Redes Cap 1

Infraestructura de Comunicaciones
Chapter 1
Introduction
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Introduction 1-2
Chapter 1: Introduction
Our goal: Overview:
get “feel” and what’s the Internet?
terminology
what’s a protocol?
more depth, detail
later in course network edge; hosts, access
approach: net, physical media
use Internet as network core: packet/circuit
example switching, Internet structure
performance: loss, delay,
throughput
protocol layers, service models
Introduction 1-3
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet?
1.2 Network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 Network core
circuit switching, packet switching, network structure
1.4 Delay, loss and throughput in packet-switched
networks
1.5 Protocol layers, service models
Introduction 1-4
What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view
PC millions of connected Mobile network
server computing devices: Global ISP
wireless hosts = end systems
laptop
cellular
running network
handheld apps Home network
Regional ISP
communication links
access fiber, copper,
points
wired
radio, satellite Institutional network
links
transmission
rate = bandwidth
routers: forward
router
packets (chunks of
data)
Introduction 1-5
“Cool” internet appliances
Web-enabled toaster +
weather forecaster
IP picture frame
http://www.ceiva.com/
World’s smallest web server

http://www-ccs.cs.umass.edu/~shri/iPic.html Internet phones
Introduction 1-6
What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view
Mobile network
protocols control sending,
receiving of msgs Global ISP
e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, Skype,
Ethernet
Internet: “network of Home network
networks” Regional ISP
loosely hierarchical
public Internet versus Institutional network
private intranet
Internet standards
RFC: Request for comments
IETF: Internet Engineering
Task Force
Introduction 1-7
What’s the Internet: a service view
communication
infrastructure enables
distributed applications:
Web, VoIP, email, games,
e-commerce, file sharing
communication services
provided to apps:
reliable data delivery
from source to
destination
“best effort” (unreliable)
data delivery
Introduction 1-8
What’s a protocol?
human protocols: network protocols:
“what’s the time?” machines rather than
“I have a question” humans
introductions all communication
activity in Internet
… specific msgs sent governed by protocols
… specific actions taken protocols define format,
when msgs received, order of msgs sent and
or other events received among network
entities, and actions
taken on msg
transmission, receipt
Introduction 1-9
a human protocol and a computer network protocol:
Hi
TCP connection
request
Hi
TCP connection
Got the response
time? Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross
2:00
<file>
time
Q: Other human protocols?

Introduction 1-10
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.2 Network edge
1.3 Network core
networks
1.6 Networks under attack: security
1.7 History
Introduction 1-12
A closer look at network structure:
network edge:
applications and
hosts
access networks,
physical media:
wired, wireless
communication links
network core:
interconnected
routers
network of
networks Introduction 1-13
The network edge:
end systems (hosts):
run application programs
e.g. Web, email
at “edge of network” peer-peer
client/server model
client host requests, receives
service from always-on server
client/server
e.g. Web browser/server;
email client/server
peer-peer model:
minimal (or no) use of
dedicated servers
e.g. Skype, BitTorrent
Introduction 1-14
Access networks and physical media
Q: How to connect end
systems to edge router?
residential access nets
institutional access
networks (school,
company)
mobile access networks
Keep in mind:
bandwidth (bits per
second) of access
network?
shared or dedicated?
Introduction 1-15
Dial-up Modem
central
office
telephone
network Internet
home ISP
home
dial-up modem
PC
modem (e.g., AOL)
Uses existing telephony infrastructure

Home is connected to central office
up to 56Kbps direct access to router (often less)
Can’t surf and phone at same time: not “always on”
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
Existing phone line: Internet
0-4KHz phone; 4-50KHz
home upstream data; 50KHz-1MHz
phone downstream data
DSLAM
telephone
splitter network
DSL
modem central
office
home
PC
Also uses existing telephone infrastruture

ADSL 1 up to 1 Mbps upstream
ADSL up to 8 Mbps downstream
ADSL 2+ up to 2 Mbps upstream
ADSL 2+ up to 24 Mbps downstream
dedicated physical line to telephone central office
Residential access: point to point access
Bucle de abonado
Red de datos
Central
Telefónica
RTB
1 Mhz
Datos
Lineas de
usuarios Voz
DSLAM Voz
Switch
Clase 5
Residential access: cable modems
Does not use telephone infrastructure

Instead uses cable TV infrastructure
HFC: hybrid fiber coax
asymmetric: up to 30Mbps downstream, 2
Mbps upstream
network of cable and fiber attaches homes to
ISP router
homes share access to router
unlike DSL, which has dedicated access
Introduction 1-23
Residential access: cable modems
Diagram: http://www.cabledatacomnews.com/cmic/diagram.html Introduction 1-24

Cable Network Architecture: Overview
Typically 500 to 5,000 homes
cable headend
home
cable distribution
network (simplified)
Introduction 1-25
server(s)
cable headend
home
cable distribution
network
Introduction 1-26
cable headend
home
cable distribution
network (simplified)
Introduction 1-27
FDM (more shortly):

C
O
V V V V V V N
I I I I I I D D T
D D D D D D A A R
E E E E E E T T O
O O O O O O A A L
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Channels
cable headend
home
cable distribution
network
Introduction 1-28
Fiber to the Home
ONT
Internet optical
fibers
ONT
optical
fiber
OLT
optical
central office splitter
ONT
Optical links from central office to the home

Two competing optical technologies:
Passive Optical network (PON)
Active Optical Network (PAN)
Much higher Internet rates; fiber also carries
television and phone services
Ethernet Internet access
100 Mbps Institutional
router
Ethernet To Institution’s
switch ISP
100 Mbps
1 Gbps
100 Mbps
server
Typically used in companies, universities, etc

10 Mbs, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps Ethernet
Today, end systems typically connect into Ethernet
switch
Company access: local area networks
Wireless access networks
shared wireless access
network connects end system
to router router
via base station aka “access
point”
base
wireless LANs: station
802.11b/g (WiFi): 11 or 54 Mbps
wider-area wireless access
provided by telco operator
~1Mbps over cellular system
(EVDO, HSDPA)
mobile
next up (?): WiMAX (10’s Mbps)
hosts
over wide area
Introduction 1-38
Mobile access networks
Cuando el movil percibe una señal con mayor

potencia, entonces este selecciona a la nueva fuente
Base Station 1 como su nueva estacion primaria
Frame Relay
Base Station 2 Base Station 3 Interfaces Base Station 4
5ESS MSC PSTN 5ESS MSC

Señal de Baja
SM
SM
SM
SM
SM
SM
SM
SM
Potencia
w
w
p
p
w
p
w
STM-1 links STM-1 links
(1+1 APS) (1+1 APS)
w
w
p
p
w
p
w
ATM Trunkin (E3 o E1)
ADM Voz comprimida @ PCM Voz codificada CBX 500

16 Kbps @ 64 Kbps
Base Station 1 Frame Relay

Interfaces
Base Station 2 Base Station 3 Base Station 4
5ESS MSC
PSTN
SM
SM
SM
SM
SM
SM
SM
SM
p
w
p
w
p
w
p
w
STM-1 links La voz comprimida es enviada al
X (1+1 APS)
switch MSC que establece la
p
w
p
w
p
w
p
w
conexión original de la llamada
Señal de baja
potencia
E3 or E1 ATM Trunk
CBX 500 CBX 500
Voz comprimida @ PCM voz codificada
16 Kbps @ 64 Kbps
El usuario se desplaza hacia la BS 3, al percibir

una portadora con mayor potencia selecciona a
BS 3 como su estacion primaria
Base Station 1 Frame Relay

Interfaces
Base Station 2 Base Station 3 Base Station 4
5ESS MSC PSTN

SM
SM
SM
SM
SM
SM
SM
SM
La señal que porta la voz
p
w
p
w
p
w
p
w
STM-1 links
compromida es descomprimida en STM-1 links
(1+1 APS) el switch original y transmitida en (1+1 APS)
forma de pulsos codificados PCM
p
w
p
w
p
w
p
w
de 64 Kbps que entiende el PSTN.
ATM Trunking (E1 o E3)
CBX 500 Voz Comprimida @ PCM Voz codificada CBX 500

16 Kbps @ 64 Kbps
GSM BSS HLR

MSC/VLR RTB/RDSI
BTS
BSC
Otras redes
GMSC
Internet
SGSN
GGSN Intranet
Home networks
Typical home network components:
DSL or cable modem
router/firewall/NAT
Ethernet
wireless access
point
wireless
to/from laptops
cable router/
cable
modem firewall
headend
wireless
access
Ethernet point
Introduction 1-52
Physical Media
Twisted Pair (TP)
Bit: propagates between two insulated copper
transmitter/rcvr pairs wires
physical link: what lies Category 3: traditional
between transmitter & phone wires, 10 Mbps
receiver Ethernet
Category 5:
guided media:
100Mbps Ethernet
signals propagate in solid
media: copper, fiber, coax
unguided media:
signals propagate freely,
e.g., radio
Introduction 1-53
Physical Media
Blindaje
metálico
Cubierta de plástico Cubierta de plástico

Physical Media
Physical Media
Hembra RJ-45 Macho RJ-45

Physical Media: coax, fiber
Coaxial cable: Fiber optic cable:
two concentric copper glass fiber carrying light
conductors pulses, each pulse a bit
bidirectional high-speed operation:
baseband: high-speed point-to-point
single channel on cable transmission (e.g., 10’s-
legacy Ethernet 100’s Gps)
broadband: low error rate: repeaters

multiple channels on spaced far apart ; immune
cable to electromagnetic noise
HFC
Introduction 1-57
Aislante
Conductor interno
Conductor exterior
Cubierta de plástico (blindaje)
Cable BNC T
Conector BNC 50Ώ Terminador Cable

BNC a tierra
Revestimiento
Núcleo
Emisor Receptor
Revestimiento
Origen Destino
a. Multimodo, índice escalonado
Origen Destino
b. Multimodo, índice general
Origen Destino
c. Monomodo
Conector SC Conector ST
Conector MT-RJ
Physical media: radio
signal carried in Radio link types:
electromagnetic terrestrial microwave
spectrum e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels
no physical “wire” LAN (e.g., Wifi)
bidirectional 11Mbps, 54 Mbps
propagation wide-area (e.g., cellular)
environment effects: 3G cellular: ~ 1 Mbps
reflection satellite
obstruction by objects Kbps to 45Mbps channel (or
interference multiple smaller channels)
270 msec end-end delay
geosynchronous versus low
altitude
Introduction 1-65
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.2 Network edge
1.3 Network core
networks
1.6 Networks under attack: security
1.7 History
Introduction 1-66
The Network Core
mesh of interconnected
routers
the fundamental
question: how is data
transferred through net?
circuit switching:
dedicated circuit per
call: telephone net
packet-switching: data
sent thru net in
discrete “chunks”
Introduction 1-67
Network Core: Circuit Switching
End-end resources
reserved for “call”
link bandwidth, switch
capacity
dedicated resources:
no sharing
circuit-like
(guaranteed)
performance
call setup required
Introduction 1-68
Network Core: Circuit Switching
network resources dividing link bandwidth
(e.g., bandwidth) into “pieces”
divided into “pieces” frequency division
pieces allocated to calls time division
resource piece idle if
not used by owning call
(no sharing)
Introduction 1-69
Circuit Switching: FDM and TDM
Example:
FDM
4 users
frequency
time
TDM
frequency
time
Introduction 1-70
Modulador
Portadora f1
Modulador
Portadora f2
Modulador
Señales
Portadora f3
analógicas
en banda base
Demodulador
Filtro
Portadora f1
Demodulador
Filtro
Portadora f2
Demodulador
Filtro
Señales
Portadora f3 analógicas
en banda base
Desplazar y combinar
Modulador
Modulador
Modulador
Enlace con ancho de banda más grande
Filtro
pasabanda
Filtro
pasabanda
Filtro
pasabanda
Filtrar y desplazar
Cable de fibra óptica
Multiplexor Demultiplexor
Trama 3 Trama 2 Trama 1
Cada trama tiene 3 ranuras de tiempo.

Cada ranura de tiempo tiene una duración
de T/3 s.
Los datos son tomados

de cada línea cada T s.
Numerical example
How long does it take to send a file of
640,000 bits from host A to host B over a
circuit-switched network?
All links are 1.536 Mbps
Each link uses TDM with 24 slots/sec
500 msec to establish end-to-end circuit
Let’s work it out!
Introduction 1-89
Numerical example
How long does it take to send a file of
640,000 bits from host A to host B over a
circuit-switched network?
All links are 1.536 Mbps
Each link uses TDM with 24 slots/sec
500 msec to establish end-to-end circuit
(1.536 Mbps) / 24 = 64Kbps

(640000 bits) / (64Kbps) = 10s
10s + 500ms = 10.5s
Introduction 1-90
Network Core: Packet Switching
each end-end data stream resource contention:
divided into packets aggregate resource
user A, B packets share demand can exceed
network resources amount available
each packet uses full link congestion: packets
bandwidth queue, wait for link use
resources used as needed store and forward:
packets move one hop
at a time
Bandwidth division into “pieces” Node receives complete
Dedicated allocation packet before forwarding
Resource reservation
Introduction 1-91
Red de datagramas
Dirección Puerto
destino de salida
Packet Switching: Statistical Multiplexing
100 Mb/s
A Ethernet statistical multiplexing C
1.5 Mb/s
B
queue of packets
waiting for output
link
D E
Sequence of A & B packets does not have fixed pattern,

bandwidth shared on demand statistical multiplexing.
TDM: each host gets same slot in revolving TDM frame.
Introduction 1-95
Packet-switching: store-and-forward
L
R R R
takes L/R seconds to Example:

transmit (push out) L = 7.5 Mbits
packet of L bits on to R = 1.5 Mbps
link at R bps
transmission delay = 15
store and forward: sec
entire packet must
arrive at router before
it can be transmitted
on next link
delay = 3L/R (assuming more on delay shortly …
zero propagation delay)
Introduction 1-96
Packet switching versus circuit switching
Packet switching allows more users to use network!
1 Mb/s link
each user:
100 kb/s when “active”
active 10% of time
N users
circuit-switching: 1 Mbps link
10 users
packet switching:
with 35 users,
Q: how did we get value 0.0004?
probability > 10 active
at same time is less
than .0004
Introduction 1-97
Packet switching allows more users to use network!
1 Mb/s link
each user:
100 kb/s when “active”
active 10% of time
N users
circuit-switching: 1 Mbps link
10 users
packet switching: Q: how did we get value 0.0004?
with 35 users,
10 User Only (=1 Mbps/100Kbps)
probability > 10 active Probability Active User = 0.1  
10 35
at same time is less 1     p n 1  p 

35 n
There are 35 users,
n 0  n 
than .0004 probability 11 users = 0.0004
Introduction 1-98
Is packet switching a “slam dunk winner?”
great for bursty data

resource sharing
simpler, no call setup
excessive congestion: packet delay and loss
protocols needed for reliable data transfer,
congestion control
Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior?
bandwidth guarantees needed for audio/video apps
still an unsolved problem (chapter 7)
Q: human analogies of reserved resources (circuit
switching) versus on-demand allocation (packet-switching)? Introduction 1-99
Dato Dato
Llegada Llegada
Llegada Llegada
Internet structure: network of networks
roughly hierarchical
at center: “tier-1” ISPs (e.g., Verizon, Sprint, AT&T,
Cable and Wireless), national/international coverage
treat each other as equals
Tier-1
providers
Tier 1 ISP
interconnect
(peer)
privately
Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP
Introduction 1-103
Tier-1 ISP: e.g., Sprint
POP: point-of-presence
to/from backbone
peering
… …
.
…
…
to/from customers
Introduction 1-104
“Tier-2” ISPs: smaller (often regional) ISPs

Connect to one or more tier-1 ISPs, possibly other tier-2 ISPs
Tier-2 ISPs
Tier-2 ISP pays Tier-2 ISP also peer
Tier-2 ISP privately with
tier-1 ISP for
connectivity to Tier 1 ISP each other.
rest of Internet
tier-2 ISP is
customer of
tier-1 provider Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP
Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP
Introduction 1-105
“Tier-3” ISPs and local ISPs

last hop (“access”) network (closest to end systems)
local
ISP Tier 3 local
local local
ISP ISP
ISP ISP
Local and tier- Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP
3 ISPs are
customers of Tier 1 ISP
higher tier
ISPs
connecting
them to rest
Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP
of Internet
local
ISP
local local local
ISP ISP ISP Introduction 1-106
a packet passes through many networks!
local
ISP Tier 3 local
local local
ISP ISP
ISP ISP
Tier 1 ISP
Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP

local
ISP
local local local
ISP ISP ISP Introduction 1-107
NAP Colombia – NAP de las Américas
Introduction 1-108
Introduction 1-109
Introduction 1-110
Introduction 1-111
Introduction 1-112
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.2 Network edge
1.3 Network core
networks
Introduction 1-113
How do loss and delay occur?
packets queue in router buffers
packet arrival rate to link exceeds output link
capacity
packets queue, wait for turn
packet being transmitted (delay)
B
packets queueing (delay)
free (available) buffers: arriving packets
dropped (loss) if no free buffers
Introduction 1-114
Four sources of packet delay
1. nodal processing: 2. queueing
check bit errors time waiting at output
determine output link link for transmission
depends on congestion
level of router
transmission
A propagation
B
nodal
processing queueing
Introduction 1-115
Delay in packet-switched networks
3. Transmission delay: 4. Propagation delay:
R=link bandwidth (bps) d = length of physical link
L=packet length (bits) s = propagation speed in
time to send bits into medium (~2x108 m/sec)
link = L/R propagation delay = d/s
Note: s and R are very

different quantities!
transmission
A propagation
B
nodal
processing queueing
Introduction 1-116
Caravan analogy
100 km 100 km
ten-car toll toll
caravan booth booth
cars “propagate” at Time to “push” entire
100 km/hr caravan through toll
toll booth takes 12 sec to booth onto highway =
service car (transmission 12*10 = 120 sec
time) Time for last car to
car~bit; caravan ~ packet propagate from 1st to
2nd toll both:
Q: How long until caravan
100km/(100km/hr)= 1 hr
is lined up before 2nd toll
booth? A: 62 minutes
Introduction 1-117
Caravan analogy (more)
100 km 100 km
ten-car toll toll
caravan booth booth
Yes! After 7 min, 1st car
Cars now “propagate” at at 2nd booth and 3 cars
1000 km/hr still at 1st booth.
Toll booth now takes 1 1st bit of packet can
min to service a car arrive at 2nd router
Q: Will cars arrive to before packet is fully
2nd booth before all transmitted at 1st router!
cars serviced at 1st See Ethernet applet at AWL
booth? Web site
Introduction 1-118
Nodal delay
d nodal  d proc  dqueue  d trans  d prop
dproc = processing delay

typically a few microsecs or less
dqueue = queuing delay
depends on congestion
dtrans = transmission delay
= L/R, significant for low-speed links
dprop = propagation delay
a few microsecs to hundreds of msecs
Introduction 1-119
Queueing delay (revisited)
R=link bandwidth (bps)

L=packet length (bits)
a=average packet
arrival rate
traffic intensity = La/R
La/R ~ 0: average queueing delay small

La/R -> 1: delays become large
La/R > 1: more “work” arriving than can be
serviced, average delay infinite!
Introduction 1-120
Packet loss
Queue preceding link in buffer has finite
capacity
packet arriving to full queue dropped
lost packet may be retransmitted by previous
node, by source end system, or not at all
buffer
(waiting area) packet being transmitted
A
B
packet arriving to
full buffer is lost
Introduction 1-121
“Real” Internet delays and routes
What do “real” Internet delay & loss look like?

Traceroute program: provides delay
measurement from source to router along end-end
Internet path towards destination. For all i:
sends three packets that will reach router i on path
towards destination
router i will return packets to sender
sender times interval between transmission and reply.
3 probes 3 probes
3 probes
Introduction 1-122
“Real” Internet delays and routes
traceroute: gaia.cs.umass.edu to www.eurecom.fr
Three delay measurements from
gaia.cs.umass.edu to cs-gw.cs.umass.edu
1 cs-gw (128.119.240.254) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms
2 border1-rt-fa5-1-0.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.145) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms
3 cht-vbns.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.130) 6 ms 5 ms 5 ms
4 jn1-at1-0-0-19.wor.vbns.net (204.147.132.129) 16 ms 11 ms 13 ms
5 jn1-so7-0-0-0.wae.vbns.net (204.147.136.136) 21 ms 18 ms 18 ms
6 abilene-vbns.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.11.9) 22 ms 18 ms 22 ms
7 nycm-wash.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.8.46) 22 ms 22 ms 22 ms trans-oceanic
link
8 62.40.103.253 (62.40.103.253) 104 ms 109 ms 106 ms
9 de2-1.de1.de.geant.net (62.40.96.129) 109 ms 102 ms 104 ms
10 de.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.96.50) 113 ms 121 ms 114 ms
11 renater-gw.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.103.54) 112 ms 114 ms 112 ms
12 nio-n2.cssi.renater.fr (193.51.206.13) 111 ms 114 ms 116 ms
13 nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.102) 123 ms 125 ms 124 ms
14 r3t2-nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.110) 126 ms 126 ms 124 ms
15 eurecom-valbonne.r3t2.ft.net (193.48.50.54) 135 ms 128 ms 133 ms
16 194.214.211.25 (194.214.211.25) 126 ms 128 ms 126 ms
17 * * *
18 * * * * means no response (probe lost, router not replying)
19 fantasia.eurecom.fr (193.55.113.142) 132 ms 128 ms 136 ms
Introduction 1-123
Throughput
throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at which
bits transferred between sender/receiver
instantaneous: rate at given point in time
average: rate over longer period of time
server,
server sendswith link
bits pipe capacity
that can carry link that
pipe capacity
can carry
file of
(fluid) F bits
into pipe Rs bits/sec
fluid at rate Rfluid
c bits/sec
at rate
to send to client Rs bits/sec) Rc bits/sec)
Introduction 1-124
Throughput (more)
Rs < Rc What is average end-end throughput?
Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec
Rs > Rc What is average end-end throughput?
Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec
bottleneck link
link on end-end path that constrains end-end throughput
Introduction 1-125
Throughput: Internet scenario
Rs
per-connection Rs Rs
end-end
throughput:
R
min(Rc,Rs,R/10)
in practice: Rc or Rc Rc
Rs is often Rc
bottleneck
10 connections (fairly) share

backbone bottleneck link R bits/sec
Introduction 1-126
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.2 Network edge
1.3 Network core
networks
Introduction 1-127
Protocol “Layers”
Networks are complex!
many “pieces”:
hosts Question:
routers Is there any hope of
links of various organizing structure of
media network?
applications
protocols Or at least our discussion
hardware, of networks?
software
Introduction 1-128
Layering of airline functionality
ticket (purchase) ticket (complain) ticket
baggage (check) baggage (claim baggage
gates (load) gates (unload) gate
runway (takeoff) runway (land) takeoff/landing
airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing
departure intermediate air-traffic arrival

airport control centers airport
Layers: each layer implements a service

via its own internal-layer actions
relying on services provided by layer below
Introduction 1-129
Why layering?
Dealing with complex systems:
explicit structure allows identification,
relationship of complex system’s pieces
layered reference model for discussion
modularization eases maintenance, updating of
system
change of implementation of layer’s service
transparent to rest of system
e.g., change in gate procedure doesn’t affect
rest of system
layering considered harmful?
Introduction 1-130
Internet protocol stack
application: supporting network
applications application
FTP, SMTP, HTTP
transport: process-process data transport
transfer
TCP, UDP network
network: routing of datagrams from
source to destination link
IP, routing protocols
link: data transfer between physical
neighboring network elements
PPP, Ethernet
physical: bits “on the wire”
Introduction 1-131
ISO/OSI reference model
presentation: allow applications to
interpret meaning of data, e.g., application
encryption, compression, machine-
presentation
specific conventions
session: synchronization, session
checkpointing, recovery of data transport
exchange
network
Internet stack “missing” these
layers! link
these services, if needed, must physical
be implemented in application
needed?
Introduction 1-132
message M
source
application
Encapsulation
segment Ht M transport
datagram Hn Ht M network
frame Hl Hn Ht M link
physical
link
physical
switch
destination Hn Ht M network
M application Hl Hn Ht M link Hn Ht M
Ht M transport physical
Hn H t M network
Hl Hn Ht M link router
physical
Introduction 1-133

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Infraestructura de Comunicaciones

A note on the use of these ppt slides:

All material copyright 1996-2009

World’s smallest web server

networks” Regional ISP

Q: Other human protocols?

Uses existing telephony infrastructure

Also uses existing telephone infrastruture

Does not use telephone infrastructure

Diagram: http://www.cabledatacomnews.com/cmic/diagram.html Introduction 1-24

Typically 500 to 5,000 homes

FDM (more shortly):

Optical links from central office to the home

Typically used in companies, universities, etc

Cuando el movil percibe una señal con mayor

5ESS MSC PSTN 5ESS MSC

ADM Voz comprimida @ PCM Voz codificada CBX 500

Base Station 1 Frame Relay

Base Station 2 Base Station 3 Base Station 4

El usuario se desplaza hacia la BS 3, al percibir

Base Station 1 Frame Relay

Base Station 2 Base Station 3 Base Station 4

5ESS MSC PSTN

ATM Trunking (E1 o E3)

CBX 500 Voz Comprimida @ PCM Voz codificada CBX 500

GSM BSS HLR

Cubierta de plástico Cubierta de plástico

Hembra RJ-45 Macho RJ-45

broadband: low error rate: repeaters

Conector BNC 50Ώ Terminador Cable

a. Multimodo, índice escalonado

b. Multimodo, índice general

Enlace con ancho de banda más grande

Cable de fibra óptica

Trama 3 Trama 2 Trama 1

Cada trama tiene 3 ranuras de tiempo.

Los datos son tomados

Let’s work it out!

(1.536 Mbps) / 24 = 64Kbps

Sequence of A & B packets does not have fixed pattern,

takes L/R seconds to Example:

at same time is less 1     p n 1  p 

great for bursty data

“Tier-2” ISPs: smaller (often regional) ISPs

Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP

“Tier-3” ISPs and local ISPs

a packet passes through many networks!

Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP

Note: s and R are very

dproc = processing delay

R=link bandwidth (bps)

traffic intensity = La/R

La/R ~ 0: average queueing delay small

What do “real” Internet delay & loss look like?

Rs > Rc What is average end-end throughput?

10 connections (fairly) share

ticket (purchase) ticket (complain) ticket

baggage (check) baggage (claim baggage

gates (load) gates (unload) gate

runway (takeoff) runway (land) takeoff/landing

departure intermediate air-traffic arrival

Layers: each layer implements a service

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