internet structure: network of networks
Question: given millions of access ISPs, how to connect them
together?
access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
…
…
access access
net net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of networks
Option: connect each access ISP to every other access ISP?
access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access
net
… … net
access
access net
net
…
to each other directly doesn’t
…
access access
…
net
scale: O(N2) connections. net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
…
… net
access access …
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of networks
Option: connect each access ISP to a global transit ISP? Customer
and provider ISPs have economic agreement.
access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
…
…
global
access
net ISP access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of networks
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors ….
access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
ISP A
…
…
access access
net ISP B net
access
ISP C
net
access
net
access
net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of networks
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors ….
which must be interconnected
Internet exchange point
access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
…
…
access IXP access
net ISP B net
access
ISP C
net
access
net
access
net
peering link
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of networks
… and regional networks may arise to connect access nets to ISPS
access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
…
…
access IXP access
net ISP B net
access
ISP C
net
access
net
access
net regional net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of networks
IX IX IX
P P P
Regional ISP Regional ISP
access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
…
…
Content provider network
access IXP access
net ISP B net
access
ISP B
net
access
net
access
net regional net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net
Tier-1 ISP: e.g., Sprint
POP: point-of-presence
to/from backbone
peering
… … …
…
to/from customers
Introduction 1-45
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history
Introduction 1-46
How do loss and delay occur?
packets queue in router buffers
packet arrival rate to link (temporarily) exceeds output link
capacity
packets queue, wait for turn
packet being transmitted (delay)
B
packets queueing (delay)
free (available) buffers: arriving packets
dropped (loss) if no free buffers
Introduction 1-47
Four sources of packet delay
transmission
A propagation
B
nodal
processing queueing
B
nodal
processing queueing
Introduction 1-51
Queueing delay (revisited)
* Check out the Java applet for an interactive animation on queuing and loss La/R -> 1
Introduction 1-52
“ Real” Internet delays and routes
what do “ real” Internet delay & loss look like?
traceroute program: provides delay
measurement from source to router along end-end
Internet path towards destination. For all i:
sends three packets that will reach router i on path
towards destination
router i will return packets to sender
sender times interval between transmission and reply.
3 probes 3 probes
3 probes
Introduction 1-53
“ Real” Internet delays, routes
traceroute: gaia.cs.umass.edu to www.eurecom.fr
3 delay measurements from
gaia.cs.umass.edu to cs-gw.cs.umass.edu
1 cs-gw (128.119.240.254) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms
2 border1-rt-fa5-1-0.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.145) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms
3 cht-vbns.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.130) 6 ms 5 ms 5 ms
4 jn1-at1-0-0-19.wor.vbns.net (204.147.132.129) 16 ms 11 ms 13 ms
5 jn1-so7-0-0-0.wae.vbns.net (204.147.136.136) 21 ms 18 ms 18 ms
6 abilene-vbns.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.11.9) 22 ms 18 ms 22 ms
7 nycm-wash.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.8.46) 22 ms 22 ms 22 ms trans-oceanic
8 62.40.103.253 (62.40.103.253) 104 ms 109 ms 106 ms
9 de2-1.de1.de.geant.net (62.40.96.129) 109 ms 102 ms 104 ms link
10 de.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.96.50) 113 ms 121 ms 114 ms
11 renater-gw.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.103.54) 112 ms 114 ms 112 ms
12 nio-n2.cssi.renater.fr (193.51.206.13) 111 ms 114 ms 116 ms
13 nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.102) 123 ms 125 ms 124 ms
14 r3t2-nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.110) 126 ms 126 ms 124 ms
15 eurecom-valbonne.r3t2.ft.net (193.48.50.54) 135 ms 128 ms 133 ms
16 194.214.211.25 (194.214.211.25) 126 ms 128 ms 126 ms
17 * * *
18 * * * * means no response (probe lost, router not replying)
19 fantasia.eurecom.fr (193.55.113.142) 132 ms 128 ms 136 ms
buffer
(waiting area) packet being transmitted
A
B
packet arriving to
full buffer is lost
* Check out the Java applet for an interactive animation on queuing and loss Introduction 1-55
Throughput
throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at which bits
transferred between sender/receiver
instantaneous: rate at given point in time
average: rate over longer period of time
server,
server withbits
sends linkpipe
capacity
that can carry linkpipe
capacity
that can carry
file of into
(fluid) F bits
pipe fluid at rate
Rs bits/sec fluid at rate
Rc bits/sec
to send to client
Rs bits/sec) Rc bits/sec)
Introduction 1-56
Throughput (more)
Rs < Rc What is average end-end throughput?
Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec
Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec
bottleneck
link
link on end-end path that constrains end-end throughput
Introduction 1-57
Throughput: Internet scenario
per-connection end-
end throughput: Rs
min(Rc,Rs,R/10) Rs Rs
in practice: Rc or Rs
is often bottleneck R
Rc Rc
Rc
Introduction 1-59
Protocol “ layers”
Networks are complex,
with many “pieces”:
hosts Question:
routers is there any hope of
links of various organizing structure of
media network?
applications
…. or at least our discussion
protocols of networks?
hardware,
software
Introduction 1-60
Organization of air travel
ticket (purchase) ticket (complain)
a series of steps
Introduction 1-61
Layering of airline functionality
airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing
Introduction 1-62
Why layering?
dealing with complex systems:
explicit structure allows identification,
relationship of complex system’s pieces
layered reference model for discussion
modularization eases maintenance, updating of
system
change of implementation of layer’s service transparent
to rest of system
e.g., change in gate procedure doesn’t affect rest of
system
layering considered harmful?
Introduction 1-63
Internet protocol stack
application: supporting network
applications
FTP, SMTP, HTTP application
transport: process-process data
transfer transport
TCP, UDP
network: routing of datagrams from network
source to destination
IP, routing protocols link
link: data transfer between
neighboring network elements physical
Ethernet, 802.111 (WiFi), PPP
physical: bits “ on the wire”
Introduction 1-64
ISO/OSI reference model
presentation: allow applications
to interpret meaning of data, application
e.g., encryption, compression,
machine-specific conventions presentation
session: synchronization, session
checkpointing, recovery of data transport
exchange
network
Internet stack “ missing” these
layers! link
these services, if needed, must be physical
implemented in application
needed?
Introduction 1-65
message M
source
application
Encapsulation
segment Ht M transport
datagram Hn Ht M network
frame Hl Hn Ht M link
physical
link
physical
switch
destination Hn Ht M network
M application
Hl Hn Ht M link Hn Ht M
Ht M transport physical
Hn Ht M network
Hl Hn Ht M link router
physical
Introduction 1-66
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history
Introduction 1-67
Network security
field of network security:
how bad guys can attack computer networks
how we can defend networks against attacks
how to design architectures that are immune to attacks
Internet not originally designed with (much)
security in mind
original vision: “ a group of mutually trusting users
attached to a transparent network”
Internet protocol designers playing “ catch-up”
security considerations in all layers!
Introduction 1-68
Bad guys: put malware into hosts via Internet
malware can get in host from:
virus: self-replicating infection by receiving/executing
object (e.g., e-mail attachment)
worm: self-replicating infection by passively receiving
object that gets itself executed
spyware malware can record keystrokes, web sites
visited, upload info to collection site
infected host can be enrolled in botnet, used for
spam. DDoS attacks
Introduction 1-69
Bad guys: attack server, network infrastructure
Denial of Service (DoS): attackers make resources
(server, bandwidth) unavailable to legitimate traffic
by overwhelming resource with bogus traffic
1. select target
2. break into hosts around the
network (see botnet)
3. send packets to target from
compromised hosts
target
Introduction 1-70
Bad guys can sniff packets
packet “sniffing”:
broadcast media (shared ethernet, wireless)
promiscuous network interface reads/records all packets (e.g.,
including passwords!) passing by
A C
Introduction 1-73
Internet history
1961-1972: Early packet-switching principles
1961: Kleinrock - 1972:
queueing theory shows ARPAnet public demo
effectiveness of packet- NCP (Network Control
switching Protocol) first host-host
1964: Baran - packet- protocol
switching in military nets first e-mail program
1967: ARPAnet ARPAnet has 15 nodes
conceived by Advanced
Research Projects
Agency
1969: first ARPAnet
node operational
Introduction 1-74
Internet history
1972-1980: Internetworking, new and proprietary nets
1970: ALOHAnet satellite
network in Hawaii Cerf and Kahn’s
1974: Cerf and Kahn - internetworking principles:
architecture for interconnecting minimalism, autonomy - no
networks internal changes required to
1976: Ethernet at Xerox PARC interconnect networks
best effort service model
late70’s: proprietary
stateless routers
architectures: DECnet, SNA,
XNA decentralized control
late 70’s: switching fixed length define today’s Internet
packets (ATM precursor) architecture
1979: ARPAnet has 200 nodes
Introduction 1-75
Internet history
1980-1990: new protocols, a proliferation of networks
1983: deployment of new national networks:
TCP/IP Csnet, BITnet, NSFnet,
1982: smtp e-mail Minitel
protocol defined 100,000 hosts connected
1983: DNS defined for to confederation of
name-to-IP-address networks
translation
1985: ftp protocol defined
1988: TCP congestion
control
Introduction 1-76
Internet history
1990, 2000’s: commercialization, the Web, new apps
early 1990’s: ARPAnet late 1990’s – 2000’s:
decommissioned more killer apps: instant
1991: NSF lifts restrictions on messaging, P2P file sharing
commercial use of NSFnet network security to
(decommissioned, 1995) forefront
early 1990s: Web est. 50 million host, 100
hypertext [Bush 1945, Nelson million+ users
1960’s] backbone links running at
HTML, HTTP: Berners-Lee Gbps
1994: Mosaic, later Netscape
late 1990’s:
commercialization of the Web
Introduction 1-77
Internet history
2005-present
~750 million hosts
Smartphones and tablets
Aggressive deployment of broadband access
Increasing ubiquity of high-speed wireless access
Emergence of online social networks:
Facebook: soon one billion users
Service providers (Google, Microsoft) create their own
networks
Bypass Internet, providing “ instantaneous” access to
search, emai, etc.
E-commerce, universities, enterprises running their services
in “ cloud” (eg, Amazon EC2)
Introduction 1-78
Introduction: summary
covered a “ton” of material! you now have:
Internet overview context, overview, “ feel”
what’s a protocol? of networking
network edge, core, access more depth, detail to
network follow!
packet-switching versus
circuit-switching
Internet structure
performance: loss, delay,
throughput
layering, service models
security
history
Introduction 1-79