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LANGUAGE IMPROVEMENT TOOLKIT (LIT) QUIZ - 01

BASED ON PHILOSOPHY

Duration : 60 Minutes Candidate Name : _____________

Max. Marks : 100 Batch : _____________
Centre Name : __________ Contact No. : _____________

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

1. No clarification on the question paper can be sought. Answer the questions as they are.
2. There are 100 multiple-choice objective type questions.
3. There is negative marking of 0.25 for every incorrect answer. Each question carries ONE mark. Total
marks are 100.
4. You have to indicate the correct answer by darkening one of the four responses provided, with a BALL
PEN (BLUE OR BLACK) in the OMR Answer Sheet.
Example: For the question, "Where is the Taj Mahal located?", the correct answer is (b).
The student has to darken the corresponding circle as indicated below:
(a) Kolkata (b) Agra (c) Bhopal (d) Delhi
Right Method Wrong Methods

5. Answering the questions by any method other than the method indicated above shall be considered
incorrect and no marks will be awarded for the same.
6. More than one response to a question shall be counted as wrong.
7. Do not write anything on the OMR Answer Sheet other than the details required and, in the spaces, provided
for.
8. You are not required to submit the OMR Answer Sheet and Test Paper after the test.
9. The use of any unfair means by any candidate shall result in the cancellation of his/her candidature.
1. Direction (Q.1-Q.10): These questions are based on “Metaphysics” article.

1. Which of the following is the most appropriate synonym for the word "vivid" as used in the passage?
(a) Luminous (b) Blurred (c) Pungent (d) Dull

2. Which of the following is the most appropriate antonym for the word "ensue"?
(a) Commence (b) Terminate (c) Pursue (d) Conclude

3. Which term did Kant use to describe the real world that is beyond our perception?
(a) Phenomenal world (b) Noumenal world (c) Realistic world (d) Perceptional world

4. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the relationship between the physical world and
consciousness, according to the passage?
(a) Materialism is a type of monism that suggests everything is made of one type of stuff.
(b) Dualists argue that consciousness is separate from, but connected to, the physical world.
(c) Consciousness does not require any physical basis to exist.
(d) The brain is a highly complex physical object that operates like a computer.

5. "At some point, all the information is brought back together into an (______) story – your consciousness,
which as it changes through time forms your self." Which of the following is the most appropriate synonym for
the missing word?
(a) Disparate (b) Coalesced (c) Incongruous (d) Incoherent

6. In the following sentence from the passage, what is a possible synonym for the word "unmediated"?
"What we’ve thought of as an unmediated self and world were nothing of the sort."
(a) Unadulterated (b) Untainted (c) Unalloyed (d) Unmitigated

7. According to the passage, we are not generally aware of our own ____________, as this knowledge is not
required by the highest levels of our brain processing.
(a) thoughts (b) emotions (c) breathing (d) movements

8. In his Critique of Pure Reason, Kant distinguished between the noumenal world and the phenomenal world. The
former refers to reality as it is beyond our perception of it, while the latter refers to the world as we perceive it.
However, we never have direct experiential access to the noumenal world, and therefore:
(a) Kant believed that the phenomenal world is the only world that truly exists.
(b) Kant believed that the noumenal world is a mere illusion created by our minds.
(c) Kant believed that the noumenal world is inaccessible to us, and we can never have sure knowledge of its
fundamental nature.
(d) Kant believed that the noumenal world can be accessed through certain forms of meditation or altered states
of consciousness.

9. "It turns out what we normally refer to as ‘self’ is really a representation of a much deeper and wider being, just
as what we have referred to as the ‘world’ was."
(a) Critical (b) Skeptical (c) Analytical (d) Matter-of-fact

10. What is the tone of the following statement from the passage? "It seems to me that Kant might well have said
that physics is the exploration and understanding of the noumenal world – of reality as it actually is."
(a) Tentative (b) Speculative (c) Confident (d) Dismissive

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2. Direction (Q.11-Q.21): These questions are based on “Socratic Method: What Is It and How Can You Use
It?” article.
11. How does the passage describe the educational method of the Sophists in ancient Athens?
(a) They relied on rhetoric to persuade people to their viewpoints.
(b) They focused on cooperative dialogue and critical thinking.
(c) They emphasized the importance of asking probing questions.
(d) They imparted knowledge directly to their students.
12. Which statement accurately reflects Socrates's guiding principle in the Socratic method?
(a) Socrates aimed to demonstrate his superior knowledge.
(b) Socrates sought to establish his own wisdom.
(c) Socrates aimed to demonstrate ignorance, including his own.
(d) Socrates intended to uncover the ignorance of others.
13. What is the main advantage of using the Socratic method in educational institutions, according to the passage?
(a) It provides direct and straightforward answers to students.
(b) It encourages students to rely on their own reasoning abilities.
(c) It minimizes the need for critical thinking and dialogue.
(d) It ensures students remember answers without effort.
14. Which word best describes Socrates's approach to questioning?
(a) Mediation (b) Inquisition (c) Assertion (d) Recitation

15. Which phrase best describes the tone of Socrates's approach?

(a) Confrontational and aggressive (b) Diplomatic and compromising
(c) Curious and probing (d) Indifferent and apathetic
16. Which word is an antonym of "persuasion"?
(a) Conviction (b) Coercion (c) Influence (d) Manipulation

17. Which word is an antonym of "conviction" as used in the passage?

(a) Certainty (b) Doubt (c) Belief (d) Assurance

18. In the passage, Socrates is described as a "celebrity of contrarian thought." What does the phrase "contrarian
thought" mean in this context?
(a) Thinking critically and analytically (b) Rejecting societal norms and beliefs
(c) Demonstrating knowledge and expertise (d) Engaging in cooperative dialogue
19. Which figure of speech is used in the following statement from the passage: "Socrates did his best to demonstrate
his (and everybody else's) ignorance"?
(a) Simile (b) Metaphor (c) Hyperbole (d) Personification
20. Match the following phrasal verbs used in the passage with their meanings.
Phrasal Verbs Meaning
(i) Draw out A) Analyze or dissect in detail.
(ii) Wrap in B) Envelop or entangle something or someone.
(iii) Pick apart C) Uncover or elicit information or knowledge.
(iv) Channel the same D) Embrace or adopt a similar approach or principles.

(a) i-C, ii-B, iii-A, iv-D (b) i-A, ii-C, iii-D, iv-B
(c) i-C, ii-A, iii-B, iv-D (d) i-B, ii-C, iii-D, iv-A

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21. Match the following vocabulary words used in the passage with their meanings.
Vocabulary Words Definitions
(i) Probing A) Opposing or challenging prevailing views.
(ii) Assent B) Strongly held beliefs or opinions.
(iii) Convictions C) Agreement or acceptance.
(iv) Contrarian D) Investigating or exploring deeply.

(a) i-A, ii-B, iii-C, iv-D (b) i-D, ii-C, iii-A, iv-B
(c) i-D, ii-C, iii-B, iii-A (d) i-D, ii-B, iii-C, iv-A

3. Direction (Q.22-Q.33): These questions are based on “Exploring: The World Revolves Around Me
Fallacy” article.

22. What is the definition of narcissism?

(a) Self-obsession and a craving for admiration.
(b) Extreme self-doubt and fear of inadequacy.
(c) A deep understanding and appreciation of oneself and others.
(d) A tendency to neglect one's own needs and prioritize others

23. Which of the following statements accurately reflects the objective of the passage?
(a) The expression of indignation towards people who hold narcissistic beliefs.
(b) The presentation of a neutral perspective on the fallacy of "The world revolves around me."
(c) The demonstration of admiration for individuals with strong self-esteem.
(d) To convey a sense of confusion regarding the concept of egocentrism.

24. Which figure of speech is used in the sentence "The world revolves around me is a fallacy"?
(a) Metaphor (b) Simile (c) Hyperbole (d) Personification

25. What is the closest synonym for the term "fallacy"?

(a) Truth (b) Error (c) Fact (d) Reality

26. What is the implied meaning of the phrase "bow down to them" in the passage?
(a) Show respect and deference (b) Physically kneel before them
(c) Offer assistance and support (d) Agree with their opinions

27. Which of the following best describes the author's perspective on the fallacy of "The world revolves around me"?
(a) Complete rejection (b) Conditional acceptance
(c) Ambivalence (d) Wholehearted endorsement

28. What does the author imply about individuals who exhibit narcissistic tendencies?
(a) They have low self-esteem.
(b) They are socially isolated.
(c) They lack empathy for others.
(d) They possess a strong sense of self-importance.

29. What does the phrase "sanitizing the area with some kind of cleaner" imply?
(a) Cleaning the area thoroughly (b) Making the area smell fresh
(c) Disinfecting the area (d) Removing visible stains

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30. What does the author imply about the relationship between narcissism and low self-esteem?
(a) Narcissism and low self-esteem are synonymous.
(b) Narcissism and low self-esteem are unrelated.
(c) Narcissism can be a result of low self-esteem.
(d) Low self-esteem can be a result of narcissism.

31. Which of the following statements best reflects the author's view on beliefs and reality?
(a) Beliefs shape reality. (b) Reality must conform to beliefs.
(c) Beliefs should be tested against reality. (d) Reality is determined by personal beliefs.

32. What does the idiom "stick to your guns" mean?

(a) To carry firearms and defend oneself.
(b) To persistently hold onto one's beliefs or decisions.
(c) To engage in a physical altercation.
(d) To imitate the actions of a soldier.

33. Find the synonym of ‘holding a grudge’.

(a) Turn a new leaf (b) Have a chip on one’s shoulder
(c) Turn the other cheek (d) Bury the hatchet

4. Direction (Q.34-Q.39): These questions are based on “Introduction to Existentialism” article.

34. Which of the following is the most appropriate synonym for the word "penetrate"?
(a) Permeate (b) Obfuscate (c) Mitigate (d) Exacerbate

35. “Existentialism puts emphases upon existence of man first-the inner, immediate experience f self- awareness.
Existence refers to something given here and now-the state of being actual within space and time. It implies
not what a thing is rather that it is.” The tone of the above statement:
(a) Analytical and factual (b) Sarcastic and cynical
(c) Reverential and admiring (d) Confused and ambivalent

36. Which of the following statements is true based on the passage on existentialism?
(a) Existentialism is a philosophy that emphasizes man in the abstract rather than human existence.
(b) Existentialism is a movement that supports mass and totalitarian movements.
(c) Existentialism was a reactionary movement against the impersonal outlook of the industrial age.
(d) Jean-Paul Sartre was not a leading exponent of existentialism.

37. Which of the following statements is definitely not true based on the passage on existentialism?
(a) Existentialism emphasizes the existence of man over his essence.
(b) Sartre believes that man defines himself before he exists.
(c) Existentialists consider objectivity to be an enemy of man's life.
(d) Freedom is not essential for human existence according to existentialists.

38. It (_____) man to be aware of his or her existence in its essential freedom. It asserts existence precedes essence
in place of essence precedes existence-a frame of reference of all the philosophers right from Plato down to
Descartes. Choose the best alternative:
(a) Coerces (b) Deters (c) Propels (d) Enthralls

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39. Which of the following tones is conveyed in the statement "They view that critical dilemmas of an individual’s
life are neither solved by intellectual exercise alone nor by laws of thinking" from the passage on
existentialism?
(a) Cynical (b) Pessimistic (c) Realistic (d) Optimistic

5. Direction (Q.40-Q.50): These questions are based on “Functionalism Versus Marxism: Comparative
Analysis of Labor Relations in Contemporary Societies” article.

40. According to the essay, the practices of the modern factory system, exemplified by Foxconn, are seen as a source
of:
(a) Productivity and efficiency
(b) Contradiction and exploitation
(c) Solidarity and cooperation
(d) Innovation and progress

41. What does the word ‘antagonism’ mean in the following sentence: “The contradiction section, it implies class
antagonisms.”?
(a) Resistance (b) Complacency (c) Animosity (d) Amicability

42. What is one of the primary goals of the modern factory system?
(a) Enhancing worker satisfaction and well-being
(b) Maximizing profit and labor productivity
(c) Fostering strong connections and relationships among workers
(d) Promoting equitable distribution of profits among workers

43. Which of the following theoretical perspectives provides a more accurate interpretation of labor relations in
contemporary societies, specifically in relation to the modern factory system?
(a) Functionalism (b) Marxism (c) Post-structuralism (d) Socialism

44. Which of the following terms best describes the working conditions at Foxconn, as discussed in the essay?
(a) Opprobrious (b) Mollifying (c) Sanguine (d) Ineffable

45. Which of the following concepts highlights the exploitative relationship between the capitalist owners and the
working class in the modern factory system?
(a) Commodification (b) Proletariat (c) Reification (d) Hegemony

46. Which of the following statements best summarizes the views of functionalism regarding the modern factory
system?
(a) It emphasizes the inhumane treatment of workers and exploitation.
(b) It focuses on the contradiction and class struggle in labor relations.
(c) It highlights the positive aspects of productivity and efficiency.
(d) It advocates for equal distribution of benefits and solidarity.

47. Which type of pronoun is used in the following sentence from the passage: “They apply the most harmful way
to increase profit and never appreciate the workers.”
(a) Personal pronoun (b) Possessive pronoun
(c) Demonstrative pronoun (d) Reflexive pronoun

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48. In the passage, the author states, “It administers workers as commodities and the tools to gain extra money.”
Which figure of speech is being used in this statement?
(a) Metaphor (b) Hyperbole (c) Synecdoche (d) Personification

49. Which of the following sentences demonstrates the correct use of parallelism?
(a) The modern factory system not only emphasizes productivity but also how efficiency can be improved.
(b) To maximize the gain, the capitalist would demand discipline and long spun working hours from workers.
(c) Exploitation means the success and profit produced by the mistreatment of workers and produced solitary in
the workplace.
(d) Functionalism tends to believe the practices of it is the source of productivity and efficiency.

50. Which of the following words is the most accurate antonym for the term ‘exploitation’ as used in the passage?
(a) Benefaction (b) Amelioration (c) Equanimity (d) Altruism

6. Direction (Q.51-Q.59): These questions are based on “The 4 Cardinal Virtues: Stoicism’s Roadmap to the
Best Life Possible” article.

51. Which of the following best describes ‘Epicureanism’ school of philosophy as mentioned in the passage?
(a) The pursuit of wisdom and understanding as the ultimate goal of life.
(b) The pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain as the ultimate goal of life.
(c) The pursuit of justice and moral righteousness as the ultimate goal of life.
(d) The pursuit of power and dominance as the ultimate goal of life.

52. According to Stoicism, what is the ultimate end in life that can be achieved by living in accordance with the four
cardinal virtues?
(a) Enlightenment (b) Eudaimonia (c) Nirvana (d) Salvation

53. Epicureanism and Stoicism share a similarity in their views on philosophy as:
(a) A therapeutic tool for happiness and tranquillity
(b) A means of achieving power and dominance
(c) A pursuit of justice and moral righteousness
(d) A path to enlightenment and spiritual awakening

54. What is the Stoic concept of the dichotomy of control?

(a) The division of responsibilities between individuals and society
(b) The belief that everything in life is predetermined and beyond our influence
(c) The distinction between internal and external factors that we can or cannot control
(d) The idea that control over one's emotions is essential for a virtuous life

55. Which type of adjective has been used in the following sentence: “The demanding nature of Stoicism requires
constant self-improvement.”?
(a) Comparative adjective (b) Descriptive adjective
(c) Possessive adjective (d) Demonstrative adjective

56. What can be inferred about the Stoic approach to emotions?

(a) Stoics believe that emotions should be completely suppressed and disregarded.
(b) Stoics advocate for a balanced approach to emotions, acknowledging their existence but not letting them
dictate one's actions.
(c) Stoics consider emotions to be irrational and unnecessary for leading a virtuous life.
(d) Stoics believe that emotions are the primary driving force behind human actions and decision-making.

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57. Fill in the blank in the following sentence with the right idiom: In Stoic philosophy, the evening journal serves
as a ____ for individuals seeking self-improvement and introspection.
(a) Beacon in the storm (b) Pandora’s box
(c) Mirror of the soul (d) Apple of discord

58. Which of the following sentences demonstrates the correct use of a participle phrase?
(a) Practitioners of Stoicism, embracing its teachings, strive for inner tranquillity.
(b) Practitioners of Stoicism, to embrace its teachings, strive for inner tranquillity.
(c) Practitioners of Stoicism, embraced its teachings, strive for inner tranquillity.
(d) Practitioners of Stoicism, embrace its teachings, striving for inner tranquillity.

59. Which of the following best describes the tone of the passage?
(a) Stoic (b) Ebullient (c) Elusive (d) Incisive

7. Direction (Q.60-Q.64): These questions are based on “Egalitarianism” article.

60. In the given passage, the word "transcendent" is used. Which of the following is the most appropriate synonym
for the word?
(a) Immanent (b) Mundane (c) Esoteric (d) Sublime

61. “Every form of egalitarianism is (_______) and inclusive. Those who see only the members of their own group
as equal are not egalitarian.” Which of the following is the most appropriate replacement for the give blank?
(a) Provincial (b) Parochial (c) International (d) Insular

62. What is the tone of the statement "According to the newer egalitarianism of self-creativity, the Lockean
theory of human nature is a mere social construct used by the rich to justify their privileges"?
(a) Sarcastic and mocking (b) Objective and informative
(c) Disapproving and critical (d) Nostalgic and sentimental

63. Which of the following statements is true based on the passage?

(a) Egalitarianism is a belief that all humans are equal in their qualities and essence.
(b) Theories of universal human commonality are always based on a belief in transcendent or spiritual qualities.
(c) Theories of universal human commonality based on the laws of nature are descended from ancient Greek
ideas.
(d) The belief in a spark of the divine essence is a characteristic of the egalitarianism of nature.

64. The U.S. Declaration of Independence asserts the natural rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness,
which were based on __________ ideas of human nature.
(a) Karl Marx's (b) Adam Smith's (c) Thomas Hobbes' (d) John Locke's

8. Direction (Q.65-Q.72): These questions are based on “Absolutism and Utilitarianism” article.

65. What is the tone of the author in paragraph 2?

(a) Informative (b) Objective (c) Analytical (d) Both (a) and (b)

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66. Based on the author's tone according to the first question, which statement accurately reflects their perspective
on the issue of abortion and ethical decision-making methods?
(a) The author strongly supports moral absolutism and believes it should be universally applied to all individuals.
(b) The author highlights the advantages of utilitarianism in promoting personal happiness and choice in the
context of abortion.
(c) The author argues that religious traditions should override personal beliefs and values when it comes to
abortion.
(d) The author criticizes both moral absolutism and utilitarianism as ineffective methods for resolving ethical
dilemmas.

67. Which statement from the passage contains simile?

(a) "Father Saunders is influenced and driven to be 'pro-life' due to his career and where he sits in society."
(b) "He uses the Bible (New and Old Testament) as a guide and rule book to how he should go about his day-
to-day life."
(c) "Walters used a personal story from her past about her grandmother's pregnancy to convey her views on
abortion."
(d) "The debate in Australia's society about the ethical issue of abortion has created an impact on many people."

68. What is the closest antonym and a synonym for the word "incongruous" as used in the article?
(a) Antonym: Consistent / Synonym: extraneous
(b) Antonym: Appropriate / Synonym: Suitable
(c) Antonym: Compatible / Synonym: Cohesive
(d) Antonym: jarring / Synonym: non-harmonious

69. Which idiom from the passage refers to someone having the freedom to make their own choices?
(a) "Playing it by ear" (b) "Walking on thin ice"
(c) "Barking up the wrong tree" (d) "Calling the shots"

70. Match the following statements from the passage with the corresponding decision-making methods discussed:
Statements:
1. "Regarding the issue of abortion, not everyone of the Catholic Church will share the same opinions and
beliefs."
2. "Abortion being legal in Australia allows for the mother to choose her decision, ultimately, choose her
happiness."
Decision-making methods:
A. Moral absolutism
B. Utilitarianism
Options:
(a) 1 - B, 2 – neither (b) 1 - neither, 2 - B
(c) 1 - A, 2 – A (d) 1 - B, 2 – B

71. Which of the following phrasal verbs, mentioned in the passage, is used to convey a sense of support or
allegiance?
(a) Fall for (b) Look after (c) Stand by (d) Go about

72. Complete the following sentence from the passage:

"Father William Saunders expresses the view that abortion is morally wrong because ____________."
(a) It violates religious traditions (b) It promotes happiness for women
(c) It is legally prohibited (d) It does not align with personal beliefs

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9. Direction (Q.73-Q.89): These questions are based on “Philosophy of secrets” article.

73. Which of the following is the most appropriate synonym for the word "tacit" as used in the passage?
(a) Explicit (b) Ineffable (c) Evasive (d) Implicit

74. Which of the following is the most appropriate antonym for the word "fragility" as used in the passage?
(a) Robustness (b) Infirmity (c) Tenacity (d) Resilience

75. “These are extreme examples but this situation is not exclusive to totalitarian regimes. In democratic societies,
there are particular flashpoints around attempts to gain, or defend, personal information, and around what the
state is able to do in order to access our secrets.”
Which of the following best describes the tone of the above excerpt?
(a) Evasive and apprehensive (b) Optimistic and confident
(c) Indifferent and casual (d) Concerned and vigilant

76. "In the case of the self, we take a huge number of (_____) factors and then give them a unifying label, in my
case 'Peter Salmon'..."? Which of the following is the most appropriate synonym for the word "disparate" as used
in the above sentence?
(a) Diverse (b) Incongruous (c) Harmonious (d) Homogeneous

77. Which figure of speech is used in the statement "Derrida’s genius was to understand that, while his own instance
was dramatic, this fragility and arbitrariness of identity is a condition all humans in some sense share"?
(a) Simile (b) Hyperbole (c) Metonymy (d) Oxymoron

78. Which of the following is the most appropriate antonym for the word "calamity" as used in the passage?
(a) Serenity (b) Turmoil (c) Catastrophe (d) Havoc

79. Which of the following is the most appropriate antonym for the word "conceal" as used in the passage?
(a) Divulge (b) Obfuscate (c) Dissemble (d) Elucidate

80. Which of the following is true based on the above passage?

(a) Derrida's experience as a Jewish child during the German occupation of France shaped his understanding of
identity and secrecy.
(b) Derrida believed that secrecy is a purely personal matter that does not depend on others.
(c) The passage suggests that secrecy plays a minor role in political history and totalitarian states.
(d) The passage argues that identity is a fixed and unchanging aspect of an individual's life.

81. Based on the passage, which term refers to Jews who were forcibly converted to Catholicism during the German
occupation of France?
(a) Baptised Jews (b) Conversos (c) Anusim (d) Crypto-Christians

82. According to Derrida's perspective, what is the implication of deconstructing something that has been
'constructed'?
(a) It leads to the destruction and elimination of the constructed entity.
(b) It reveals the true essence and permanence of the constructed entity.
(c) It allows for a deeper understanding of the underlying assumptions and meanings of the constructed entity.
(d) It confirms the existence of a higher spiritual reality beyond the constructed entity.

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83. What does the phrase "little white lies" refer to in the passage?
(a) Lies told for personal gain
(b) Lies told to protect someone's feelings
(c) Lies told for religious purposes
(d) Lies told to deceive others intentionally

84. In the passage, what does the phrase "Dirty pigs" most likely mean?
(a) A group of people who are involved in illegal or unethical activities.
(b) Individuals who have poor personal hygiene.
(c) A term used to describe someone who eats pork despite religious or cultural restrictions.
(d) People who engage in deceitful or dishonest behavior.

85. “But we see it in any number of police states – to have a secret is to be a traitor, and the point of a trial is not
simply to punish, but to make evident the state’s power over every aspect of the individual. You will have no
secrets.” The tone of the statement is:
(a) Indignant and critical (b) Matter-of-fact and informative
(c) Nostalgic and reflective (d) Neutral and detached

86. What is the meaning of the prefix "in-" in the word "individual" as used in the passage?
(a) "In-" means "without" or "lacking" (b) "In-" means "into" or "towards"
(c) "In-" means "not" or "opposite of" (d) "In-" is a suffix, not a prefix

87. Which figure of speech is used in the phrase "I trust/love you so much that I have no secrets" in the passage?
(a) Metaphor (b) Hyperbole (c) Simile (d) Personification

88. Which figure of speech is used in the phrase "a secret is something that I do not put into words, but which I tell
myself" in the passage?
(a) Metonymy (b) Oxymoron (c) Synecdoche (d) Paradox

89. Which of the following statements is true based on the passage?

(a) Having secrets is a sign of loyalty to the state.
(b) Trials are solely intended for punishment.
(c) Police states consider secrets as acts of betrayal.
(d) Revealing secrets is an act of defiance against state power.

10. Direction (Q.90-Q.100): These questions are based on “The Cognitive Gap” article.

90. Which statement best reflects the author's perspective on the cognitive gap and the reason behind their belief?
(a) The author firmly advocates for the cognitivist position and believes it provides a comprehensive
understanding of moral language due to its alignment with objective moral facts.
(b) The author strongly supports the non-cognitivist view, finding it intuitively appealing despite its challenges
in overcoming the Frege-Geach Problem.
(c) The author remains neutral and does not favor either the cognitivist or non-cognitivist position due to the
ongoing stalemate between the two.
(d) The author believes that a hybrid theory reconciling elements from both sides is a promising approach but
has yet to be successfully developed, as evidenced by the current lack of an effective model bridging the
cognitive gap.

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91. Which figure of speech is employed in the following passage, and what is the reason behind that identification?
"The battlefield of metaethics has been dominated by two opposing sides, sitting on either side of the cognitive
gap."
(a) Simile (b) Metaphor (c) Personification (d) Hyperbole
92. Identify the meaning of the phrasal verb used in the following sentence.
"She had to put off her vacation due to unexpected work commitments."
(a) prepone something (b) postpone something
(c) lay something out ready for use (d) cause to operate
93. Match the following vocabulary words with their corresponding definitions:
Vocabulary Words:
Vocabulary Words Definitions
1. Altruism A) A false or mistaken belief or reasoning
2. Dystopia B) A society characterized by extreme suffering, oppression, or injustice
3. Epiphany C) A sudden realization or understanding
4. Fallacy D) Selfless concern for the well-being of others
(a) 1-C, 2-D, 3-B, 4-A (b) 1-D, 2-B, 3-C, 4-A
(c) 1-D, 2-B, 3-A, 4-C (d) 1-A, 2-C, 3-B, 4-D

94. Which of the following is the antonym of the word "plethora"?

(a) Paucity (b) Abundance (c) deluge (d) Excess

95. Which of the following is a synonym for the word "quixotic"?

(a) Pragmatic (b) Realistic (c) Idealistic (d) Sensible

96. Fill in the blank with the appropriate word:

The professor's lecture was filled with __________, leaving the students perplexed.
Possible options:
(a) Erudition (b) Ambiguity (c) Eloquence (d) Indecipherability

97. Which idiom or phrase from the passage reflects the ongoing stalemate between cognitivist and non-cognitivist
perspectives in metaethics?
(a) "A battlefield of ideas" (b) "Drawing down upon each other"
(c) "Reaching an unavoidable stalemate" (d) "Bridging the conceptual chasm"

98. The passage discusses the two opposing sides in metaethics, cognitivists and non-cognitivists, who are separated
by a conceptual gap. The missing statement in this context is:
"The cognitive gap between cognitivists and non-cognitivists arises due to their differing views on __________."
(a) the objectivity of moral judgments (b) the nature of moral emotions
(c) the role of semantics in moral language (d) the importance of moral facts

99. Which term used in the passage refers to the analysis and examination of moral language and the nature of moral
judgments?
(a) Metaethics (b) Cognitivism (c) Non-cognitivism (d) Principia Ethica

100. True or False: Metaethics is primarily concerned with analyzing and understanding the objective moral facts.
(a) True (b) False
(c) Not mentioned in the passage (d) A bit ambiguous

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