POLLUTION

SUBMITTED TO: PROF.ABEER

SUBMITTED BY: IBTASAM MOHSIN
ROLL NO: B1FI8ASOC005
Pollution
 Causes of Pollution
• Through the years, the one thing that humans have agreed upon growing is Industry. We all have it set in our
minds that growing the industry is what is best for the world. But is it?  
• Does it matter that we are erecting massive buildings in our name? Does anyone look at these industries
growing "projects" as pollution?
• All these "projects" are polluting the world we live in. It doesn’t look like they are, but they are.
• Due to lack of development of a culture of pollution control, there has resulted a heavy backlog of gaseous,
liquid and solid pollution in environment. It has to be cleaned. Pollution control is a recent environmental
concern.
• Pollution is a man-made problem, mainly of effluent countries.
• The developed countries have been exploiting every bit of natural resource to convert them into goods for
their comfort, and to export them to needy developing world.
• In doing so, the industrialized countries dump lot of materials in their environment which becomes polluted.
• In one-way pollution has been “exported” to developing countries and around the world. 
Types of pollution
 Air pollution

• Air pollution is the resultant of the direct or indirect change in the physical, chemical or biological
characteristics of atmosphere which mainly results from gaseous emissions from industry, thermal power
stations, automobiles, domestic combustions etc.
• Air pollution caused one in seven new cases of diabetes in 2016, according to a US study, which found even
low levels raised the chances of developing the chronic disease.
• The study estimated that pollution contributed to 3.2 million new diabetes cases globally in 2016 - or around
14 percent of all new diabetes cases globally that year. “Our research shows a significant link between air
pollution and diabetes globally,
• Pollution is thought to reduce the body’s insulin production, “preventing the body from converting blood
glucose into energy that the body needs to maintain health,” according to the research.
• Al-Aly said the research, published in the Lancet Planetary Health, found an increased risk even with levels
of air pollution currently considered safe by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the World
Health Organization (WHO).
 Air pollution

• “This is important because many industry lobbying groups argue that current levels are too stringent and
should be relaxed. Evidence shows that current levels are still not sufficiently safe and need to be tightened,”
he added.
• The main air pollutants are grouped into two major heads:
• (A) Natural source
• Such pollutants are created by the activities of the nature. The natural activities affect only limited area.
• These natural sources are:
• I) Volcano which emits gases, soot, smoke, particulate matters etc.
• ii) Forests fires. iii) Cyclones, typhoon, thunderstorms.
• iv) Fog. v) Decomposition of dead matters, vegetation, animals etc.
 Air pollution

• (B) Man-made source.

• Man-made sources include:
• industry b) automobiles c) farming practices
• thermal power stations e) domestic use equipment
 Noise pollution

• The word noise is derived by the Latin word nausea meaning unpleasant sound which causes discomfort.
Noise may be defined as the wrong sound in the wrong place at the wrong time. Noise pollution, also known
as environmental noise or sound pollution, is the propagation of noise with harmful impact on the activity of
human or animal life. The source of outdoor noise worldwide is mainly caused by machines, transport and
propagation systems.
• Poor urban planning may give rise to noise pollution, side-by-side industrial and residential buildings can
result in noise pollution in the residential areas. Some of the main sources of noise in residential areas include
loud music, transportation noise, lawn care maintenance, nearby construction, or young people yelling (sports
games).
• Thus, the noise is itself pollution which means the unpleasant sound produced in the atmosphere leading to
discomfort or the health hazards.
 Noise pollution

• There are two basic properties of sound:

A. Loudness
• Loudness is the strength of sensation of sound perceived by the individual. It is measured in terms of decibel
(i.e., dB). Loudness is also expressed in sones. Sones are a linear measurement, like inches. Doubling the
sone value is equivalent to doubling the loudness (i.e. one to two, two to four is doubling the sound level
twice). Your 4-sone fan will be more than four times a noisy as a 0.9 sone fan. One sone is equal to the
loudness of 40 dB sound pressure at 1000 Hz.
• B. Frequency
• Frequency of sound is defined as the number of vibrations per second. It is denoted as Hertz (Hz). One hertz
is equal to one vibration per second.
• We hear the sound between 16Hz (i.e., infra- audible) to 20,000 Hz (ultrasonic sound).
 Water pollution

• Water is generally available in two forms on our earth marine (saline) water and fresh water. Saline water
constitutes about 97.5% of the total water present on the earth and is found in oceans or seas. Fresh water is
utilized by man and constitutes only 2.5% of the total water. Out of 2.5% only 0.5% is available for human use.
• Normally water is never pure in a chemical sense but it contains impurities of various kinds i.e. suspended as
well as dissolved. Water is itself a purifying agent but the alternation in its physical, chemical or biological
characteristics which damages the water quality is called water pollution.
• There are numerous sources of water pollution but the major sources are:
• 1. Sewage & other waste 2. Industrial effluents,
• 3. Agricultural discharges 4. Industrial wastes from chemical industries
•The followings are the major water pollutants:
•1. Organic pollutants 2. Inorganic pollutants
•3. Thermal Pollutants 4. Sediment
•5. Radioactive materials
 Water pollution

•Effects of water pollution are:

•I. The pathogens found in sewage are responsible for many diseases.
•ii. It makes water unfit for drinking and domestic use.
•iii. Decrease in dissolved oxygen (DO) leads to production of foul odor in water.
•iv. The self-purifying ability of water is lost.
•v. Industrial effluents have deleterious effects on living organisms and may cause death.
•vi. Industrial effluents impart colour, foul odor and turbidity to receiving water.
•vii. Thermal pollutants accelerate the activities of pathogenic organisms and thus give an impetus to their
population.
•viii. Radioactive wastes present in water cause cancer, eye cataract, DNA breakage and carcinoma in man.
•ix. Radioactive wastes destroy the biological immune system.
•x. Sediment reduces the light penetration and lowers the photosynthetic activity of aquatic plants.
 Soil pollution

•The undesirable changes in physical, chemical and biological characteristics of soil, which are harmful for all living
beings, are collectively known as soil pollution. Soil pollution is quite different from air pollution and water pollution as
in soil pollution pollutants remain in direct contact with soil for a relatively longer period.

• It is typically caused by industrial activity, agricultural chemicals, or improper disposal of waste. The most common
chemicals involved are petroleum hydrocarbons, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (such as naphthalene and
benzo(a)pyrene), solvents, pesticides, lead, and other heavy metals.
•Sources of soil pollution:
•There are various sources for soil pollution but the main sources are:
•1. Man-Made Sources:
•a) Agricultural Practices b) Disposal of solid wastes on land c) Mining activities
•d) Biological agents e) Radioactive pollutants f) Heavy metal pollutants.
•2. Natural sources:
a) Volcanoes b) tsunami waves c)storms near desert areas etc.
 Effects of soil pollution

i. Excessive use of fertilizers and pesticide chemicals does not allow microbial flora and fauna in soil to
flourish.
•ii. Excessive use of nitrogen and phosphatic fertilizers makes the soil deficient in other micronutrients like Zn,
Co etc., and causes nutrition imbalances.
•iii. Soil fertility is reduced or adversely affected if pesticides remain in soil for longer period.
•iv. Pesticides like DDT, dieldrin etc. are known to seep gradually through soil into ground water and thus
contaminate public drinking water supplies.
•v. Farm animals can even die by drinking stagnant water in fields contaminated with pesticide.
•vi. Some of the industrial wastes are extremely toxic for organisms.