 Definition of Pollution:

• When harmful substances contaminate the

environment, it is called as Pollution.
• Pollution refers to the very bad condition of
environment in terms of quantity and quality.
• The presence of one or more contaminant pollutants
in the air in sufficient time & concentration, which
can cause harmful effects to the plants, animals or
humans.
• Pollutants: parameters or factors or undesirable
materials which cause environmental pollutions are
called as pollutants.
 Types of Pollution:

Types of Pollution:
 Air Pollution
 Water Pollution
 Soil Pollution
 Noise Pollution
 Land Pollution
 Radioactive Pollution
 Air Pollution:

What is Atmosphere:

 Atmosphere is the life blanket of Earth.

 It is therefore essential that we know more about the
atmosphere and the ways in which it is polluted.
 Air is considered safe when it contains no harmful
dust and gases.
 Types of Pollutants:

A) Depends on origin of air pollutants:

• Produces due to human & natural

environmental activities.
Primary • E.g.: CO, CO2, Methane.
Pollutants

• Produces due to photochemical or chemical

reactions between primary pollutants.
Secondary • E.g.: H2SO4, HNO3 droplets.
Pollutants
B) Depends on physical state of matter:

• E.g.: CO, SO2.

Gas
Pollutant

• Solid, liquid components suspended in the

air which form colloidal state.
Particulate • E.g.: Smog, smoke.
Pollutant
C) Depends on origin:

• Occurs due to natural

Natural environmental activities
Pollutant like Methane gas
production, Ash particles.

• Produced due to various

Man made man made activities like
Pollutant production of CO, CO2,
SO2, Coal, petroleum.
 Causes of Air Pollution:
Major sources of Air Pollution:

 Industries.
 Automobiles and Domestic fuels.
 High Proportion of undesirable gases,
such as sulphur dioxide and carbon
monoxide.
 Dust.
 Mist.
 Smoke.
 Carbon black.
 Aerosols.
 Effects of Air Pollution:
Air Pollution affects?

 Human health.
 Animals.
 Plants.
 The atmosphere as a whole.
 Global warming.
 Ozone depletion(Ozone hole).
 Acid Rain.
 Various respiratory illnesses.
• Indoor Air Pollution: Smoking, wood burning in
home.
• Governmental Acts related to Pollution:
1. Air pollution control act 1955
2. The Air (prevention and control of pollution) Act,
1981.
 How to Avoid Air Pollution:
Yes, we can avoid pollution As:

 Use natural Gases, like LPG (Liquefied Petroleum

Gas) in an autos.

 Do not Burst Crackers.

 Use less amount of Fuel for Vehicles or use electric

vehicles.

 Avoid using and use electric stoves.

 Measurement of Air Pollution:
• As the AQI increases, an increasingly large
percentage of the population is likely to experience
increasingly severe adverse health effects.

• Measurement can be done by Air Quality Index (AQI)

Air Quality Index

Air Quality
(AQI)
Good 0 - 50
Moderate 51 – 100
Unhealthy for sensitive
101 – 150
groups
Unhealthy 151 – 200
Very unhealthy/Alert 201 - 300
 Water Pollution:
• Water pollution is a destruction of quality of water like
chemical, physical and biological quality; by natural
activities (e.g.: volcanic discharge, land-slides, soil
erosion) or man made activities (e.g.: discharge of
various industrial/domestic waste in water source,
agriculture, mining process) which is harmful to
human life by means of toxicity.
• As per WHO, water pollution may be defined as
inclusion of any foreign material either from natural or
other sources into a water body, thereby changing the
natural qualities of water and making it unusable for
its intended purpose.

• Water is mandatory for the survival of all living forms.

Along with domestic use, water is essential for
farming, industry, fishery and tourism etc.

• Availability of water is decreasing abruptly due to

rising population, urbanization and industrialization.

• Due to pollution, the quality of water used is also

being changed.
• The density of water at Standard temperature &
pressure is 0.99602 kg/m3

• Water is called the “Universal solvent" because it

dissolves more substances than any other liquid.

• Water has high dielectric constant, which is very

important to stabilize the substances.

• The dielectric constant is related to separation of

charge within water molecule as a result of its non-
linear bent shape (angle of 104°) Bents Rule
 Acts:
1. Clean Water Act US 1977
2. Water Quality Act 1987
3. Federal Water Pollution Control Act 1972 (FWPCA)

 Measurement:
I. Physical test: pH, TSS (Total Suspended Solid)
II. Chemical test: Impurity, BOD (Biological Oxygen
Demand)
III. Biological test: Bacteria, Microbial growth
 Types of water as per official pharmacopoeia:
1. As per Indian Pharmacopoeia-
a. Purified water
b. Water for injection
c. Sterile water for injection
d. Water for injection in bulk
2. As per United State Pharmacopoeia-
a. Purified water
b. Water for injection
c. Sterile purified water
d. Sterile water for inhalation
e. Sterile water for irrigation
f. Bacteriostatic water for injection
g. Water for haemodialysis
 Hardness of Water:
• Water hardness is the amount of dissolved calcium
and magnesium in water (Dissolved Impurities )

• Hardness causing ions divalent cations, meaning

that they have a charge of positive two. E.g.- Fe2+
Mn2+

Types of Hardness:
A. Tempory hardness &
B. Permanent hardness
 Types of Water Pollutants:

Organic Inorganic
Pollutant Pollutant

Types

Suspended Radioactive
Solid Material material
 Causes of Water Pollution:
 About 40% of deaths worldwide are caused by water
pollution.
 Water pollution is caused by organic & inorganic
industrial wastes & effluents discharged into rivers.
 Industrial Waste
 Marine Dumping
 Sewage and Wastewater
 Oil Leaks and Spills
 Agriculture
 Global Warming
 Radioactive Waste
 Effects of Water Pollution:
 Diseases like Cholera, Malaria, Typhoid (spread
during the rainy season).
 Aquatic life gets destroyed.
 Human life gets disturbed
 Environment: It hits the ecosystem
 It affects soil pollution as well as land pollution
 Irritant smell of water causes air pollution
 It may decrease the pH of water
 Also decreases the amount of dissolved oxygen in
water, hormonal disorders, etc.
 How to Avoid Water Pollution:
1. Rivers should not be used for washing clothes or
bathing animals in.
2. Harvesting of Rainwater to meet water requirements.
3. Dams & embankments (an artificial slope made of
earth) must be created.
4. The rivers must not be contaminated.
5. In rivers the dead bodies shouldn’t thrown.
6. Waste of industries should not be dumped into river.
7. Agricultural waste is also not get discarded into rivers.
8. Prevention of earthquake & deforestation.
 Uses:
1. Domestic use
2. tree plantation
3. Industrial purpose
4. Wine industries
5. Electricity generation, etc.

 Management:
1. Proper waste water treatment plan
2. Sewage water treatment plan
3. Industrial water treatment plan
4. Agricultural water treatment plan.
 Soil Pollution:
• Soil pollution is an undesirable change in the soil
system quality of soil due to contaminant or pollutant
which decrease productivity by means of qualitative,
quantitative yield of soil.
• Soil is s thin covering over the land consisting of a
mixture of minerals, organic materials, living
organisms, air and water.
• Under ideal climatic conditions soft parent material
may develop into a centimeter of soil in 15 years.
• Pollutants may be in the form of the
following:
1. Pesticides, herbicides, fumigants, fertilizers used
on agricultural land.
2. Air pollutants mix with soil with the help of acid
rain.
3. Dumping of domestic waste in landfill.
4. Industrial effluents directly discharge into the soil
E.g.- solvents, heavy metals, etc.
• Sources of soil pollution:
1. Agricultural activities.
2. Industrial activities.
3. Radioactive substances (nuclear reaction).
4. Domestic waste (garbage, plastic, fibers, food
processing waste, etc.)
 Soil profile:
1. The top layer (O horizon): freshly fallen and
decomposed leaves, twigs, animal wastes, fungi and
other organic materials-brown or black in colour.
2. Uppermost layer (A horizon): partially decomposed
organic matter and inorganic mineral particles –
darker and looser.
3. B horizon: subsoil contains less aquatic material and
fewer organisms than A zone.
4. C horizon: weathered parent material
 Causes of soil degradation:
• Erosion
• By wind and water accelerated by human activities
such as farming, construction, overgrazing by
livestock, burning of grass cover, deforestation.
• Excess use of fertilizers which can ultimately harm the
soil fertility and also kills insects which are beneficial.
 Prevention of soil degradation:
Reduce the use of harmful products to the
environment.

1. Buy biodegradable products.

2. Store all liquid chemicals and waste in spill-proof

containers.

3. Eat organic foods that are grown without pesticides.

4. Don't use pesticides if you can.

5. Use a drip tray to collect engine oil.

6. Buy products that have little packaging.

7. Organic farming
8. Use of biofertilizers (at research level)
9. Earthworms-vermicomposting
10. Pest control through microbes – Azadirachta
indica (Neem)
11. At social level: A pollution awareness program to
aware people about health hazards created by
various types of pollution.