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1
COMPUTER NETWORKS
INTRODUCTION
1-2
Syllabus & Text-books
1) Andrew S. Tanenbaum , David J. Wetherall, Computer Networks, Prentice Hall, 5th Edition,
2010.
2) Jim Kurose, Keith Ross, Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach, 7th edition
Pearson/Addison Wesley, April 2016.
3) William Stallings, Data and Computer Communications, Pearson Education, Inc., 10th
Edition, 2014
1-3
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the computer network and Internet?
1.2 Network edge
• end systems, access networks, links
1.3 Network core
• packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 Delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 Protocol layers, service models
1.6 Networks under attack: security
1.7 History
Introduction 1-4
A computer network
• A computer network is the
interconnection of a set of devices capable
of communication. A device can be:
– A host (or an end system): large computer, desktop, laptop,
workstation, cellular phone, or security system.
– A connecting device: a router which connects the
network to other networks, a switch which connects devices
together, a modem that changes the form of data, and so on.
1-6
What’s the Internet?
PC • billions of connected computing mobile network
server devices:
wireless
– hosts = end systems global ISP
laptop – running network apps
smartphone
home
communication links network
regional ISP
wireless • fiber, copper, radio,
links satellite
wired
links • transmission rate:
bandwidth
Introduction 1-7
“Fun” Internet-connected devices
Web-enabled toaster +
weather forecaster
IP picture frame
http://www.ceiva.com/
Tweet-a-watt:
Slingbox: watch, monitor energy use
control cable TV remotely
sensorized,
bed
mattress
Internet
refrigerator Internet phones
Introduction 1-8
the Internet
mobile network
• Internet: “network of networks”
– Interconnected ISPs global ISP
• Protocols control sending, receiving of
messages home
– e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, Skype, 802.11 network
regional ISP
• Internet standards
– RFC: Request for comments
– IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force
institutional
network
Introduction 1-9
What’s the Internet: a service view
mobile network
• Infrastructure that provides
services to applications: global ISP
Introduction 1-10
Internet Standards
• International Telecommunications Union (ITU)
– Data communications (modem - V.90)
– Telephones, fax
• Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF - https://www.ietf.org/)
– Core: Internet Protocol, transport (TCP)
– Apps: email, HTTP, FTP, SSH, NFS,VoIP
• W3C (https://www.w3.org/)
– HTML, XML, schema, SOAP, semantic web, …
• OASIS (https://www.oasis-open.org/)
– XML schema for specific apps
• Others
1-11
What’s a protocol?
human protocols: network protocols:
• “what’s the time?” machines rather than humans
• “I have a question” all communication activity in
• introductions Internet governed by
protocols
… specific messages sent
… specific actions taken protocols define format, order of
when messages received, messages sent and received
or other events among network entities, and
actions taken on message
transmission, receipt
Introduction 1-12
What’s a protocol?
a human protocol and a computer network protocol:
Hi TCP connection
request
Hi TCP connection
response
Got the
time? Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross
2:00
<file>
time
Introduction 1-14
A closer look at network structure:
network edge: mobile network
• hosts: clients and servers
• servers often in data centers global ISP
home
access networks, physical network
regional ISP
media: wired, wireless
communication links
network core:
• interconnected routers
• network of networks institutional
network
Introduction 1-15
Network edge
• End systems, hosts:
◦ Running applications at “edge of
network”
◦ Web, email
• Client/server architecture
◦ Eg: Web browser/server, email
client/server
• Peer-peer architecture:
◦ E.g: Gnutella, KaZaA, BitTorrent
1-16
Access networks and physical media
keep in mind:
bandwidth (bits per second) of
access network?
shared or dedicated?
Introduction 1-17
Access network: digital subscriber line (DSL)
central office telephone
network
DSL splitter
modem DSLAM
ISP
voice, data transmitted
at different frequencies over DSL access
dedicated line to central office multiplexer
cable splitter
modem
C
O
V V V V V V N
I I I I I I D D T
D D D D D D A A R
E E E E E E T T O
O O O O O O A A L
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Channels
to/from headend or
central office
often combined
in single box
Introduction 1-21
Enterprise access networks (Ethernet)
institutional link to
ISP (Internet)
institutional router
to Internet
to Internet
Introduction 1-23
Host: sends packets of data
host sending function:
takes application message
breaks into smaller chunks, two packets,
known as packets, of length L L bits each
bits
transmits packet into access
network at transmission rate R
• link transmission rate, 2 1
Introduction 1-25
Physical media: coax, fiber
Introduction 1-26
Physical media: radio
Introduction 1-27
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the computer network and Internet?
1.2 network edge
• end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
• packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 network classification
1.5 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.6 protocol layers, service models
1.7 networks under attack: security
1.8 history
Introduction 1-28
The Network Core
• How to send data over the
network?
– Packet switching: hosts break
application-layer messages
into packets
– Circuit switching: provides
each channel (circuit) for
each call (data sending):
telephone networks.
1-29
The network core
• mesh of interconnected
routers
• packet-switching: hosts
break application-layer
messages into packets
– forward packets from one
router to the next, across
links on path from source
to destination
– each packet transmitted at
full link capacity
Introduction 1-30
Packet-switching: store-and-forward
L bits
per packet
3 2 1
source destination
R bps R bps
R = 100 Mb/s C
A
D
R = 1.5 Mb/s
B
queue of packets E
waiting for output link
Introduction 1-32
Two key network-core functions
routing: determines source-
destination route taken by packets forwarding: move packets from
routing algorithms
router’s input to appropriate
router output
routing algorithm
Introduction 1-34
Circuit switching: FDM versus TDM
Example:
FDM
4 users
frequency
time
TDM
frequency
time
Introduction 1-35
Packet switching versus circuit switching
packet switching allows more users to use network!
example:
• 1 Mb/s link
• each user: N
users
• 100 kb/s when “active”
1 Mbps link
• active 10% of time
• circuit-switching:
– 10 users
• packet switching: Q: how did we get value 0.0004?
– with 35 users, probability > 10 Q: what happens if > 35 users ?
active at same time is less than
.0004 *
* Check out the online interactive exercises for more examples: http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross/interactive/
Introduction 1-36
Packet switching versus circuit switching
is packet switching a “slam dunk winner?”
• great for bursty data
– resource sharing
– simpler, no call setup
• excessive congestion possible: packet delay and loss
– protocols needed for reliable data transfer, congestion control
• Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior?
– bandwidth guarantees needed for audio/video apps
– still an unsolved problem (chapter 7)
• Backbone networks
• Residence networks
• Wireless networks
• Home networks
• Mobile networks 4G/5G
• IoT
Residence networks: Cable networks
server(s)
cable headend
Gia đình
cable distribution
network (simplified)
Residence network: FTTx
Router
Base
Station
Mobile
Host
Home networks
• Cable (FTTH, Coaxial, ADSL, Modem)
• Ethernet
• Wireless
4G/5G
1-45
Internet of Things
1-46
Related issues
• Social issues
– Privacy
– Phishing
– Black webs/news
– Cyber-security
– Cyber-criminals
• Solutions
– Technical solutions
– Policies
1-47
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the computer network and Internet?
1.2 network edge
• end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
• packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 network classification
1.5 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.6 protocol layers, service models
1.7 networks under attack: security
1.8 history
Introduction 1-48
1.4. Network classification
1-49
1.4.1 Network classification by scale
• PAN
• LAN
• MAN
• WAN
• GAN (Internet)
1-50
1-51
Internet structure: network of networks
End systems connect to Internet via access ISPs (Internet Service
Providers)
• residential, company and university ISPs
Access ISPs in turn must be interconnected.
• so that any two hosts can send packets to each other
Resulting network of networks is very complex
• evolution was driven by economics and national policies
Let’s take a stepwise approach to describe current Internet
structure
Introduction 1-52
Internet structure: network of networks
Question: given millions of access ISPs, how to connect them together?
access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
access access
net net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access access
net access net
net
Introduction 1-53
Internet structure: network of networks
Option: connect each access ISP to every other access ISP?
access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access access
net access net
net
Introduction 1-54
Internet structure: network of networks
Option: connect each access ISP to one global transit ISP?
Customer and provider ISPs have economic agreement.
access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
global
access
net
ISP access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access access
net access net
net
Introduction 1-55
Internet structure: network of networks
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors ….
access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
ISP A
access
net ISP B access
net
access
net
ISP C
access
net
access
net
access
net
access access
net access net
net
Introduction 1-56
Internet structure: network of networks
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors ….
which must be interconnected
access access
Internet exchange point
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
access
net
IXP ISP B access
net
access
net
ISP C
access
net
Introduction 1-57
Internet structure: network of networks
… and regional networks may arise to connect access nets to ISPs
access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
access
net
IXP ISP B access
net
access
net
ISP C
access
net
access
net regional net
access
net
access access
net access net
net
Introduction 1-58
Internet structure: network of networks
… and content provider networks (e.g., Google, Microsoft, Akamai)
may run their own network, to bring services, content close to end
users
access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
Content provider network
access
net
IXP ISP B access
net
access
net
ISP C
access
net
access
net regional net
access
net
access access
net access net
net
Introduction 1-59
Internet structure: network of networks
POP: point-of-presence
to/from backbone
peering
… …
…
…
…
to/from customers
Introduction 1-61
Network Classification by role
• Peer-to-peer • Client – Server
1-62
Network classification by transmission technology
1-63
Network classification by switching technology
Computer networks
FDM Datagram
TDM VC networks
networks
1-64
Circuit switching: FDM versus TDM
Example:
FDM
4 users
frequency
time
TDM
frequency
time
Introduction 1-65
Packet switching versus circuit switching
packet switching allows more users to use network!
example:
• 1 Mb/s link
• each user: N
users
• 100 kb/s when “active”
1 Mbps link
• active 10% of time
• circuit-switching:
– 10 users
• packet switching: Q: how did we get value 0.0004?
– with 35 users, probability > 10 Q: what happens if > 35 users ?
active at same time is less than
.0004 *
* Check out the online interactive exercises for more examples: http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross/interactive/
Introduction 1-66
Packet switching versus circuit switching
is packet switching a “slam dunk winner?”
• great for bursty data
– resource sharing
– simpler, no call setup
• excessive congestion possible: packet delay and loss
– protocols needed for reliable data transfer, congestion control
• Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior?
– bandwidth guarantees needed for audio/video apps
– still an unsolved problem (chapter 7)
Introduction 1-68
How do loss and delay occur?
packets queue in router buffers
packet arrival rate to link (temporarily) exceeds output link capacity
packets queue, wait for turn
packet being transmitted (delay)
B
packets queueing (delay)
free (available) buffers: arriving packets
dropped (loss) if no free buffers
Introduction 1-69
Four sources of packet delay
transmission
A propagation
B
nodal
processing queueing
B
nodal
processing queueing
Introduction 1-73
Queueing delay (revisited)
average queueing
• R: link bandwidth (bps)
delay
• L: packet length (bits)
• a: average packet arrival rate
traffic intensity
= La/R
La/R ~ 0: avg. queueing delay small La/R ~ 0
La/R -> 1
* Check online interactive animation on queuing and loss
Introduction 1-74
“Real” Internet delays and routes
• what do “real” Internet delay & loss look like?
• traceroute program: provides delay measurement from
source to router along end-end Internet path towards
destination. For all i:
– sends three packets that will reach router i on path towards
destination
– router i will return packets to sender
– sender times interval between transmission and reply.
3 probes 3 probes
3 probes
Introduction 1-75
“Real” Internet delays, routes
traceroute: gaia.cs.umass.edu to www.eurecom.fr
3 delay measurements from
gaia.cs.umass.edu to cs-gw.cs.umass.edu
1 cs-gw (128.119.240.254) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms
2 border1-rt-fa5-1-0.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.145) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms
3 cht-vbns.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.130) 6 ms 5 ms 5 ms
4 jn1-at1-0-0-19.wor.vbns.net (204.147.132.129) 16 ms 11 ms 13 ms
5 jn1-so7-0-0-0.wae.vbns.net (204.147.136.136) 21 ms 18 ms 18 ms
6 abilene-vbns.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.11.9) 22 ms 18 ms 22 ms
7 nycm-wash.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.8.46) 22 ms 22 ms 22 ms trans-oceanic
8 62.40.103.253 (62.40.103.253) 104 ms 109 ms 106 ms
9 de2-1.de1.de.geant.net (62.40.96.129) 109 ms 102 ms 104 ms link
10 de.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.96.50) 113 ms 121 ms 114 ms
11 renater-gw.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.103.54) 112 ms 114 ms 112 ms
12 nio-n2.cssi.renater.fr (193.51.206.13) 111 ms 114 ms 116 ms
13 nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.102) 123 ms 125 ms 124 ms
14 r3t2-nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.110) 126 ms 126 ms 124 ms
15 eurecom-valbonne.r3t2.ft.net (193.48.50.54) 135 ms 128 ms 133 ms
16 194.214.211.25 (194.214.211.25) 126 ms 128 ms 126 ms
17 * * *
18 * * * * means no response (probe lost, router not replying)
19 fantasia.eurecom.fr (193.55.113.142) 132 ms 128 ms 136 ms
B
packet arriving to
full buffer is lost
Introduction
* Check out the Java applet for an interactive animation on queuing and loss 1-77
Throughput
• throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at which bits
transferred between sender/receiver
– instantaneous: rate at given point in time
– average: rate over longer period of time
server,
server with bits
sends link pipe
capacity
that can carry link pipe
capacity
that can carry
file of into
(fluid) F bitspipe Rs bits/sec
fluid at rate Rc bits/sec
fluid at rate
to send to client Rs bits/sec) Rc bits/sec)
Introduction 1-78
Throughput (more)
• Rs < Rc What is average end-end throughput?
Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec
Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec
bottleneck link
link on end-end path that constrains end-end throughput
Introduction 1-79
Throughput: Internet scenario
• per-connection end-
Rs
end throughput:
Rs Rs
min(Rc ,Rs,R/10)
• in practice: Rc or Rs R
is often bottleneck
Rc Rc
Rc
Introduction 1-81
Protocol “layers”
Networks are complex,
with many “pieces”:
hosts Question:
routers is there any hope of organizing
structure of network?
links of various
media
…. or at least our discussion
applications of networks?
protocols
hardware, software
Introduction 1-82
Organization of air travel
ticket (purchase) ticket (complain)
• a series of steps
Introduction 1-83
Layering of airline functionality
airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing
Introduction 1-85
Internet protocol stack
• application: supporting network
applications
– FTP, SMTP, HTTP application
• transport: process-process data
transfer transport
– TCP, UDP
• network: routing of datagrams from
source to destination network
– IP, routing protocols
• link: data transfer between link
neighboring network elements
– Ethernet, 802.111 (WiFi), PPP physical
• physical: bits “on the wire”
Introduction 1-86
ISO/OSI reference model
• presentation: allow applications to
interpret meaning of data, e.g., application
encryption, compression, machine-
specific conventions presentation
• session: synchronization, session
checkpointing, recovery of data
exchange transport
• Internet stack “missing” these network
layers!
– these services, if needed, must be link
implemented in application physical
– needed?
Introduction 1-87
message M
source
application
Encapsulation
segment Ht M transport
datagram Hn Ht M network
frame Hl Hn Ht M link
physical
link
physical
switch
destination Hn Ht M network
M application Hl Hn Ht M link Hn Ht M
Ht M transport physical
Hn Ht M network
Hl Hn Ht M link router
physical
Introduction 1-88
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the computer network and Internet?
1.2 network edge
• end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
• packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 network classification
1.5 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.6 protocol layers, service models
1.7 networks under attack: security
1.8 history
Introduction 1-89
Network security
• field of network security:
–how bad guys can attack computer networks
–how we can defend networks against attacks
–how to design architectures that are immune to
attacks
• Internet not originally designed with (much)
security in mind
–original vision: “a group of mutually trusting users
attached to a transparent network”
–Internet protocol designers playing “catch-up”
–security considerations in all layers!
Introduction 1-90
Bad guys: put malware into hosts via Internet
• malware can get in host from:
– virus: self-replicating infection by receiving/executing
object (e.g., e-mail attachment)
– worm: self-replicating infection by passively receiving
object that gets itself executed
• spyware malware can record keystrokes, web sites
visited, upload info to collection site
• infected host can be enrolled in botnet, used for
spam. DDoS attacks
Introduction 1-91
Bad guys: attack server, network infrastructure
Denial of Service (DoS): attackers make resources (server,
bandwidth) unavailable to legitimate traffic by
overwhelming resource with bogus traffic
1. select target
2. break into hosts around the
network (see botnet)
3. send packets to target from
compromised hosts
target
Introduction 1-92
Bad guys can sniff packets
packet “sniffing”:
broadcast media (shared Ethernet, wireless)
promiscuous network interface reads/records all packets (e.g.,
including passwords!) passing by
A C
Introduction 1-95
Internet history
1961-1972: Early packet-switching principles
1961: Kleinrock - queueing • 1972:
theory shows effectiveness – ARPAnet public demo
of packet-switching – NCP (Network Control
1964: Baran - packet- Protocol) first host-host
switching in military nets protocol
1967: ARPAnet conceived – first e-mail program
by Advanced Research – ARPAnet has 15 nodes
Projects Agency
1969: first ARPAnet node
operational
Introduction 1-96
Internet history
1972-1980: Internetworking, new and proprietary nets
Introduction 1-97
Internet history
1980-1990: new protocols, a proliferation of networks
Introduction 1-98
Internet history
1990, 2000’s: commercialization, the Web, new apps
• early 1990’s: ARPAnet late 1990’s – 2000’s:
decommissioned
• 1991: NSF lifts restrictions on • more killer apps: instant
commercial use of NSFnet messaging, P2P file sharing
(decommissioned, 1995)
• early 1990s: Web • network security to forefront
– hypertext [Bush 1945, Nelson • est. 50 million host, 100
1960’s] million+ users
– HTML, HTTP: Berners-Lee • backbone links running at
– 1994: Mosaic, later Netscape Gbps
– late 1990’s: commercialization
of the Web
Introduction 1-99
Internet history
2005-present
• ~5B devices attached to Internet (2016)
– smartphones and tablets
• aggressive deployment of broadband access
• increasing ubiquity of high-speed wireless access
• emergence of online social networks:
– Facebook: ~ one billion users
• service providers (Google, Microsoft) create their own networks
– bypass Internet, providing “instantaneous” access to
search, video content, email, etc.
• e-commerce, universities, enterprises running their services in
“cloud” (e.g., Amazon EC2)
Introduction 1-100
Introduction: summary
covered a “ton” of material! you now have:
• Internet overview • context, overview, “feel” of
• what’s a protocol? networking
• network edge, core, access • more depth, detail to follow!
network
–packet-switching versus
circuit-switching
–Internet structure
• performance: loss, delay,
throughput
• layering, service models
• security
• history
Introduction 1-101
Chapter 1
Additional Slides
Introduction 1-102
application
(www browser,
packet
email client)
analyzer
application
OS
packet Transport (TCP/UDP)
Network (IP)
capture copy of all
Ethernet Link (Ethernet)
(pcap) frames
sent/received Physical