Module “Réseaux : des Services aux Protocoles”

(Networks : from Services to Protocols)

Content of the course and organization
Course material for the module RSP “Réseaux : des Services aux Protocoles”
(Networks : from Services to Protocols)
Master M1 in Computer Sciences
Cloud & Réseaux (CR), Cloud and Network Infrastructures (CNI)
ISTIC – University of Rennes 1
 Chapter 1: introduction
Purpose of the module:
§ Reminder of basics on the
Internet architecture and main
protocols
• Assumed to be already acquired
§ More in-depth study of some
Internet protocols
§ Basics for networks organization
and administration
§ Introduction to advanced/recent
protocols/technologies
Content of this chapter:
§ A recall on the Internet architecture
• A general overview, Protocol layers, service
models, a journey down the protocol stack
• Network edge: hosts, access network,
physical media
• Network core: structure
§ Content of the module, organization
and assessment
§ References
Introduction: 1-2
 copyright and
citation obligations
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For a revision history, see the slide note for this page.
Computer Networking: A
Thanks and enjoy! JFK/KWR
Top-Down Approach
All material copyright 1996-2020 8th edition
J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved Jim Kurose, Keith Ross
Pearson, 2020
Part of the slides are those provided by Kurose and Ross.
Some are modified/adapted and other slides are added.
Introduction: 1-3
The Internet: a general overview
Billions of connected mobile network
computing devices: national or global ISP
§ hosts = end systems
§ running network apps at
Internet’s “edge”

Packet switches: forward

local or
packets (chunks of data) Internet
regional ISP
§ routers, switches
home network content
Communication links provider
network datacenter
§ fiber, copper, radio, satellite network

§ transmission rate: bandwidth

Networks
enterprise
§ collection of devices, routers, links: network
managed by an organization
Introduction: 1-4
The Internet: a “service” view
§ Infrastructure that provides mobile network

services to applications: national or global ISP

• Web, streaming video, multimedia

teleconferencing, email, games, e- Streaming
commerce, social media, inter- Skype video
connected appliances, … local or
regional ISP
§ provides programming interface
to distributed applications: home network content
provider
• allowing sending/receiving apps to HTTP network datacenter

“connect” to, use Internet network

transport service
• provides service options, analogous enterprise
to postal service network

Introduction: 1-5
The Internet: a general overview
mobile network
4G
§ Internet: “network of networks” national or global ISP

• Interconnected ISPs
§ protocols are everywhere Skype
IP
Streaming
video
• control sending, receiving of
messages local or
regional ISP
• e.g., HTTP (Web), SMTP, TCP, IP,
WiFi, 4G, Ethernet home network content
provider
§ Internet standards HTTP network datacenter
network

• RFC: Request for Comments Ethernet

• IETF: Internet Engineering Task TCP

Force enterprise
network

WiFi
Introduction: 1-6
Chapter 1: Layers, services and encapsulation
§ Short recall on the Internet architecture
§ Protocol layers, service models, a journey
down the protocol stack
§ Network edge: hosts, access network, physical
media
§ Network core: structure
§ Content of the module, organization and
assessment
§ References

Introduction: 1-7
Internet protocol stack
§ application: supporting network applications
• IMAP, SMTP, HTTP application
Ø Port Number
§ transport: process-process data transfer
• TCP, UDP
Ø Protocol Number transport
§ network: routing of datagrams from source to
destination
• IP, routing protocols network
Ø IP-Address
§ link: data transfer between neighboring network
elements
• Ethernet, 802.11 (WiFi), PPP link
Ø MAC-Address
§ physical: bits “on the wire” physical

Introduction: 1-8
 source
message M application Encapsulation
segment Ht M transport
datagram Hn Ht M network
frame Hl Hn Ht M link
physical
link
physical

switch

destination Hn Ht M network
M application Hl Hn Ht M link Hn Ht M
Ht M transport physical
Hn Ht M network
Hl Hn Ht M link router
physical
Introduction: 1-9
Recalling main protocols of the Internet architecture:
A day in the life of a web request
§ A journey down the protocol stack!
• application, transport, network, data link
§goal: recall, review, protocols (at all layers) involved in seemingly
simple scenario: requesting www page
§scenario: student attaches laptop to Beaulieu campus network,
requests/receives www.google.com

Introduction: 6-10
 A day in the life: scenario
scenario:
browser DNS server § arriving mobile
UR1/Renater network client attaches
148.60.0.0/16 to network …
§ requests web
ISTIC network page:
148.60.0.0/20 www.google.com
web page

Sounds
web server
simple!
Google’s network
64.233.169.105 64.233.160.0/19

Simple basic commands (such as ip address, hostname, ping, dig,

Practice lab1
traceroute, etc.) already provide a lot of information about the network
Introduction: 6-11
 A day in the life: connecting to the Internet
DHCP DHCP § connecting laptop needs to get its own IP
DHCP UDP address, addr of first-hop router, addr of
IP
DNS server: use DHCP
DHCP
DHCP Eth arriving mobile:
Phy DHCP client
DHCP § DHCP request encapsulated in UDP,
encapsulated in IP, encapsulated in 802.3
DHCP DHCP Ethernet
DHCP UDP
DHCP
DHCP
IP
Eth
§ Ethernet frame broadcast (dest:
Phy
router has FFFFFFFFFFFF) on LAN, received at router
DHCP server running DHCP server
§ Ethernet demuxed to IP demuxed, UDP
demuxed to DHCP
How to install and configure a DHCP server? Practice lab
Introduction: 6-12
 A day in the life: connecting to the Internet
DHCP
DHCP UDP § DHCP server formulates DHCP ACK
DHCP IP
Eth arriving mobile:
containing client’s IP address, IP address
of first-hop router for client, name & IP
DHCP
DHCP Phy DHCP client
address of DNS server
DHCP
DHCP § encapsulation at DHCP server, frame
forwarded (switch learning) through LAN,
DHCP
UDP
DHCP
IP
DHCP
Eth demultiplexing at client
DHCP Phy
router has
DHCP server § DHCP client receives DHCP ACK reply

Client now has IP address, knows name & addr of DNS

server, IP address of its first-hop router
Introduction: 6-13
 A day in the life… ARP (before DNS, before HTTP)
§ before sending HTTP request, need IP address
DNS
DNS
DNS UDP
of www.google.com: DNS
ARP IP
DNS
ARP query Eth arriving mobile: § DNS query created, encapsulated in UDP,
ARP client
Phy encapsulated in IP, encapsulated in Eth. To
send frame to router, need MAC address of
router interface: ARP
§ ARP query broadcast, received by router, which
ARP replies with ARP reply giving MAC address of
ARP reply Eth router interface
Phy
router has § client now knows MAC address of first hop
ARP server
router, so can now send frame containing
DNS query

Analysing ARP, DNS, exchanges with Wireshark Practice lab

How to install and configure a DNS server?
Introduction: 6-14
 A day in the life… using DNS
DNS
DNS DNS
DNS UDP
DNS DNS § demuxed to DNS
DNS UDP
DNS IP DNS IP § DNS replies to client
Eth DNS
DNS Phy
DNS Eth
server
with IP address of
Phy
DNS
www.google.com

UR1/Renater network
148.60.0.0/16

§ IP datagram containing DNS § IP datagram forwarded from campus network into

query forwarded via LAN switch Comcast network, routed (tables created by RIP, OSPF,
from client to 1st hop router IS-IS and/or BGP routing protocols) to DNS server

Static and dynamic routing Practice labs

configurations in a small network
Introduction: 6-15
 A day in the life…TCP connection carrying HTTP
HTTP

SYNACK
SYN
HTTP
TCP
§ to send HTTP request,
SYNACK
SYN IP client first opens TCP
SYNACK
SYN Eth
Phy UR1/Renater network
socket to web server
148.60.0.0/16
§ TCP SYN segment (step 1 in
TCP 3-way handshake) inter-
domain routed to web server
§ web server responds with
SYNACK
SYN
SYNACK
SYN
TCP
IP
TCP SYNACK (step 2 in TCP 3-
SYNACK
SYN Eth way handshake)
Phy
Google web server
§ TCP connection established!
64.233.169.105

Introduction: 6-16
 A day in the life… HTTP request/reply
HTTP
HTTP
HTTP
HTTP
HTTP
TCP
§ HTTP request sent into
HTTP
HTTP IP § web page finally (!!!) TCP socket
HTTP
HTTP Eth displayed
Phy UR1/Renater network § IP datagram containing
148.60.0.0/16
HTTP request routed to
www.google.com
§ web server responds with
HTTP
HTTP
HTTP
TCP
HTTP reply (containing web
HTTP
IP page)
HTTP Eth
Phy § IP datagram containing
Google web server HTTP reply routed back to
64.233.169.105
client
Introduction: 6-17
 Wireshark
application
(www browser,
packet
email client)
analyzer
application

OS
packet Transport (TCP/UDP)
capture copy of all Network (IP)
Ethernet frames Link (Ethernet)
(pcap) sent/received
Physical

Recalling encapsulation and main fields of protocols involved in a simple Web request Practice lab1
Introduction: 1-18
A day in the life...
Other steps and (many!) other points not covered...
§ Accessing the student's computer via the Wi-Fi network rather than
the wired network
§ NAT running in the Campus Beaulieu’s gateway router
§ Security protocols for accessing the campus network or encrypting
segments or datagrams
§ Considerations around Web caching, DNS hierarchies, ASs transversal,
§ Etc., etc.

Introduction: 1-19
Chapter 1: The Internet structure and components
§ Short recall on the Internet architecture
§ Protocol layers, service models, a journey down
the protocol stack
§ Network edge: hosts, access network, physical
media
§ Network core: structure
§ Content of the module, organization and
assessment
§ References

Introduction: 1-20
A closer look at Internet structure
mobile network

Network edge: national or global ISP

§ hosts: clients and servers

§ servers often in data centers
local or
regional ISP

home network content

provider
network datacenter
network

enterprise
network

Introduction: 1-21
A closer look at Internet structure
mobile network

Network edge: national or global ISP

§ hosts: clients and servers

§ servers often in data centers
local or
Access networks, physical media: regional ISP

§wired, wireless communication links home network content

provider
network datacenter
network

enterprise
network

Introduction: 1-22
A closer look at Internet structure
mobile network

Network edge: national or global ISP

§ hosts: clients and servers

§ servers often in data centers
local or
Access networks, physical media: regional ISP

§wired, wireless communication links home network content

provider
network datacenter

Network core: network

§ interconnected routers
§ network of networks enterprise
network

Introduction: 1-23
Access networks and physical media
Q: How to connect end systems mobile network

to edge router? national or global ISP

§ residential access nets

§ institutional access networks (school,
university, company)
local or
§ mobile access networks (WiFi, 4G/5G) regional ISP

What to look for: home network content

provider
§ transmission rate (bits per second) of access network datacenter
network
network?
§ shared or dedicated access among users?
enterprise
network

Introduction: 1-24
Access networks: home networks
wireless
devices

to/from headend or
central office
often combined
in single box

cable or DSL modem

WiFi wireless access router, firewall, NAT

point (54, 450 Mbps)
wired Ethernet (1 Gbps)
Introduction: 1-25
Wireless access networks
Shared wireless access network connects end system to router
§ via base station aka “access point”

Wireless local area networks Wide-area cellular access networks

(WLANs) § provided by mobile, cellular network
§ typically within or around operator (10’s km)
building (~100 ft, ~30m) § 10’s Mbps
§ 802.11b/g/n (WiFi): 11, 54, 450 § 4G cellular networks (5G under
Mbps transmission rate deployment)

to Internet
to Internet
Introduction: 1-26
Access networks: enterprise networks

Enterprise link to
ISP (Internet)
institutional router
Ethernet
switch institutional mail,
web servers

§ companies, universities, etc.

§ mix of wired, wireless link technologies, connecting a mix of switches
and routers
§ Ethernet: wired access at 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps
§ WiFi: wireless access points at 11, 54, 450 Mbps
Introduction: 1-27
Links: physical media

§ bit: propagates between Twisted pair (TP)

transmitter/receiver pairs
§ two insulated copper wires
§ physical link: what lies • Category 5: 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps Ethernet
between transmitter & • Category 6: 10Gbps Ethernet
receiver
§ guided media:
• signals propagate in solid
media: copper, fiber, coax
§ unguided media:
• signals propagate freely,
e.g., radio
Homework: Go to the web to find the different categories and names of
twisted pairs and their characteristics: throughput, range, etc.
Introduction: 1-28
 Links: physical media
Coaxial cable: Fiber optic cable:
§ two concentric copper conductors § glass fiber carrying light pulses, each
pulse a bit
§ bidirectional
§ high-speed operation:
§ broadband: • high-speed point-to-point
• multiple frequency channels on cable transmission (10’s-100’s Gbps)
• 100’s Mbps per channel § low error rate:
• repeaters spaced far apart
• immune to electromagnetic noise

Homework: Go to the web to find the different categories and names of

Coax and Fiber optic cable and their characteristics: throughput, range, etc.
Introduction: 1-29
Links: physical media
Wireless radio Radio link types:
§ signal carried in § terrestrial microwave
electromagnetic spectrum • up to 45 Mbps channels
§ no physical “wire” § Wireless LAN (WiFi)
§ broadcast and “half-duplex” • Up to 100’s Mbps
(sender to receiver) § wide-area (e.g., cellular)
§ propagation environment • 4G cellular: ~ 10’s Mbps
effects:
§ satellite
• reflection
• up to 45 Mbps per channel
• obstruction by objects
• 270 msec end-end delay
• interference
Homework: Go to the web to find the different categories and names of
Wireless Radio links and their main characteristics Introduction: 1-30
Network organization/administration considerations:
What kind of media to use for access network?
§ Elements to considered to choose a media:
• Distance between hosts/components
• Throughput
• Reliability
• Previous existing media and components
• Switches, routers
• Do they have enough ports with appropriate capability (throughput, etc.)
• Environment: Buildings, etc.
• Cost

Question: Do you think about some other criteria missing there?

Introduction: 1-31
Chapter 1: The Internet structure and components
§ Short recall on the Internet architecture
§ Protocol layers, service models, a journey
down the protocol stack
§ Network edge: hosts, access network, physical
media
§ Network core: structure
§ Content of the module, organization and
assessment
§ References

Introduction: 1-32
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
§ Hosts connect to Internet via access Internet Service
Providers (ISPs)
• residential, enterprise (company, university, commercial) ISPs
§ Access ISPs in turn must be interconnected
• so that any two hosts can send packets to each other
§ Resulting network of networks is very complex
• evolution was driven by economics and national policies
§ Let’s take a stepwise approach to describe current
Internet structure

Introduction: 1-33
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
Question: given millions of access ISPs, how to connect them together?

… access
net
access
net …
access
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
…

…
access access
net net

access
net
access
net

access
net
access
net
… access access …
net access net
net

Introduction: 1-34
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
Question: given millions of access ISPs, how to connect them together?

… access
net
access
net …
access
net
access
access
net
… … net

access
access net
net

connecting each access ISP to

…

…
each other directly doesn’t scale:

…
access
O(N2) connections. access
…

net net

access
net
access
net

access
net
access
…

net
… access access …
net access net
net

Introduction: 1-35
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
Option: connect each access ISP to one global transit ISP?
Customer and provider ISPs have economic agreement.
… access
net
access
net …
access
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
…

…
global
access
net
ISP access
net

access
net
access
net

access
net
access
net
… access access …
net access net
net

Introduction: 1-36
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors ….

… access
net
access
net …
access
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net ISP A
…

…
access
net ISP B access
net

access ISP C
net
access
net

access
net
access
net
… access access …
net access net
net

Introduction: 1-37
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors …. who will
want to be connected
Internet exchange point
… access
net
access
net …
access
net
access
access net
net
IXP access
access net
net ISP A
…

…
access
net
IXP ISP B access
net

access ISP C
net
access
net

access
net
peering link
access
net
… access access …
net access net
net

Introduction: 1-38
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
… and regional networks may arise to connect access nets to ISPs

… access
net
access
net …
access
net
access
access net
net
IXP access
access net
net ISP A
…

…
access
net
IXP ISP B access
net

access ISP C
net
access
net

access
net regional ISP access
net
… access access …
net access net
net

Introduction: 1-39
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
… and content provider networks (e.g., Google, Microsoft, Akamai) may
run their own network, to bring services, content close to end users
… … access
net
access
net
access
net
access
access net
net
IXP access
access net
net ISP A
…

…
Content provider network
access
net
IXP ISP B access
net

access ISP C
net
access
net

access
net regional ISP access
net
… access access …
net access net
net

Introduction: 1-40
Chapter 1: The Internet structure and components
§ Short recall on the Internet architecture
§ Protocol layers, service models, a journey
down the protocol stack
§ Network edge: hosts, access network, physical
media
§ Network core: structure
§ Content of the module, organization and
assessment
§ References

Introduction: 1-41
Content of the module and organization
§ Lectures (CM): 16 hours
§ Recalling Internet architecture: main protocols and services (done!)
§ Data-link layer mechanisms With a network
• Addressing, ARP, Multiple access protocols, Ethernet
• Switches and LAN organization, VLANs
organization/administration
point of view
§ IP layer and associated protocols
• Addressing, subnetting and network organization/structuration Security issues and
• Introduction to SDN (Software Defined Network): Data plane and Control Plane existing solutions are
• Routing algorithms: RIP, OSPF, introduction to BGP provided all along
§ Detailed study of Transport protocols performances and evolutions
§ Introduction to advanced/recent protocols/technologies
• IPv6 (and IPv4-IPv6 transition mechanisms), Multimedia streaming protocols,
Internet of Things (IoT)

§ PDF version of slides will be on the RSP channel of the

team M1 CR/CNI (2022-2023) (Teams tool)
Introduction: 1-42
 Content of the module and organization
§Seminars (TD): 8 hours
• Exercises and small case-studies
• Preparing talks
• Studying and presenting papers

ØSubjects and papers will be on the RSP channel of M1 CR/CNI (2022-2023) team

Introduction: 1-43
Content of the module
§Practice work (TP): 24h
• Internet infrastructure and traffic analysis with Wireshark
• Only for recall purpose

• Studying ARP, DHCP, ICMP and IP fragmentation

• Switch configuration and VLAN (Virtual LAN) In the specialized
• Setting up a DHCP client/server practice lab.
• Static routing and dynamic routing Class Room I207/I205
• On DNS : Installation and configuration Building 12D
• On SMTP : Installation and configuration
• Mini-Project ?

Introduction: 1-44
 Lab/Practice work - Organization

qOne session per week for working in groups of 2 students each

qA report is to be provided for almost all of practice works
qTo be given to the lecturer late at the beginning of the next session
ØScore : TP

²Attention!!! You must be present during all practice work sessions

Ø 2 absences lead to a score of D=0/20

Introduction: 1-45
Lectures (CM) and seminars (TD) - Organization
qYou will be asked to:

1- work in groups on home-works, seminar exercises or case studies

• During some of the sessions
• A document summarizing your work will be requested
• Some groups/pairs (chosen randomly) will be asked to present their work and will be evaluated

2- make paper presentations per group (up to 4 persons each)

ØScore CC

Introduction: 1-46
Module RSP- Evaluation
q A paper exam at the end of the module
Ø Score T1
q Final score CC1
Ø NF1 = (3T1+CC+TP)/5

qIn case of catch-up session, a paper exam or an oral exam at

the end of the year (Score T2)
Ø CC2 = max (T2, (3T2+CC+TP)/5)
ü submitted to approval by the ISTIC Executive Board

Introduction: 1-47
Chapter 1: The Internet structure and components
§ Short recall on the Internet architecture
§ Protocol layers, service models, a journey
down the protocol stack
§ Network edge: hosts, access network, physical
media
§ Network core: structure
§ Content of the module, organization and
assessment
§ References

Introduction: 1-48
§ James F. KUROSE, Keith W. ROSS,
Computer Networks: a top-down
approach, 8th ed., Pearson Education
International Edition, 2020

§ Andrew S. TANENBAUM, David J.

WETHERALL, Computer Networks, 5th
Edition, Pearson Education, 2008

§ Lot of references on the Web

Introduction: 1-49