STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY: Fourth Quarter

T E S T I NG
 Module 1-2:
Null and Alternative
Hypotheses,
Parameters
Hypothesis testing

Hypothesis is a proposition or claim that has not

been proven.
Hypothesis Testing
Is a decision-making process for evaluating claims
about a population based on the characteristics of
a sample supposedly coming from that population.
The decision is whether the characteristic is
acceptable or not.
Steps in Hypothesis Testing

1. State the Null Hypothesis (Ho)

and the Alternative Hypothesis (Ha).
2. Choose the tailed test and level of
significance (α).
3. Find an appropriate test statistic,
and establish the critical region.
Steps in Hypothesis Testing

4. Collect the data and compute the value of

the test statistic from the sample data.
(computations)
5. Make the decision. Reject Ho if the value of
the test statistic belongs in the critical
region. Otherwise, do not reject Ho.
6. Make a conclusion.
Types of Hypotheses
1. Null Hypothesis, Ho
The null hypothesis (Ho) is the
hypothesis that is being tested; it is a statement
that there is no difference between parameter and
a specific value.
Parameters : Mean ( - average
Proportion (p) –percentage
Variance (
Standard Deviation ()
Types of Hypotheses

2. Alternative Hypothesis (Ha / H1 )

The alternative ahypothesis (Ha). It is

contradiction of the null hypothesis. It is a statement
that there is a difference between a parameter and a
specific value.
 Rules for Hypotheses
H0 is always stated as an equality claim
involving parameters (using = ) .
Ha is an inequality claim that contradicts H0.
(using either > or <) or (using ≠).
 Stating Hypotheses
H0 : parameter = value
Ha : parameter > / < / ≠ value

H0 : p = 52%
Ha : p ≠ 52%
EXAMPLE 1

The barangay chairman claims that the

average age of all the identified senior citizens at
Paradahan I is 64 years old. State the null and
alternative hypotheses in symbols.
H0 use =
Ha use > , < or ≠).
H0 : = 64
Ha : ≠ 64
EXAMPLE 2

A researcher claimed that the proportion of

people who use herbal medicine in treating
diseases is less than 15%. State the null and
alternative hypotheses in symbols.

H0 : p 15%
Ha : < 15%
EXAMPLE 3

The principal claimed that the mean

age of graduating senior high school
students in TNTS is more than 18
years old.
H0 : 18
Ha : > 18
EXAMPLE 4

A researcher claims that the

percentage of passing rate in Statistics
and Probability is higher than 95%.
Different groups saying that it is wrong.

H0 : p= 95%
Ha : > 95%
EXAMPLE 5

According to a local newspaper, the

average internet usage in the
Philippines is not 3.5 hrs. Test the
claim.
H0 : = 3.5
Ha : ≠ 3.5
Module 1, part 2:
Types of Error
Type of Error
1. A student cheat in the exam to have a
passing score. Is he committing an error?
If so, what type of error is this ?
Answer:
Type II error.
Examples

2. Maria is actually failed. She insists that

she passed the subject where in fact she
did not submit any requirements.
What error is Maria committing?
Answer:
Mary is rejecting the truth. She is
committing a type I error
3. Stephen said he is not late. He arrived
7:05 where in fact their class time is 7:00.
Is he committing an error? If so, what type
of error?
Answer:
This is a type I error.
4. Mary Anne went with her barkada in Ilocos
trip without telling her parents about this. Is
she committing an error?
Answer:
Type II error.
Module 3: Tailed Test
Tailed-Test
• When the alternative
hypothesis utilize the symbol ,
the test is said to be non-
directional.
• Is also called a two -tailed
test.
• Rejection/ Critical Regions are
in both tails.
Tailed-Test
• When the alternative hypothesis utilize
the symbol , the test is said to be
directional.
• May either be
– one tailed- left tailed or one tailed-
right tailed.
– Rejection/Critical Regions maybe in
one of the tails.
EXAMPLE 1

The barangay chairman claims that the

average age of all the identified senior citizens at
Paradahan I is 64 years old. State the null and
alternative hypotheses in symbols.
H0 : = 64
Ha : ≠ 64

Two-tailed test
EXAMPLE 2

A researcher claimed that the average duration

of treating a COVID-19 is less than fifteen days.
State the null and alternative hypotheses in
symbols.
H0 : 15
Ha : < 15
One tailed, left- tailed test
EXAMPLE 3

The principal claimed that the mean

age of graduating senior high school
students in TNTS is more than 18
years old.
H0 : 18
Ha : > 18
One tailed, right- tailed test
EXAMPLE 4

The average IQ of Grade 11 students is

higher than 120.

H0 : 120
Ha : > 120

One tailed, right- tailed test

Rejection and Acceptance
Region
Hypothesis Testing-

Critical Region/Rejection
region
A critical region or rejection
region is the set of values of the
test statistic for which the null
hypothesis will be rejected.

If the computed falls on the critical/ rejection

region (shaded part) the decision is to Reject
Ho
 Acceptance Region
The acceptance region is the set
values of the test statistic for
which the null hypothesis will not
be rejected.
The acceptance and rejection
regions are separated by a critical
value of the test statistic.
If the computed falls on the acceptance region
(shaded part) the decision is Do not Reject
Ho
Module 4: Test Statistic and
Computation
Z- test
• Statistical test for the mean of a
population. It can be used when the
sample size is greater than or equal to 30
(n30), or when the population is normally
distributed and σ is known. The formula
for the z test is.
z=
where: = sample mean
µ = hypothesized mean
= population standard deviation
n = sample size
 t- test
• Statistical test for the mean of a population.
It can be used when the sample size is less
than 30 (n < 30), or when the population is
normally distributed and σ is unknown. The
formula for the t test is.
t=
where: = sample mean
µ = hypothesized mean
= sample standard deviation
n = sample size
 Test
Statistic
Test Statistics : Identify the sample and s.d.

n = 100 n > 30 z- test

= 20 is known

n = 12 n < 30 t- test
=5 is unknown
Module 5 :
Critical Value
Level of Significance ( Acceptance and Rejection
Region
a
H0: m = 3 Critical

H1: m < 3 0 Value(s)

Rejection Regions
a
H0: m = 3
0
H1: m > 3 a/2
Rejection
H0: m = 3 Regions
H1: m ¹ 3 0
Level of Significance

Confidence
alpha level
Level

90% 0.10
95% 0.05
99% 0.01
Establishing critical region using critical value

• What is needed?
– T-table
– tailed-test
– Level of significance
– Degrees of freedom
 Establishing critical region
1. α = 0.01, right-tailed test, n = 40
c. v. = 2.33 df = 14

2.33
2. α = 0.05, 2-tailed test, n = 15

c. v. = +2.15
-2.15 2.15
3. α = 0.10, left-tailed test, n = 23

c. v. = -1.32 df = 22

-1.32
Establishing critical region
4. α = 0.01, 2-tailed test, n = 11
df = 10
c. v. = +3.17
-3.17 3.17
5. α = 0.01, left-tailed test, n = 100

c. v. = -2.33
-2.33
6. α = 0.05, right-tailed test, n = 20
df = 19
c. v. = 1.73
1.73
Module 7:Decision and
Conclusion
Decision
 Decision: Do not Reject
 When the computed t-value falls in the
Acceptance Region (Unshaded part)
 Conclusion: There is no significant difference between
population and sample mean
 Decision: Reject
 When the computed t-value falls in the Rejection
Region (Shaded part)
 Conclusion: There is a significant difference between
population and sample mean
 Establishing critical region
1. c. v. = 2.33
Computed t = 1.64
Computed t is at Acceptance Region
2.33
Do not Reject

2. c. v. = +2.15
Computed t = -3.15 -2.15 2.15
Computed t is at Rejection Region
Reject
3. c. v. = -1.32
Computed t = -2.15 -1.32
Computed t is at Rejection Region
Reject
 Module 8
Problem Solving
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING

• 1. State null and alternative hypotheses.

• 2. Determine tailed test and level of
significance.
• 3. Identify test statistic and critical value.
• 4. Computation
• 5. Make a decision
• 6. Draw conclusion.
 EXAMPLE 1
• 1. A manufacturer claims that the average lifetime of his lightbulbs is
36 months. The standard deviation is 8months. Fifty bulbs are
selected, and the average lifetime is found to be 32 months. Should
the manufacturer statement be rejected if the level of confidence to
be used is 95%?
Given:
• Step 1. Ho : = 36 months
36
Ha ≠ 36 months 32
• Step 2.Tailed test : two-tailed test = 8
n = 50
95%, then Level of significance α = 0.05
• Step 3. Test statistic: n = 50 bulbs, z -test
critical values Z= ± 1.96
-1.96 1.96
 EXAMPLE 1 continuation …
Step 4. Computation
Given:
z= =
= -3.54

=8
n = 50

• Step 5. Make a decision.

Reject Ho . Since the computed z = -3.54
-1.96 1.96
can be found in the rejection region.
• Step 6. Conclusion
– Since we Reject Ho , there is a significant difference between the population
mean and sample mean. The average lifetime of lightbulb is not 36 months.
– The manufacturer statement is also rejected.
EXAMPLE 2
2. The owner of the factory that sells a particular bottled fruit juice claims that the
average capacity of their product is greater than 250 ml with the standard
deviation of 5ml. To test claim, a consumer group gets a sample of 100 such
bottles, calculates the capacity of each bottle, and then finds the mean capacity to
be 248 ml. Is the claim true? Use 99% confidence level.

• Step 1. Ho : = 250 Given:

250
Ha > 250 248
• Step 2.Tailed test : one-tailed right-tailed test = 5
n = 100
99%, then Level of significance α = 0.01
• Step 3. Test statistic: n = 100 bottles, z -test
critical values Z = 2.33
2.33
 EXAMPLE 2 continuation …
Step 4. Computation
Given:
z= =
= -4

=5
n = 100
• Step 5. Make a decision.
Do not Reject Ho . Since the computed z = -4
can be found in the acceptance region.
• Step 6. Conclusion
2.33
– Since the decision is Do not Reject Ho , there is no significant difference
between the population mean and sample mean. The average capacity of
bottled fruit juice is 250 ml.
– The claim is not true.
EXAMPLE 3
3. A study claims that all of the students spend an average of less than 5
hours answering module per day. A researcher wanted to check if this claim
is true. A random sample of 25 students showed that they spend an
average of 4.20 hours working on their module per day with a standard
deviation of 2.1 hours. Using the 90% confidence level, test the claim.
• Step 1. Ho : = 5 Given:
5
Ha < 5 4.20
• Step 2.Tailed test : one-tailed left-tailed test = 2.1
n = 25
90%, then Level of significance α = 0.10
• Step 3. Test statistic: n = 25 students, t -test
df = 25-1 = 24, critical values Z = -1.32 -1.32
 EXAMPLE 3 continuation …
Step 4. Computation
Given:
t= =
= -1.91

= 2.1
n = 25
• Step 5. Make a decision.
Reject Ho . Since the computed z = -1.91
can be found in the rejection region.
• Step 6. Conclusion
-1.32
– Since we Reject Ho , there is a significant difference between the population
mean and sample mean. The students spend an average of less than 5 hours
answering their modules.
– The claim is true.