| | ‘This term s derived from the Latin word Table 6. List of Monosaccharide (one saccharide) Glucose Used in dextrose, blood sugar, the form utilized by the human body Galactose Found in milk and milk products Fructose Found in fruits and honey Table 7. List of Disaccharide (two saccharide) Maltose | Glucose+Glucose | Found in malt Sucrose | Glucose+Fructose | Found in regular table sugar, sugarcane and sugar beet Lactose | Glucose+Galactose | Found in milk and mik products Table 8. List of Polysaccharide (many saccharides) Starch/Amylose | Composed of 250-400 glucose molecules connected via -1-4-glycosidic bond Storage form of glucose in plants “Amylopectin ike amylose but has more branches attached via a-1-6- glycosidic bond, Storage form of glucose in plants Glycogen ‘Composed of more glucose, more highly branched (same type of bond as amylopectin) Cellulose ‘Composed of glucose units connected via B14 glycosidic bond, linear chain arranged in parallel manner ‘Structural material in plants cell wall in wood, wood fiber Cannot be digested by humansProteins Proteins are macromolecules substances present in all living cells. It is composed of four elements, namely, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Proteins serve as the major structural components in animal tissues; they are a key part of skin, There are 20 amino acids. The combination of amino acids creates protein. ‘Amino acids are joined together with a peptide bond. Proteins are called polypeptides. Table 9. Examples of Proteins and it's description. Protein Description Keratin Fibroin/Sik protein Tis @ structural protein found in hairs, skin and nails. Sheep's wool is made largely of keratin. Fibroin is found in silk. Sik has a smooth and soft texture. Its one of the strongest natural fibers that have high resistance to deformation. It is also a good insulation Collagen Collagen is a major insoluble fibrous protein found in connective tissues such as tendons, ligaments, skin, cartilage and the comea of the eye. It comprises ‘as much as 30% of proteins in animals. Myoglobin ‘Myoglobin is @ polypeptide that stores ‘oxygen in muscles. Itis a globular protein ‘comprised of 153 amino acids in a single Polypeptide chain. It contains a heme ‘group which has an iron (Il) ion at its ‘enter. This 1S where the oxygen is stored. Hemoglobin Hemoglobin is a globular protein that carries oxygen from the lungs to the bloodstream. itis composed of four sub- Units, each containing @ heme group that enables it to transport four oxygen molecules at atime. Enzymes function to catalyze chemical reactions. They either speed up a reaction, lower the needed energy for a reaction to take place, or bind substances to their spectc partners. Enzymes themselves are very specific as can be seen in their shape. Examples of enzymes are below: 1. Lipase - help in digestion of fats 2. Pepsin -help in breaking down proteins into peptides (smaller units) 3. Sucrase - also called invertase, help inthe digestion of sugars and starchesis ‘The word lipid comes from the Greek word lipos which means fat. Lipids are a family of biomolecules having varied structures. They are grouped together simply because of their hydrophilic property (water-fearing). They are soluble in non-polar solvents such as ether, acetone, and benzene. Lipids can be classified into four categories: wax, triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids Fatty acids Fatty acids are long-chain carboxylic acids that are insoluble in water. Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated. Saturated fatty acids contain single bonds in its hydro-carbon chain whereas unsaturated fatty acids contain double bonds. Unsaturated fatty acids have a low melting point and are liquid at room temperature whereas saturated fatty acids are solid at room temperature. Common examples of saturated fatty acids are animal fats, palm oil and coconut oll. Examples of unsaturated fatty acids are plant and vegetable oil, canola oil and fish oil. Triglyceride Fat and oil are the most common examples of lipids. They are under triglycerides because they are composed of glycerol and three fatty acids. Fat refers to solid triglyceride usually from animal sources such as meat, milk, butter, margarine, eggs, and cheese. Oil refers to liquid triglycerides from plant sources. Examples are live oil, com cil, sunflower oil, and soybean oil. Animal fat contains high percentages of saturated fatty acids while plant oil are mostly unsaturated fatty acids.Phospholipids Phospholipids contains glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group. Unlike other lipids, phospholipids have a polar and non-polar end. This property allows it to transport molecules in the bloodstream. It is also a major component in the cell membrane. The two parts of a phospholipid can be termed as the hydrophilic head (phosphate group) and hydrophobic tail (fatty acid group). This dual property allows phospholipids to form a phospholipid bilayer. In this configuration, the hydrophilic head sticks out while the hydrophobic tail is tucked in and away from the watery environment. This is why phospholipids are suitable as cell membrane. Extracellular Phospholipid bilayer Intracellular Hydrophobic tail Hydrophilic head Figure 8. The phospholipid bilayer consists of two adjacent sheets of phospholipids, arranged tail to tail ‘Source: “Phospholipid Bilayer,” Boundless.com accessed January 21, 2019, https://www. boundless. com/biology/textbooks/1514/biological- ‘macromolecules-3/lipids-55/ Steroids Steroid came from the Greek word stereos meaning solid. The steroid groups are very wide, ranging from sterol and bile acid to sex hormones to adrenal hormones to hormones regulating the molting of insects and many more. Cholesterol is one of the most common steroids. Cholesterol is a precursor for steroid hormone synthesis and is also used in membrane construction. ‘The most common examples of nucleic acids are DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). DNA is a nucleic acid that carries the genetic code of organisms. It is fondly termed as the blueprint of life. RNA, on another hand, carries the information from the DNA to the cellular factories for the synthesis of proteins. The basic structural unit for nucleic acids are nucleotides. A nucleotide has three parts: nitrogenous base, five-carbon carbohydrate or sugar and phosphate group“base "— re. ® ww cle o O- P-0——cH . a o deoxyribose | — or ribose sugar phosphate oa Figure 9. General structure of the nucleotide. Source: “Nucleotides: Structure and Component,” Study.com, accessed January 19, 2020, httpsi//study.com/academy/lesson/nucleotides-structure- ‘components-quiz.htm! Table 10. The difference between DNA and RNA DNA RNA Nitrogenous bases ‘Adenine, Guanine, | Adenine, Guanince, Cytosine and Thymine __| Cytosine and Uracil ‘Sugar group Deoxyribose ribose ‘Strand Double stranded Single stranded The sequence of the base pairs in one’s DNA is unique for every organism (except for identical twins). The DNA and the cell containing it determine the kind of protein that will be synthesized. The different proteins are then responsible for the processes that carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and other substances in the body undertake|. Directions. Summarize all the things you have leamed in this lesson Description Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids Elements found in the biomolecule ‘CHO The role or function of the biomolecule Protein synthesis Code of life This biomolecule can be found in foods like. Oil, butter, nuts, fish ‘The sub-units of this molecule ‘Amino Acids. The different kinds of this molecule ‘Structural enzyme, Transport Storage, Antibody. Examples of this biomolecule Canola oil, palm oil, margarine, butter |. True or False Bemreanaasena Sucrose is a disaccharide Starch is composed of many glucose units Fructose is also known as blood sugar . Keratin is easily dissolved in water Proteins are made up of nucleotides . The iron group of hemoglobin is called a heme group . Anucleotide has three parts: nitrogenous base, sugar, and phosphate group DNA has a double helix structure . Triglyceride is a protein 0. Generally, unsaturated fatty acids remain solid at room temperature