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ns. As
nwr
es ms
ut e
b w t
rien w t
ihin h
te answer boxes provided.
Answer al questio an asteroid.
1.
Aspace probe of m desianed ot land on the surface of s?
ass 95 kg si the asteroid at its surface si 27. x 10m
of
The gravitational fieldstrength g teroid.
km. Calculate the mass of the as
12]
(a) The radius rof the asteroid si 230

ecraft.
(b) The probe is carried to the asteroid on board a spac

probe
spacecraft

surface asteroid

e of t h e asteroid.
Calculate the weight of the probe when close to the surfac

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(Question 1 continued)

(c) As the probe approaches the surface of the asteroid, a rocket engine is fired to
slow its descent. Explain how the engine changes the speed of the probe. [3]

(it) A constant force of 12.0N is exerted by the rocket engine. Determine the time
for which the rocket must fire to reduce the speed of the probe from 0.64 ms** to
zero. State your answer to an appropriate numberof significant figures. [4]

(This q u e s t i o n continues o n p a g e 5)

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¡ Q u e s t i o n1 c o n t i n u e d )

(d) (i) Show that theescape speed ves of the asteroid is given by

V 12gr [1]

(üi) Calcula te the escape s p e e d of the asteroid.

(e) As the probe lands, a small stone resting on a rock on the asteroid's surface is
projected horizontally from the top of the rock. The horizontal speed of the stone
is 34 ms-' from a height of 1.9m above the surface of the asteroid.

d i a g r a m not to s c a l e

stone
6

1.9m
rock
A B
asteroid

Estimate the horizontal distance from the stone's point of projection along the line AB
at which the stone lands. Ignore the curvature of the asteroid [2]

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layer
tic beaker that contains water with an oil ses
2.
Monochromatic light enters the base of atoplas
show the directions the light takes as i
t pas
floating on it. Astudent draws a diagram has one error at position Aand one error at
through the layers. The student's diagram are shown on the diagram.
position B. The refractive indices of the materials
diagram not to scale

air
1.00

oil
1.47

water
1.33

plastic 1.60

32°
air

partial
r e fl e c t i o n

The light is refracted at an angle of 32° when it enters the plastic layer as shown.

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(Question 2 continued)

(a) Identify, with a reason, the error in the student's diagram for

light crossing the plastic-water interface (position A). [2]

light at the water-oil interface (position B). [21

(b) Calculate the angle of incidence at the air-plastic interface. [2]

(This q u e s t i o n c o n t i n u e s on thefollowin g page)

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(Question 2 continued)

(21
(C) Calculate the critical angle for the plastic-water interface.

(d) The student hypothesizes that the partially-reflected ray of light from the bottom surface
of the plastic is polarized.

[11
Outline what is meant by polarization.

(11) Explain how the hypothesis can be tested experimentally.

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(Question 2 continued)

(e) Monochromatic light of wavelength 6.3 × 10-'m in air isincident from above at a
normal to the oil layer. Rays on the diagram are shown at near-norma l incidence for
clarity. Three positions X, Y and Z are shown on the diagra
m.

air 1.00
Y

Oll 1.47

water 1.33

Identify, with a reason, a position at which there is a phase change of 180°. [1]

(ii) Defermine t h e minimum thickness of the oil layer for which light is n o t reflected.
State your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures. [3]

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Г 88 23 -6 51 4
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The heater
melt ice from the rear window of a car. nta
3. An engineer designs an electric heater to from a high-resistance alloy. The horizo l parts of
e
consists of asingle thin metal wire mad ed by a vertical distance of 0.030m. The heater is
the wire are 0.60m long and are separat
ut power of 150 W.
designed for a 12 Vsupply and for an outp
diagram not to scale

0.60 m

to power supply 11 0.030 m

to power supply t o w. . =

(a) Calculate the resistan ce of the heater when it is at its working tempera ture.

The resistivity of the high-resistance alloy is 1.5 x 10 °2m. Calculate the radius
of the wire. [3]

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(Question 3 c o n t i n u e d )

(b) The heater is used to clear a laver of ice from the window over an area indicated by the
dotted line on the diagram. The water that has melted immediately flows away from the
heater. Determine the minimum time required to melt the ice. [3]

Thickne ss of ice layer = 0.50 m m

Initial temperature of ice =0°C

D e n s i t y of i c e = 900kgm
Specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 0.336 MJkg

(c) The battery of the car was almost discharged before turning on the heater. Discuss how
this i s likely to affect your answer to (b). [2]

(d) Outline two reasons why ti si important for scientists to research effective solutions for
energy storage using battery technology. [2]

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a
c n e
b cre ated whe n a proton trav elling at high speed interacts with
4. Fluorine-18 (1F)
) nucleus. The following gives the nuclear equation for this process.
an oxygen-18 (10
10+1p-> IF+X

(a) Identify X.

d for this process tooccur. [3]

(D) Explain why the proton must be travelling at high spee

(b) Fluorine-18 is a positron emitter; ti is injected into a patient during a medical procedure.
The initial activity required for the procedure is 1.5GBq. The patient is unsafe to others
until this activity has d e c r e a s e d .

Decay constant of fluorine-18 = 1.1 x 1 0 ' s

Calculate the time taken for the activity t o decrease from its initial value to 1.2MBq.
Assume that none of the fluorine leaves the b o d yof the patient during this time. [2]

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(Question 4 continued)

(c) Apositron can also be produced through the process of pair production.

State the relationship between particles emitted in pair production. [1]

(il) Identify the other particle produced during the pair production. [1]

(ji)) Suggest why pair production can only occur when asingle photon si close ot
a nucleus. [2]

(iv) Suggest what is likely ot happen ot the positron after its production. [1]

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Г 8823-6514
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5. The table shows some of the energy levels for ahydrogen atom.

Level Energy/eV
0
lonized state n = 00

n = 3 -1.51
Excited states
n = 2 -3.40

Ground state n = 1 -13.6

(a) Distinguish between an atom in an excited state and an atom ni an ionized state.

b) Explain how electromagnetic radiation is emitted from ahydrogen atom in an

excited state. [21

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¡Question 5 continued)

(C) When radiation of wavelength 6.6 × 10-7m is incident on cold hydrogen gas some of ti
is a b s o r b e d by the g a s .

State the region of the electromaanetic spectrum of this radiation. 1]

Determine the initial and final states of the hydrogen atom that are involved ni
thisa b s o r p t i o n . [3]

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6. Acapacitorconsists of w
t o square metal plates, arranged parallel ot each other and
connected across a power supply that has an internal resistance. The capacitor
container
is in a
that can be either evacu ated with a vacuum pump or filled
with a gas.

diag ram n o t to s c a l e

container

7 ›- to vacuum pump

capacitor plate _ capacitor plate

< +- inletvalve

(a) The container is evacuated so that t h e r e is no air between the plates. The plates are
initially uncharged and the power supply is switched on.

Draw, on the diagram, the arrangement of electric field lines between the plates. [2]

The capacitor h a s a capacitance of 75pF. The separation of the plates is 3.2 mm.
Determine the length of one side of a plate. [2]

(ii) The emf of the power supply is 16kV. Calculate the maximumcharge stored on
the capacitor. 111

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(Question 6 continued)

(b) The graph shows the variation with time of the fraction of t h e total charge on the plates
after the power supply is switched on with no air in the container.
1.00 -

0.75

fraction of
tot al c h a r g e o n p l a t e s 0.50

0.25

0.00
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
time/s

The conta iner is now open ed to the atmo sphe re

s o that there is air b e t w e e n the plate s.
This air is o b s e r v e d to c o n d u c t and disch arge the capac
itor w h e n t h e p o t e n t i a
l
difference betw een the plates excee ds 9.0 kV. Assu
me that t h e capa citan ce of the
capa citor is u n c h a n g e d w h e n air is p r e s e n t .

Calc ulate the mini mum elect ric field stren gth
b e t w e e n t h e p l a t e s at whic h t h e
capacitor will discharge.

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)
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(Question 6 continued)
(1)

t h e firs t tim e.
it e taken ofr the rai ot become conducting for
Determine, using hte graph, the m
[2]

(c) The air is replaced by a gas that has a larger relative permittivity than that of air.
This gas also conducts when the potential difference between the plates exceeds 9.0 kV.
Explain how the time in (b)(il) changes when the air is replaced by hte gas. [2]

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¡Question 6continued)
(d) The direct current (dc) power supply is ot be repla by an
power supply and a full-wave rectifier. An incompleced
te diag
alternating current (ac)
power supply is shown.
ram of the rectifier and

- o n

to capacito r

Draw, on the diagram, the remainder of the diode bridge. [1]

Outline, with reference to points A and B in the arrangement, why charge can
only flow in one direction through the output terminals X Yof the rectifier. [31

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following data are available.

7. Ceres is a dwarf planet ni the asteroid belt. The
the Sun = 4.4 × 10" m
Mean distance of Ceres from
3.8 × 1 0 ?
W
Mean power output of the Sun =

that it acts as a
(a) ( Determine the mean temperature of Ceres assuming 31
black-body radiator.

Ceres has a solid rocky core covered with solid ice. The mean temperature is
higher than your answer in (a)(i) because radioactive nuclei in the centre of
Ceres are decaying. Outline how the energy from the radioactive d e c a y reaches
the surface. [2]

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Question 7continued)
(b) At low temperatures such as the me
an
phase change directly from solid to [Link] of Ceres, water undergoes a

Compare the molecular conditions of the solid

s a m e temperature
.
phase and the gas phase at the
3]

The maximum surface temperature of Ceres is -38°c. Observations show

that significant quantities of water vapour are released from the surface of
Ceres every second when the temperature is at this maximum. Calculate the
mean kinetic energy of amolecule of water vapour at this temperature. [1]

The following data are available.

Radius of Ceres = 4.7 x 105 m

Mass of Ceres = 9.0 x 1020 kg

Show that the gravitational potential at the surface of Ceres is about -105 J k g . [1}

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8. The diagram shows a point source of sound S on the edge of a horizontal turntable
that rotates about a vertical axis. The sound is detected using a small stationary frequency
meter placed 0.78m from the axis of the turntable. The turntable has a radius of 0.28m. The
linear s p e e d of S is much less than the s p e e d of sound.

/ 0 . 2 8m

1 turntable

frequency meter

axis o f rotation

S
k
0.78 m

The graph shows the variation of the detected frequency with rotation angle 0 for
o n e revolution of t h e t u r n t a b l e

455 -

450

445

frequency /Hz 440

435

430

4 2 5
60 120 180 240 300 360
rotation angle 0 / deg

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nued)
¡Question 8 conti
(a) Identity, on the dia
a maximum. Label gram, theposition of S for which the detected frequency is at
this position A.
[1]

Outlinewhy this maximum frequency shiftdoes n

0= 270° ot occur when 0= 90° or when
[2]

(b) Determine the angular speed of the turntable. The speed ofsound is 330 m s
State a n approp riate unit for your answer. [5]