Computer and

Communication Networks
EE-357
By Dr Mir Yasir Umair
Associate Professor, MCS, NUST
Introduction
Lecture 01
 Outline
• What is internet?
• How it emerged?
• Ways of Accessing Internet
• Physical Media
• Delays in Packet-Switched
Network
 What is Internet?
• The Internet is a global network of billions of computers and
other electronic devices.
• With the Internet, it's possible to access almost any information,
communicate with anyone else in the world, and do much more

Intranet: Internal network that can

not be accessed externally.

Extranet: Private intranet that is

connected to the Internet, but only
allows access to certain
information or certain groups of
people.
What is Internet?
Intranet / Extranet?
 How Internet Emerged?
• It started as a research project, funded by the Defense
Department’s Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in 1957,
to experiment with connecting computers together with packet
switched networks. It was called ARPANET in the beginning.

• 1971: E-mail programme was invented to send messages across this

distributed Network.

• 1973: Global Networking became a reality. First international

connection was made across the Atlantic with University College of
London (UCL) and Royal Radar Establishment (Norway)

• 1982: ARPA established TCP and IP.

 Expansion Continues ….
• 1983: Name servers were developed. (MILNET)

• 1993: World Wide Web started to flourish, MM Web Browser Mosaic

developed

• Today, Internet standards are developed by Internet Engineering Task

Force (IETF). IETF standards documents are called requests for comments
(RFCs).
 What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view
PC
• millions of connected computing mobile network
server devices:
wireless o hosts = end systems global ISP
laptop o running network apps
smartphone
home
❖ communication links network
▪ fiber, copper, radio, satellite regional ISP
wireless ▪ transmission rate: bandwidth
links
wired
links ❖ Protocols: Rules
▪ Software – Implemented by End Systems /
Hosts

❖ Packet switches: forward packets (chunks of data)

router ▪ routers and switches institutional
network

Introduction
 “Fun” internet appliances
Web-enabled toaster +
weather forecaster

IP picture frame
http://www.ceiva.com/

Tweet-a-watt:
monitor energy use

Slingbox: watch,
control cable TV remotely
Internet
refrigerator Internet phones
Introduction
What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view
mobile network
• Internet: “network of networks”
o Interconnected ISPs global ISP
• protocols control sending, receiving of
msgs home
o e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, Skype, 802.11 network
regional ISP
• Internet standards
o RFC: Request for comments
o IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force

institutional
network

Introduction
 What’s the Internet: a service view
mobile network
• Infrastructure that provides services
to applications: global ISP
o Web, VoIP, email, games, e-commerce, social
nets, (DISTRIBUTED APPS)…
home
• provides programming interface to network
apps
regional ISP

o hooks that allow sending and receiving app

programs to “connect” to Internet
o provides service options, analogous to postal
service

institutional
network

Introduction
 What’s a protocol?
human protocols:
• “what’s the time?”
• “I have a question”
• introductions
… specific msgs sent
… specific actions taken when
msgs received, or other
events
Introduction
network protocols:
• machines rather than humans
• all communication activity in
Internet governed by
protocols
protocols define format, order of msgs
sent and received among network
entities, and actions taken on msg
transmission, receipt
What’s a protocol?
a human protocol and a computer network protocol:

Hi TCP connection
request
Hi TCP connection
response
Got the
time? Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross
2:00
<file>
time

Q: other human protocols?

Introduction
 Internet global ISP

mobile network
• Internet: thousand of inter-
connected networks
o Core Network: regional
• mesh of packet switches and links ISP
that interconnects end systems
national ISP
o Access Networks
• Physically connects an end system
Local
to the first/ edge router on a path ISP
from end system to any other
distant end system home
network

institutional
network
 Internet
• End systems access the Internet through ISPs, which is itself a
network of packet switches and communication links.

• Packets are analogous to trucks, communication links are

analogous to highways and roads, packet switches are analogous
to intersections, and end systems are analogous to buildings.

• Content provider networks may run their own network, to bring

services, content close to end users
How Internet Reaches Pakistan?
 Protocol “layers”
Networks are complex,
with many “pieces”:
o hosts
Question:
o routers is there any hope of organizing
o links of various media structure of network?
o applications
…. or at least our discussion of
o protocols networks?
o hardware, software

Introduction
Real world communication
• Communication between managers of two companies
Logical communication

Secretary:
Secretary: reads and reports
types a letter the message

Delivery boy: Delivery boy:

drops the letter takes the letter

Postal truck

Post office:
Processes and routes the letter 19
Real world communication
Airline Functionality

Each layer provides its service by

• Performing certain actions within that layer
• Using the services of the layer directly below it.
20
21

OSI Model
• Background problem
o People wanted to share data but there was User
no standard way for computers, networks
and OS to talk to each other Application
• 1970 - International Standards Organizations Presentation
(ISO) proposed that computer networks be Session
organized around 7 layers i.e. OSI (Open Systems
Interconnection) model Transport
o OSI Model - Set of rules how data is Network
communicated over a network.
Data Link
o Solved interoperability issues
• Mnemonics to remember order of model layers Physical
“All People Seem To Need Data Processing” — a Medium
top-to-bottom reminder.
 Why layering?
Layered reference model
• A layered architecture allows us to discuss a well-defined, specific part of a large and
complex system.,
• Eases maintenance, updating of system
o change of implementation of layer’s service should be transparent to rest of system*
But drawbacks ….
• One layer may duplicate lower-layer functionality. E.g., many protocol stacks provide
error recovery on both a per-link basis and an end-to-end basis.
• Functionality at one layer may need information (E.g., a timestamp value) that is
present only in another layer
 OSI Model
• Application Layer
o Consists of network aware applications i.e. web browsers, emails, file
sharing services, Facebook, twitter etc.
o All require network to work properly
o domain name system (DNS).
• Presentation layer
o Allow applications to interpret meaning of data exchanged
o Services: Encryption/ decryption, compression, translation

• Session Layer
o Establishes, manages and terminates connections between
applications
 OSI Model
• Transport Layer
o Provides end to end delivery of data. Also checks whether destination has
received data or not.
o TCP & UDP
• Network layer
o Determine shortest path to the destination – doesn't refer to the path with
shortest physical distance but the one taking shortest time.
• Data Link Layer
o Decides who to talk to – finds physical device on the network

• Physical Layer
o Describes physical part of network - Cables, connectors, bits, transfer
rates
 OSI Vs TCP/IP Model
• OSI is not real just a guide - inventors of OSI
model did not have the Internet in mind
User
when creating it Application
• Internet is based on the Internet model also
Transport
called TCP/IP model
• TCP/ IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Network
Internet Protocol) refers to the two most
Data Link
important protocols in it.
• Each layer of the TCP/IP model has a specific Physical
job to do in order for communication to take
Medium
place over the network.
OSI Vs TCP/IP Model
OSI Model TCP/ IP Model
Application Application
Presentation
Session
Transport Transport
Network Internet
Data Link Data Link
Network Access
Physical Physical
Encapsulation & Decapsulation

source destination

Email Data application application Email Data

M M M M M M
transport transport
Ht M Ht M
H n Ht M network network
H n Ht M

Hl H n H t M link link Hl H n H t M
10101010000 physical physical 10101010000
 Layer Addressing
Layers have addressing schemes to identify services
• Data Link: Physical/ MAC (Media Access Control) address
o 48 bit hexadecimal number e.g. 23-A7-89-1C-15-D4
• Internet Layer: IP (Internet Protocol) address
o 32 bit address e.g. 192.168.563.221
• Transport Layer: Port
o Used to identify services e.g. HTTP – 80 , HTTPS – 443
Layer Addressing
 PDU
• Protocol Data Units (PDU) is a generic term to describe a layer's
information
o Each TCP/IP layer has a PDU associated with it

Application Data

Transport

Network/ internet

Data Link
Physical
Mapping Network Devices to TCP/IP Model
Physical Layer:
• Devices that only extend the physical network e.g. repeaters/
transceivers

Data Link Layer

• Make decisions based on the physical address of source or
destination address to forward a frame or not e.g. switch

Network Layer:
• Make decisions based on the IP address e.g. routers

Transport Layer
• Make decisions based on port number e.g. firewall

Application Layer:
• Make decisions based on the content of data (check for spam email, URL
blocker etc) e.g. Application level gateway
Encapsulation & Decapsulation
source
message M application
segment Ht M transport
datagram Hn Ht M network
switch
frame Hl Hn Ht M link
bits 1010101010 physical
link Hl Hn Ht M

physical

destination network Hn H t M
message M application link Hl Hn Ht M
segment Ht M transport physical
datagram Hn Ht M network
frame Hl Hn Ht M link
bits 1010101010 physical router
Routing based on Physical and Logical
Addressing
 The TCP/IP Model
• Application-layer protocols are almost
always implemented in software in
the end systems; so are transport- User
layer protocols Application Software
• The network layer is often a mixed
implementation of hardware and Transport
software. Network
• Because the physical layer and data
link layers are responsible for handling Data Link
communication over a specific link, Physical Hardware
they are typically implemented in a
network interface card Medium
 The TCP/IP Model
Service Protocols PDU Addressing
Application Represents data to HTTP, Telnet, Data n/a
user, controls dialogue FTP, SMTP, DNS,
RIP, SNMP
Transport Reliable process to TCP, UDP Segment/ Port #
process message Datagram
delivery
Network/ Move packets from ARP, IPV4, IPV6, Packet IP address
internet source to destination, IGMP, ICMP
based on IP
addresses, via best
possible route
Data Link Provides Node to Ethernet, Token Frame MAC
Node delivery based Ring, Frame address
on MAC address Relay, ATM
Physical Transmit/ receive bits RS-232, DSL Bits n/a