Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Introduction
Computer
Networking: A Top
Down Approach
6th edition
Jim Kurose, Keith Ross
Addison-Wesley
All material copyright 1996-2012
March 2012
J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved
Introduction 1-1
Chapter 1: introduction
our goal: overview:
get “feel” and what’s the Internet?
terminology what’s a protocol?
network edge; hosts, access net,
more depth, detail
physical media
later in course network core: packet/circuit
approach: switching, Internet structure
use Internet as performance: loss, delay,
throughput
example
security
protocol layers, service models
history
Introduction 1-2
1
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history
Introduction 1-3
Packetswitches: forward
router packets (chunks of data) institutional
network
routers and switches
Introduction 1-4
2
“Fun” internet appliances
Web-enabled toaster +
weather forecaster
IP picture frame
http://www.ceiva.com/
Tweet-a-watt:
monitor energy use
Slingbox: watch,
control cable TV remotely
Internet
refrigerator Internet phones
Introduction 1-5
institutional
network
Introduction 1-6
3
What’s the Internet: a service view
mobile network
Infrastructure that provides
services to applications: global ISP
Introduction 1-7
What’s a protocol?
human protocols: network protocols:
“what’s the time?” machines rather than
“I have a question” humans
introductions all communication activity
in Internet governed by
protocols
… specific msgs sent
… specific actions taken
when msgs received, or protocols define format, order
other events
of msgs sent and received
among network entities,
and actions taken on msg
transmission, receipt
Introduction 1-8
4
What’s a protocol?
a human protocol and a computer network protocol:
Hi TCP connection
request
Hi TCP connection
response
Got the
time? Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross
2:00
<file>
time
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history
Introduction 1-10
5
A closer look at network structure:
network edge: mobile network
network core:
interconnected routers
network of networks institutional
network
Introduction 1-11
Introduction 1-12
6
Access net: digital subscriber line (DSL)
central office telephone
network
DSL splitter
modem DSLAM
ISP
voice, data transmitted
at different frequencies over DSL access
dedicated line to central office multiplexer
cable splitter
modem
C
O
V V V V V V N
I I I I I I D D T
D D D D D D A A R
E E E E E E T T O
O O O O O O A A L
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Channels
7
Access net: cable network
cable headend
Internet optical
fibers
optical ONT
fiber
OLT
optical
central office splitter
ONT
8
Access net: home network
wireless
devices
to/from headend or
central office
often combined
in single box
Introduction 1-17
institutional link to
ISP (Internet)
institutional router
Introduction 1-18
9
Wireless access networks
shared wireless access network connects end system to router
via base station aka “access point”
to Internet
to Internet
Introduction 1-19
10
Physical media
bit: propagates between
transmitter/receiver pairs
physical link: what lies twisted pair (TP)
between transmitter & two insulated copper
receiver wires
guided media: Category 5: 100 Mbps, 1
Gbps Ethernet
signals propagate in solid Category 6: 10Gbps
media: copper, fiber, coax
unguided media:
signals propagate freely,
e.g., radio
Introduction 1-21
Introduction 1-22
11
Physical media: radio
signal carried in radio link types:
electromagnetic spectrum terrestrial microwave
no physical “wire” e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels
bidirectional LAN (e.g., WiFi)
propagation environment 11Mbps, 54 Mbps
effects: wide-area (e.g., cellular)
reflection 3G cellular: ~ few Mbps
obstruction by objects satellite
interference Kbps to 45Mbps channel (or
multiple smaller channels)
270 msec end-end delay
geosynchronous versus low
altitude
Introduction 1-23
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history
Introduction 1-24
12
The network core
mesh of interconnected
routers
packet-switching: hosts
break application-layer
messages into packets
forward packets from one
router to the next, across
links on path from source
to destination
each packet transmitted at
full link capacity
Introduction 1-25
Packet-switching: store-and-forward
L bits
per packet
3 2 1
source destination
R bps R bps
13
Packet Switching: queueing delay, loss
R = 100 Mb/s C
A
D
R = 1.5 Mb/s
B
queue of packets E
waiting for output link
Introduction 1-27
routing algorithm
14
Alternative core: circuit switching
end-end resources allocated
to, reserved for “call”
between source & dest:
In diagram, each link has four
circuits.
call gets 2nd circuit in top
link and 1st circuit in right
link.
dedicated resources: no sharing
circuit-like (guaranteed)
performance
circuit segment idle if not used
by call (no sharing)
Commonly used in traditional
telephone networks
Introduction 1-29
frequency
time
TDM
frequency
time
Introduction 1-30
15
Packet switching versus circuit switching
packet switching allows more users to use network!
example:
1 Mb/s link
each user: N
users
• 100 kb/s when “active”
• active 10% of time 1 Mbps link
circuit-switching:
10 users
packet switching: Q: how did we get value 0.0004?
with 35 users, probability >
10 active at same time is less Q: what happens if > 35 users ?
than .0004 *
Introduction 1-31
16
Internet structure: network of networks
End systems connect to Internet via access ISPs (Internet
Service Providers)
Residential, company and university ISPs
Access ISPs in turn must be interconnected.
So that any two hosts can send packets to each other
Resulting network of networks is very complex
Evolution was driven by economics and national policies
Let’s take a stepwise approach to describe current Internet
structure
Introduction 1-33
access access
net net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access access
net access net
net
Introduction 1-34
17
Internet structure: network of networks
Option: connect each access ISP to every other access ISP?
access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access access
net access net
net
Introduction 1-35
global
access
net
ISP access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access access
net access net
net
Introduction 1-36
18
Internet structure: network of networks
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors
….
access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
ISP A
access access
net ISP B net
access
ISP C
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access access
net access net
net
Introduction 1-37
access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
access
ISP C
net
access
net
Introduction 1-38
19
Internet structure: network of networks
… and regional networks may arise to connect access nets to
ISPS
access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
access
ISP C
net
access
net
access
net regional net
access
net
access access
net access net
net
Introduction 1-39
access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
Content provider network
access IXP access
net ISP B net
access
ISP B
net
access
net
access
net regional net
access
net
access access
net access net
net
Introduction 1-40
20
Internet structure: network of networks
to/from backbone
peering
… …
…
…
to/from customers
Introduction 1-42
21
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history
Introduction 1-43
B
packets queueing (delay)
free (available) buffers: arriving packets
dropped (loss) if no free buffers
Introduction 1-44
22
Four sources of packet delay
transmission
A propagation
B
nodal
processing queueing
B
nodal
processing queueing
23
Caravan analogy
100 km 100 km
ten-car toll toll
caravan booth booth
Introduction 1-48
24
Queueing delay (revisited)
average queueing
R: link bandwidth (bps)
delay
L: packet length (bits)
a: average packet arrival
rate
traffic intensity
= La/R
La/R ~ 0: avg. queueing delay small La/R ~ 0
* Check out the Java applet for an interactive animation on queuing and loss La/R -> 1
Introduction 1-49
3 probes 3 probes
3 probes
Introduction 1-50
25
“Real” Internet delays, routes
traceroute: gaia.cs.umass.edu to www.eurecom.fr
3 delay measurements from
gaia.cs.umass.edu to cs-gw.cs.umass.edu
1 cs-gw (128.119.240.254) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms
2 border1-rt-fa5-1-0.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.145) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms
3 cht-vbns.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.130) 6 ms 5 ms 5 ms
4 jn1-at1-0-0-19.wor.vbns.net (204.147.132.129) 16 ms 11 ms 13 ms
5 jn1-so7-0-0-0.wae.vbns.net (204.147.136.136) 21 ms 18 ms 18 ms
6 abilene-vbns.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.11.9) 22 ms 18 ms 22 ms
7 nycm-wash.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.8.46) 22 ms 22 ms 22 ms trans-oceanic
8 62.40.103.253 (62.40.103.253) 104 ms 109 ms 106 ms
9 de2-1.de1.de.geant.net (62.40.96.129) 109 ms 102 ms 104 ms link
10 de.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.96.50) 113 ms 121 ms 114 ms
11 renater-gw.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.103.54) 112 ms 114 ms 112 ms
12 nio-n2.cssi.renater.fr (193.51.206.13) 111 ms 114 ms 116 ms
13 nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.102) 123 ms 125 ms 124 ms
14 r3t2-nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.110) 126 ms 126 ms 124 ms
15 eurecom-valbonne.r3t2.ft.net (193.48.50.54) 135 ms 128 ms 133 ms
16 194.214.211.25 (194.214.211.25) 126 ms 128 ms 126 ms
17 * * *
18 * * * * means no response (probe lost, router not replying)
19 fantasia.eurecom.fr (193.55.113.142) 132 ms 128 ms 136 ms
Packet loss
queue (aka buffer) preceding link in buffer has finite
capacity
packet arriving to full queue dropped (aka lost)
lost packet may be retransmitted by previous node,
by source end system, or not at all
buffer
(waiting area) packet being transmitted
A
B
packet arriving to
full buffer is lost
* Check out the Java applet for an interactive animation on queuing and loss Introduction 1-52
26
Throughput
throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at which bits
transferred between sender/receiver
instantaneous: rate at given point in time
average: rate over longer period of time
server,
server withbits
sends linkpipe
capacity
that can carry linkpipe
capacity
that can carry
file of F
(fluid) intobitspipe Rs bits/sec
fluid at rate Rc bits/sec
fluid at rate
to send to client Rs bits/sec) Rc bits/sec)
Introduction 1-53
Throughput (more)
Rs < Rc What is average end-end throughput?
Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec
Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec
bottleneck link
link on end-end path that constrains end-end throughput
Introduction 1-54
27
Throughput: Internet scenario
per-connection end-
end throughput: Rs
min(Rc,Rs,R/10) Rs Rs
in practice: Rc or Rs
is often bottleneck
R
Rc Rc
Rc
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history
Introduction 1-56
28
Protocol “layers”
Networks are complex,
with many “pieces”:
hosts Question:
routers is there any hope of
links of various organizing structure of
media network?
applications
protocols …. or at least our
hardware, discussion of networks?
software
Introduction 1-57
a series of steps
Introduction 1-58
29
Layering of airline functionality
airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing
Introduction 1-59
Why layering?
dealing with complex systems:
explicit structure allows identification,
relationship of complex system’s pieces
layered reference model for discussion
modularization eases maintenance, updating of
system
change of implementation of layer’s service transparent
to rest of system
e.g., change in gate procedure doesn’t affect rest of
system
layering considered harmful?
Introduction 1-60
30
Internet protocol stack
application: supporting network
applications
FTP, SMTP, HTTP application
transport: process-process data
transfer transport
TCP, UDP
network
network: routing of datagrams
from source to destination
link
IP, routing protocols
link: data transfer between physical
neighboring network elements
Ethernet, 802.111 (WiFi), PPP
physical: bits “on the wire”
Introduction 1-61
Introduction 1-62
31
message M
source
application
Encapsulation
segment Ht M transport
datagram Hn Ht M network
frame Hl Hn Ht M link
physical
link
physical
switch
destination Hn Ht M network
M application Hl Hn Ht M link Hn Ht M
Ht M transport physical
Hn Ht M network
Hl Hn Ht M link router
physical
Introduction 1-63
ASIDE: END-TO-END
PRINCIPLE
Introduction 64
32
Why Doesn’t the Network
Help?
Compress data?
Reformat/translate/improve requests?
Serve cached data?
Add security?
Migrate connections across the network?
Or any one of a huge number of things?
Introduction 66
Introduction 67
33
“Strong” End to End
The network’s job is to transmit datagrams as
efficiently and flexibly as possible. Everything else
should be done at the fringes…
[RFC 1958]
Introduction 70
Net Neutrality
“Allowing broadband carriers to control what
people see and do online would fundamentally
undermine the principles that have made the
Internet such a success.”
-Vinton Cerf in testimony before Congress February 7, 2006
Introduction 71
34
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history
Introduction 1-72
Network security
field of network security:
how bad guys can attack computer networks
how we can defend networks against attacks
how to design architectures that are immune to
attacks
Internet not originally designed with (much)
security in mind
original vision: “a group of mutually trusting users
attached to a transparent network”
Internet protocol designers playing “catch-up”
security considerations in all layers!
Introduction 1-73
35
Bad guys: put malware into hosts via Internet
malware can get in host from:
virus: self-replicating infection by receiving/executing
object (e.g., e-mail attachment)
worm: self-replicating infection by passively receiving
object that gets itself executed
spyware malware can record keystrokes, web
sites visited, upload info to collection site
infected host can be enrolled in botnet, used for
spam. DDoS attacks
Introduction 1-74
1. select target
2. break into hosts around
the network (see botnet)
3. send packets to target from
compromised hosts
target
Introduction 1-75
36
Bad guys can sniff packets
packet “sniffing”:
broadcast media (shared Ethernet, wireless)
promiscuous network interface reads/records all packets
(e.g., including passwords!) passing by
A C
Introduction 1-77
37
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history
Introduction 1-78
Internet history
1961-1972: Early packet-switching principles
1961: Kleinrock - 1972:
queueing theory shows ARPAnet public demo
effectiveness of packet- NCP (Network Control
switching Protocol) first host-host
1964: Baran - packet- protocol
switching in military nets first e-mail program
1967: ARPAnet ARPAnet has 15 nodes
conceived by Advanced
Research Projects
Agency
1969: first ARPAnet
node operational
Introduction 1-79
38
Internet history
1972-1980: Internetworking, new and proprietary nets
Introduction 1-80
Internet history
1980-1990: new protocols, a proliferation of networks
Introduction 1-81
39
Internet history
1990, 2000’s: commercialization, the Web, new apps
early 1990’s: ARPAnet late 1990’s – 2000’s:
decommissioned more killer apps: instant
1991: NSF lifts restrictions on messaging, P2P file sharing
commercial use of NSFnet network security to
(decommissioned, 1995) forefront
early 1990’s: Web est. 50 million host, 100
hypertext [Bush 1945, million+ users
Nelson 1960’s] backbone links running at
HTML, HTTP: Berners-Lee Gbps
1994: Mosaic, later Netscape
late 1990’s:
commercialization of the
Web
Introduction 1-82
Internet history
2005-present
~750 million hosts
Smartphones and tablets
Aggressive deployment of broadband access
Increasing ubiquity of high-speed wireless access
Emergence of online social networks:
Facebook: soon one billion users
Service providers (Google, Microsoft) create their own
networks
Bypass Internet, providing “instantaneous” access to
search, email, etc.
E-commerce, universities, enterprises running their services
in “cloud” (e.g., Amazon EC2)
Introduction 1-83
40
Introduction: summary
covered a “ton” of material! you now have:
Internet overview context, overview, “feel”
what’s a protocol? of networking
network edge, core, access more depth, detail to
network follow!
packet-switching versus
circuit-switching
Internet structure
performance: loss, delay,
throughput
layering, service models
security
history
Introduction 1-84
41