CHEMISTRY

Grade IX

“Effect of change of temperature on different states of

matter”

 Effect of change of temperature on Solids:

Temperature is merely a measurement of the amount of heat energy
present in the surroundings. When a substance is placed in surroundings of
a different temperature, heat is exchanged between the substance and the
surroundings, causing both to achieve an equilibrium temperature. So
when an ice cube is exposed to heat, its water molecules absorb heat
energy from the surrounding atmosphere and begin to move more
energetically, causing the water ice to melt into liquid water.

 Effect of change of temperature on Liquids:

When we supply heat energy to water, particles start moving even faster. At
a certain temperature a point is reached when the particles have enough
energy to break free from the forces of attraction of each other. At this temp.
the liquid starts changing into gas and finally gets converted into gas .

 Effect of change of temperature on Gases:

When we supply heat energy to gases the kinetic energy of particles
increases and the particle motion increases and the particles move with a
greater speed.

“Diffusion”
 Diffusion is the spreading out of particles from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration resulting in the net
movement of a substance.
 Particles will diffuse in all directions and are constantly in motion.
 In biology, diffusion is responsible for the movement of oxygen particles
from inside the alveolus into a red blood cell.
Examples of Diffusion:
 Perfume
 Food Cooking
 Smoke
  Ink in water
 Potassium permanganate in water

Rate of Diffusion
Rate of diffusion is the speed at which particles of a substance diffuse. It depends
on:
1) Temperature - directly proportional (high temp = high rate)
 Rate of diffusion increases with increasing temperature
 Higher kinetic energy of particles causes them to move around at
higher speeds. Hence they spread-out more.
 Example: Tea-bag in hot vs cold water

2) Molecular mass – inversely proportional (high molecular mass = low rate)

 Molecular mass is the mass of each molecule in atomic units
 Higher the molecular mass, lower the rate of diffusion
 Heavier molecules move slower, hence spread-out slower
 Lighter molecules move faster, hence spread out faster