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    Humanities Unit 1

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    khuship200102

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    bl . UNEP-E stan and societ Society and its fextures- Social Indian Philosophy-its characteristic: lism nd secrets. Methodological individualism. struct: ‘tutions; Social Stratification and Change; Contemporst: and Cross-culiural Issues. aries of mane SOCIETY Introduction Ihe society in which we live determines everything. from the food we eat to the choices we niny “companion” or “be make. The word society comes fron the katin root soci, me; + A society Consists of people who share a territory. who interact with exch other. yf swith others. and who share @ culture. Some societies are, in fact, groups of people united ndship.or common inierests. Qur respective societies texch us how to behave, what to believe. and how we'll be punished if we don’t fallow the tay seme in place, Sociologists study the way people lea abou their own society's cultures and how they place within those cultures. They also examine the ways in which people from differing cultures interact and sometimes clash—and how mutual understanding and respect might be reached. What Isa Society? Accord ociniogists, society is a groigp of people with common territors interaction and culture. Sa ' jal groups consis! of two or more peapty eho interact and identity w Hong anoiler © Territory: Most countries have formal hoy ndaries and ter tthe world recognizes as theirs. However. a society's bound don’t nave to be geopolitical bore! such as the one between the United States and Canada. Instead, members of society. as well as nonmembers, must recognize particular land as belonging to that society, Example: The society of the fluid but definable land boundaries Lacated in a South American rain forest. Yumanamo territory extends along the border of Brazil and Fenezuela, White outsiders y suit have a hard i e determining where Yanomamo tand bi hbors hi hbor ins and ends. the Vesaon. aie and th ene traithi discerning which land ix th und whtel js nen — X Scanned with CamScanner c in contact with one anoth ion: Members of a sociely must come in contact will ‘another. Hy yy, «Interaction: Members of y thy people within a country his no regular contact with another group, those yrony of people a cannot be considered part of the ame society. Geographic distance and lanpuape barriers ean separate societies within « country Examples Although Islan was practiced in both parts of the country, the residents of Bast Pakistan spoke Bei gali, while the residents of West Pakistan spoke Urdu Geographic distance, language differences, and ather factors proved insurmountable In 1971, the nation split into two countries, with West Pakistan assuming the name Pakistan and East Pakistan becomingBangladesh, Within each newly formed people had a common culture, history, and language, and distance was no longer a factor. Culture: People of the same society share aspects of their culture, such as languae or beliefs. Culture refers to the language, values, beliefs, behavior, and material objects that constitute a people's w y of life, Iisa defi ing clement of society Example: Some features of American culture are the English language. a democratic system of government, cuisine (such as hamburgers and corn on the cob), and a belief in individualism and freedom, Types of s The society we live jn didnot spring up overnight; human societies have evolved slowly over many rtfennia, However, throughout history, technological developments have sometimes brought about dramatic change that has propelled human society into its next age. Hunting aud Gathering Societies, Hunting an fathering societies survive by hunting game and gathering edible plans. Until about 12,000 years ago, I societies were hunting and gathering societies, There are five basic characteristics of hunting and ithering societi The primax stitution is the f family, which decides how food is to be shared and how. ‘alized, ‘and which provides for the protection ofits members, They tend to be small, with fewer than fifly members Scanned with CamScanner cas when the current food supply ina tiven area has been exhausted. Members display a high level of interdependence Labor division is based on sex. men hunt, and women gather The first social revolution the domestication of plants and animals—led to the birth of the horticultural and pastoral societies. ‘Twilight of the Hunter-Gatherers Hunting and gathering societies are slowly disappearing, as the encroachment of civil destroys the land they depend on. The Pygmie in Africa are one of the few remaini socicties. Horticultural Societies Ina horticultural society, hand tools are used to tend crops, The first horticultural societies sprang up about 10,000-12,000 years ago-in-the most-fertile areas of the Middl atin and Asia, The tools they used were simple: sticks or hoe-like instruments used to punch holes in the ground so that crops could be planted. With the advent of horticultural machinery, people no longer had to depend on the gathering of edible plants: hey could now grow their own food. They no longer had to leave an area when the food supply was exhausted, as they could stay in one place until the soil was depleted. Pastoral Societies A pastoral society relies on the domestication and breeding of animals for food, Some geographic regions, such as the desert regions of North Africa. cannot support crops. so these soci learned how to domesticate and breed animals, ‘The members of a pastoral society ‘must move only when the grazing land ceases to be usable, Many pastoral societies still exist in Africa, Latin America, and parts of Asia Job Spe As techniques for raising crops and domesticating and breeding animals improved. soci began to produce more food than they needed, Societies also hecame larger and more Scanned with CamScanner tly rooted to ane location. For the first time in human history, Hol everyone wa, sermanently’ rooted 10,ane [0c roduction of food. As a result, JOP specialization emerged, hers produced crafts, became involved in in the gathering oF p lor raised animals, oth 1 wols or clothing engaged While some people farme trade, or provided such goods as farmn Agricultural Societies sp the horticultural and pastoral societics is considered The invention of the plow durin ablishment of agricultural soci und it fed to the esta ial revolution, 10. Members of nimal harnessed to a plow. The us 1d formed the basic yousand ately five thousand to six th jety tend crops with an approxim an agricultural oragrati als to pull a plow eventually led of anima (0 the creation of cities a structure of most moder societies. followed this general sequence: The development of agricultural soc Animals are used to pull plows. of land can then be cultivated. + Larger area rated during plowing. it yields more erops far longer periods of time, As the soil is Productivity inereases, and as long as there is plenty of food. people do not have to + Towns form, and then citi + Ascrop yields are high, iis no longer necessary’ for every member of the society £0 engage in some form of farming, so some people begin developing other skills. Job specialization increases. Fewer people are directly involved with the production of food, and the economy becomes more complex. Around this same time, the wheel was invented. along with writing, numbers, and what we .¢ third social ngine=t would today call the arts. However, the invention of the ste reyolution—was what (ook humans from agricultural to industrial society. Roots of Gender Inequalit Scanned with CamScanner As people moved ssa domesticating anita and ws them wo do work, les send te laminate mang ofthe, workforce, since physical ste rol aianals By the time societies became werieultural, males all but dominated the production of food, Since then, nore prestige bas been accorded to traditionally male sobs than 10 traditionally female jobs. and rence. to males more tha go feral i Industrial Societies ‘An industrial society uses advanced sourees.of energy, rather than humans and animals, to run large machinery. Idusrialization began fn the wid 700s, when te sen ensine was first used in Great Britain as a means of running other machines, By the twentieth century, industrialized socicties had changed dramatically «People and goods traversed much longer distances heeause of innovations in transportation, such as the train and the steamship «| Rural areas lost population because more and more people were eng in factory work and had to move to the cities. «Fewer people were needed in agriculture, and so cieties becameurbanized. which means that the orty of the population tived within commuting distance of major city. © Sabu ew up around cities toprovide city-dsellers with alterative places (0 live “The twentieth century also saw the invention ofthe automobile and the harnessing of electricity, leading to faster and casi transportation, better food storage, mass ‘communication. and much more. Occupational specialization. became.even more pronounced. anda person's voeation became more of an identifier than his or her family ‘as was common in nonindustrial societies. rer Gemeinschafi and Gesellschaft Wigs edt staf, Sociologist\Ferdinand “Tannied divided societies into two large : categories: Gemeinschafi societies and Gesellschaf societies. Gemeinse ‘haf societies consist ~ primarily of villages in shich everyone knows everyone else. Relationships-ae fefong and marily of villages in whi based on Kinship. 8 Gesellschaft society is modernized. People Bave Tite iy common with Scanned with CamScanner ctormand based-on.self interest, With Title cong, ter "teh xpected ways. All the evolution transformed Western societies in many’ UnexP: human. uced thie need for 1nd inventions for producing and transporting goods red a formed again, from an industrial to a post formed again, from an industrial 10.8 P The ky bed machines a c i labor so much that the conomy. nom} mn few decad ¥. the type of society that has developed over the past A postindustrial saci stion. There are three major Gatures an economy based on services and technology, not production. There are three ms characteristics of a postindustrial economy’ ws Focus on idea: Vangible goods no longer d — : g, and the ie Need for higher education: F tory work does not require advanced training, an new focus on information and technology means that people must, pursue greater education: ao Shift in workplace from cities to homes: New communications technology allows work to be performed from a varie y of locations. Mass Sc i As industrialized societies grow and develop, they become increasingly different from their npersonal less industrialized counterparts“As they become larger, they evolve into large, Inass socicties, In a mass society, individual achievement is valued over kidship ties, and people often tel isolated from one another. Personal incomes are generally high, and there is People often feel isolated from on USS Ae g great diversity among people [Norms| Every society has expectations about how its members should and should not behave. A norm is a guideline or an expectat Each society makes isp its own-rules for behavior and decides when those rules have been violated and what to do about it, Norms n, for behavior. change constantly Scanned with CamScanner jes How Norms Differ Norms difer widely among societies, the same society UX Different settings: Wherever we go, expectations nd they can event coin group to group with ¢ placed on our behavior. Esen. ‘cihin the same society, these norms change from setting to setting spe: The way we are expected to behave in church differs from the way we are expected to behave at a party. which also differs from the way we should behave in a classroom UZ Different countries: Norms are placespeciic, and what is considered appropriate in ne country may be considered highly inappropriate in another. Insome African coimntries. it’s acceptable for people in movie theaters 10 yell “frequently and make loud comments about the film. In the United States, people are expected tosit quietly during a movie and shouting would be unacceptable. val Different time periods: Appropriate and inappropriate behavior often changes dramatically from one generation to the next. Norms can and do shift over time Example: In the United States in the 1950s. a woman almost never asked a man out an a date, nor did she pay for the date. While some traditional norms for dating prevail. most women today feel comfortable asking men out an dates and paying for some or even all of the CHARACTERIS fed ideal > fools = Gorn = Soucy —= G lolely ICS OF SOCIETY 1. Society isa largest Human group 2. Itsalisfies the needs of its members o 3. One of the characteristics of society is having seyse of belonging & cooperation. It is more or less a permanent association. 4, Itis abstract (Because social relationships can be felt & imagined & cannot be seen) 5, Everyone in society is dependent upon every other member. 6. Itshould be organized. i will be having division of labor. 7. Itshould be having likeness & differences, Due to these differences. variety in human behavior & division of labour & specialization of rale is there. 8. “There is consciousness of kind”. Among the members of society 9, Itis always changing_ 10, It has its own means to survive LL. Itis a self sufficient social system. 12. tt lasts for longer period of time than groups & communi Scanned with CamScanner Te dove of wisdom — & j adiouil vnss lies Haley geneal ata prtlal ee eH orrhy hace focal lehanoary ‘ al institutions. rs ot ae di L413, trill form a social structure thr sh s0% ORIGIN O1 Human beings Human life and society almost go together. Human beings cannot I Human beings are| brolowically [and (psychologicallypequipped to live ; earl tinue, The Society has become an essential condition for human life to arise and to cor - relationship between individual and society is ultimately-one-of the profound of all the problems of soi “Itist on ‘allbecause it involve ems of social philosophy. It is both pllosophicalland focioropical)bec: ¢ itivol Jues on the ather. Human beings the question of practices on the one hand, and, norms and depend on society. It is in the society that an individual is surrounded and encompassed by. it society. xoups in communities and in societ - tk 1 are Social ayimals. They live in social ie at jive without society groups, in society. he has to conform to the norms, culture, a societal force. It is in the society again that s occupy statuses and become members of groups. The question of the relationship between the ons. There are two main. individual and the society is the starting point of many discu: theories regarding the relationship of the individual and society. They are the social contract i 7 ' ; yo Social Contract theory theory and the organismic theory. (Fhe social contract theory throws light on the otigin of the so ety Kecoring to this theory all_men_are_born free and equal. Society came into existence _bécause of the_agreement entered into by the individuals) The classical representatives of this school of thought are ‘Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Rousseau. io. (thomas Hobbes was of opinion » (that society came into being as a me: n nature. Man int confict with his neighbors on account of his essentially selfish nature) The life of man was Solitary poor, nasty, brutish and short’. Every man was an enemy to evéry other men (Ho bes in his book Leviathan has made it clear that man found nothing but grief in the : TR ound Hothing but _grief conpany of his fellows) Since the conditions in the state of nature were intolerable and men vd into a kind of social contract to ensure for themselves Teme oF Social contract 10 ensure for the security and certainty of life and proper ) (By mutual agreement they decided to suncnder their natural rights into the hands ofa few or one with authority to command) The agreement was of each with all and of all with each for the protection of state of nature{was in perpetual other, he contract became binding on the whole community as perpetual sociat rhond) Thus Scanned with CamScanner in order to protect himself against the evil consequences of his own nature man organized himself in society in order to live in peace with all. John Locke John Locke believed tha{man in the state of naturs. sas enjoying an ideal libesty.free from all sorts_of rules and regulations. The state of nature was a state of peace, povdwall_mutual sesigtance and preservation.But there was no recognized system of law and justice. Hence his set by the corruption-and.viciousness of degenerate memythe men peaceful life was full of fears and continual dangers. were forced 0 li (in order to eseape from_this ai ‘io gain certain to civil society or the state. This contract Locke,callesl sox end to the state of nature and substituted it hy civil society (The social contract was no more “than a surrender of rights and powers so that man’s remaining rights would be protected and preserved, The contract sas_for limited and specific purposeS)and what was.given.up.or surrendered to the whole community and man or to an assembly of men. According to Locke the( social later_on contributed to the governmental contcal) The governmental contract was made by’ the society rniences of ill -condition. nd security men made a contract to enter contract his contract put an when it established a government and selected a ruler to remove the inconver fi cent ‘Jean Jacques | au Rousseau the French writer of the 18il his farhous book The Social Contract wrote that man in the state of nature was a noble savage who led a life of primitive simplicity and idyllic happiness.) He was independent, contented, self-sulficient, healthy, fearless and g00d.{{t was only primitive instinct and sympathy which united him with others Vie knew neither right or wrong and was free from all notions of vir Man enjoyed a pure, unsophisticated, innocent life of perfect freedom and equality in the state of nature. But these conditions did not last long( Population increased and)reason was dawned (Simplicity and idyllic happiness disappeared. Families were established, institution of property emerged and human equality was ened, Man began to think in terms of mine and yours of the early state was lost, war, murder, conflicts became the 's was found in the formation of a sivil society. Natural ocial_con 3a result of this contract a When equality and happiness order of the day. [Phe escape from thi jom_gave place to civil freedom multitude of individuals became a collective unity- Virtue of this contract everyone while uniting himself to ail remains as free as before / here was only one contract which was social as well as political, The individual sur himself completely and unconditionally to the will of the body of which he beca member. The body_so created was a moral and collective body and Rousseau calle a civif society Rousseau said that: Scanned with CamScanner ive good as 1 will was that it represented colle que feature of the general e interests of its mesnbers.) 1y siticized as historically these , is nothing (0 y R ment or jal contract bas been wi ; created as a result of voluntary apree tract with others: otf tis of soc contract, Nor can we suppose that mam could cver think ofentering inea STS = wit be lived under conditions of extreme simplicity. ignorance and even DIU oa theory seemed to be mere fiction as state of nature never existed, The most pve - even lived in some form of society however rudimentary OF unorganized. ([here-are-# 7 yo parties to the contract. There cannot be.a one-sided contract ived. by he advoeates of the theory hold that the early individuals entered into the ¢ story tells us the other way. s not the individual Hobbes. for their ndividual safety and security of property: But h ividual and the unit of societ and not from contract to status as fact is not thé pe uni rca distinguished from the prt -ontract arly law was more communal than indi but the family) Society has moved from status (0 contract a the theorists of the social contract argued. According to Sir Henry Maine co beginning of society but the end of it. yo Herlert” Spencer Organismric-theary is another vital theory-of the origin-of-humarrsoziety. Plato, “Arist d Novico were the main exponents of this theory. “They have Herbert Spencer, Spengler 3 impared the society with a living human body or organism. ie ‘According to them, sqeiety is nothing but a kind of living organism. biological organism. In ideo *8éGiety is a_living organism possessing organs. other words,(the organismic theo} mong ail these scholars which perform functions analogues to these of a plant or-animal’ Herbert Spencer has occupied unique place, because of this significant contribution in the Organismic Theo field of organismic theory or society. ‘According to Spencer, society is not merely a collection of individuals, it is more than that, ncer developed the organismic just as an organism is mere than a mere collection of ceils4 theory by making an elaborate i veen-the society and the organism. He thinks that society is like a biologica! system a greater organism, a like in its structure and functions. Like an organism, sociely_isalsa_subject_of the_same_process of gradual growth or development fiom simple ta complex "slate. Like an, organism, society is also exhibits differentiation in functions and integration in_siructure"$ Thus according to the organismic theory of society, society is an organism whose structure and function resemble those of the ' human beings and which also develops according to the same laws: ‘in the following important Herbert Spencer indicates that society resembles an organism Scanned with CamScanner Giety ike organism grows of develops zeaually. The hu 1 organism poes through the Jaws of development, maturation and decline, Similarly society also passes through some tears such asthe laws of birth, growth and choy. dasa” gous. % oAociety and organism differential structure tunct

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