Supplementary Material

1 Supplementary Data
Detailed Alginate production steps:

The biomass from Saccharina latissima is washed at an automatic algae washer with fresh water at
ambient temperature to remove leftover impurities that could reduce the overall yield of the process.
To wash every batch of algae (505 MT of fresh biomass per batch) in 8.5 hours, 6 units operating at
10 MT per hour are needed. Afterwards, washed biomass is grinded to increase the contact area of
the algae during further processing.

Treated biomass will be subjected to enzyme assisted extraction in a stirred tank reactor with a
loading of 5% DW. High dilution of the biomass is required to prevent extreme process viscosities
because of the extracted alginate. Following previous studies on liquefaction of brown algae using
different hydrolases (Sabeena et al., 2020), the biomass will be subjected to enzymatic reaction with
an alcalase (with endo and exo protease activities) at a loading of 0.1% of the total dry weight for 3
hours at 50°C. It is assumed from the work of Sabeena and company that 70% of the biomass
components will be extracted from the biomass. (Sabeena et al., 2020)

Sterner and Edlund determined that the chelation strength of an extraction media with sodium citrate
in low alkaline solutions increased the extraction yield of alginate, increased its purity, and gave the
optimal G:M ratio. Furthermore, immediately after the enzymatic reaction, sodium citrate will be
charged to the reactor at a loading of 5% of the initial biomass dry weight and pH will be adjusted to
9.3. Alginic acid (guluronic acid and mannuronic acid) will be converted into sodium alginate.
(Sterner & Edlund, 2016a)

1.42 Guluronic Acid+1.58 Mannuronic Acid+1 Sodium Citrate→1 citric acid+3 NaAlginate

It is assumed that all the alginic acid released from the EAE will be converted into a completely
soluble sodium alginate (Hernández-Carmona et al., 1998). During the extraction and the alginate
solubilization, an increase of process viscosity is expected (Hernández-Carmona et al., 1999),
therefore, the power consumption of the equipment was calculated based on the empirical equations
for viscous substances in stirred tank reactor (Ameur et al., 2017), the reactor design and the
maximum viscosity of 4000 mPa s reported by Hernandez-Carmona (Hernández-Carmona et al.,
1999). This resulted on a specific power consumption of 2.52 kW m-3.

Next, all the contents are sent to a receiving tank to free the reactors for the next batch and to follow
to the rest of the process in a continuous way. While transferring out the contents form the receiving
tanks, the stream will be diluted in-line at a ratio of 1.4 MT of water per MT of extracted media to
reduce the viscosity and increase the filtration yields. The diluted content will be filtered in rotatory
filtration units to remove the debris and the unextracted biomass.

The permeate will react with a solution of 10% calcium chloride. The triple valance of the Ca+3
cations will replace the sodium molecules from the alginate and will create crosslinked structures
through the guluronic acids, increasing the polymerization of alginate, the viscosity and induce
precipitation of calcium alginate (Mchugh et al., 2001).

1 CaChloride+ +2 NaAlginate→1 CaAlginate+2 NaChloride+2 Water

The yield of this reaction is 45.3% of the sodium alginate. It is important to mention that, although
sodium alginate is soluble, when the ratio of calcium and sodium alginate is near 1:1, the mixed
crosslinks with guluronic acid will induce the precipitation of almost all the alginates; furthermore, a
precipitation efficiency of 100% is assumed.

All the precipitated alginates will be retained through a screen filtration unit. It will be then treated
with 3 consecutive chlorohydric acid washings at pH 3 with a residence time of 0.5 hours at ambient
temperature. The calcium cations will be displaced by the strong acid and convert the calcium
alginate back into alginic acid.

1 CaAlginate+2 HCl+2 Water→1 CaChlorde+2 Alginic Acid

The overall yield of conversion after the three washing steps is 63%.

The amount of calcium alginate in the final product is one of the determinants factors of its gelling
properties (Jiao et al., 2019), therefore it is not desired to completely remove it. The pH of the
process can be altered to increase or decrease the yields of this reaction depending on the desired
application and gelling properties of the final product (Hernández-Carmona et al., 2002).

The alginate will be then filter pressed to reduce the water content in the cake to 70%. The dewatered
cake will be then neutralized in an extruder while mixed with sodium carbonate at mass ratio of 2.2
kg of carbonate per kg of alginate. The alginic acid will once again react with the sodium ions to
produce sodium alginate.

A neutral mixture of sodium and calcium alginate will be dried in a fluid bed drier for where water
will be removed to a final water content of dry weight of 86%.

By-Product Processing Steps

As an immediate by-product, the permeated protein from the ultrafiltration step will be spray dried.
This protein is considered as a food additive, their functionality properties are not considered due to
lack of research on the topic.

After the micro-diafiltration step, the debris will be further treated to obtain the biostimulant and
animal feed by-products. The retentate will be subjected to a second enzymatic treatment with the
same protease mixture and conditions as in the previous protease reaction. During this step, besides a
second extraction, the soluble protein that was retained will be hydrolyzed into smaller peptides.
After the reaction, the protease is not deactivated because, for both the biostimulant and the animal
feed, smaller peptides are desired as they increase the nitrogen uptake(Goñi et al., 2021; Kocira et al.,
2020) and digestibility(Echave et al., 2021; Hou et al., 2017; O’ Connor et al., 2020), respectively.
Detailed Laminarin and Fucoidan production steps:

The highlighted novelty of this process is not only the EAE extraction of the polysaccharides, but the
ultrafiltration techniques used to concentrate and purify the laminarin and fucoidan.

During this process, the steps until alginate precipitation are nearly identical to the alginate
production biorefinery in the previous section; with the only differences being the enzyme mixture in
the extraction and the removal of the dilution step after storage.

Few studies have researched the EAE of brown algae focusing on fucoidan and laminarin, rather than
alginate. The extraction conditions and yields were obtained from the work of Nguyen and
colleagues. During the EAE an enzymatic mixture of cellulase and alginate was added at a 4% (w/w)
of biomass solids for 3 hours. The extraction results from the hydrolysis of the structural
polysaccharides cellulose and alginate, thus reducing the overall viscosity and releasing the lower
molecular weight polysaccharides and peptides. (Nguyen et al., 2020) A yield of 30% fucoidan
release was reported by Nguyen, for this simulation this same percentage is assumed as overall
extraction efficiency.

After precipitation of leftover alginate, the aqueous filtrate will be subjected to different filtration and
dialysis operations to concentrate the stream and separate fucoidan from laminarin streams. Fucoidan
has been reported to have a varying molecular weight between 200-500 kDa (Nguyen et al., 2020;
Wang et al., 2021), while laminarin is considerably smaller, ranging from 3 to 10 kDa (Graiff et al.,
n.d.; Wang et al., 2021).

An initial ultra-diafiltration step is used to wash and concentrate fucoidan and laminarin using a
MWCO of 5 kDa. At a flux of 30 L m-2h-1 , which is within the range of industrial ultrafiltration
capacities (Harrison et al., 2015). Afterwards, the filtration strategy followed for the simulation is
based on the work reported by Sterner and Gröndahl. In short, the washed retentate will be
ultrafiltered at a MWCO of 50 kDa. The permeated laminarin will be concentrated at a MWCO of 5
kDa. (Sterner & Gröndahl, 2021) The overall retention yields vary among different studies. To
simplify, the retention percentage of fucoidan and laminarin for 50 kDa and 5 kDa, respectively, is
assumed to be 80%. The effect of the variation in the yield of retention will be further explored in the
sensitivity analysis. A final spray drying step polishes the product for selling.

As for the by- product processing, the recovered alginate will be mixed with the debris left from
rotatory filtration and processed into a biostimulant and feed as on the previous simulation. In this
scenario, the two sub-products will have higher alginate concentration and thus have increase the
overall quality. 172,808 MT and 42,150 MT of biostimulant and animal feed, respectively, are
produced every year.
Supplementary Material should be uploaded separately on submission. Please include any
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Supplementary material is not typeset so please ensure that all information is clearly presented, the
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2 Supplementary Figures and Tables

2.1 Supplementary Figures

 Water-1

Grinding
Protease
S. latissi ma Washing
WWS-1 Water-2
Enzym e Assisted Extraction
Na-Citrate
NaOH

Water-4
Hum. Air-2

Dilution Sludge Drying

Water-5
Air-2
Feed
Water-3

Protein Hydrolysis
WWS-4
Protease-2
Belt Filtration
Storage Dilution Rotary FIltration

Ultrafiltration

Biostimulant
CaCl2
Diluted Polysaccharides

HCl-1 HCl-2 HCl-3

Screen FIltration
Alginate Precipitation
Acid Reaction Acid Reaction Acid Reaction

Hum. Air-1
Na2CO3

Mixing

Air-1
Extrusion
Fluid Bed Drying Alginate
Belt Filtration
WWS-3

Supplementary Figure 1. Integrated process flow diagram for alginate production based on enzyme
assisted extraction.
 WSH-101

GR-101

PM -101

V-101

STG01 > V-101

V-102

M X-101

RVF-101

M X-103

V-104
All Equipment

M X-102
Legend
V-103
B# 1
CSP-101 B# 2
B# 3
V-110 B# 4

V-109

V-108

BF-101

M X-107

XD-101

FBDR-101

BF-102

UF-104

SLDR-101

h 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64
day 1 2 3

Supplementary Figure 2. Equipment occupancy chart for alginate biorefinery from S. latissima.
Protein Ultrafiltration Unlisted
Hydrolysis 10.58% Sludge Drier Equipment
7.52% 0.18% 20.00%
Fluid Bed Dry-
ing
0.45%
Algae Washer
Neutraliza- 3.98%
tion/Extrusion
1.42%
Belt filtration Grinding
Feed 0.75%
3.33%
Belt Filtration
Alginate
0.66%

Acid Reaction
1
0.51%
Rotatory Alginate Enzyme As-
Microfiltra- precipita- sisted Extrac-
Storage tion
tion 7.88% tion 33.25%
6.77% 2.66%

Supplementary Figure 3. Distribution of equipment costs for alginate biorefinery of S. latissima.

Utilities
Waste Treatment/Disposal 0.0325784139232007
0.0176342069083119 16%
9% Raw Materials
0.0839690991058202
41%

Laboratory/QC/QA
0.00226582399897686
1%

Other Facility-Dependent Labor-Dependent

0.0524422086988031 0.0150998092274244
26% 7%

Supplementary Figure 4. Distribution of the partial unitary production costs for alginate biorefinery
of S. latissima. Expressed as € kgFW-1 and % of cost.
 Water-1

S. latissi ma Enzym e Assisted Extraction

Washing Enzyme Mix

Grinding Water-2
WWS-1 Na-Citrate
NaOH

AirExh-5

Sludge Drying
Water-5
Storage Rotary Vacuum Filtration
Protein Hydrolysis
Feed
Air-3

Protease

S-125
Belt Filtration

CaCl2

Ultrafiltration

Mixing
Biostimulants

Neutralization
Screen filtration

WWS-3

Water-4 Hum. Air-2

Hum. Air-1

Ultrafiltration 5 kDa

Ultrafiltration 50 kDa

Air-1 Air-2
Spray Drying Spray Drying

Diafiltration 1 kDA WWS-2 Fucoidan Laminarin

Supplementary Figure 5. Integrated process flow diagram for laminarin and fucoidan production
based on enzyme assisted extraction.
 WSH-101
GR-101
PM -101
V-101
STG01 > V-101
V-102
RVF-101
All Equipment

V-103
V-104
Legend
M X-102
B# 1
CSP-101 B# 2
UF-101 B# 3
UF-102
B# 4

SDR-102
UF-103
SDR-101
UF-104
BF-102
SLDR-101
h 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64
day 1 2 3

Supplementary Figure 6. Equipment occupancy chart for laminarin biorefinery from S. latissima.
Unlisted Spray drying of Spray Drying of Enzyme Assisted
Equipment Laminarin Fucoidan Extraction
20.00% 3.52% 1.42% 10.73%
Centrifugal Pump
0.04%
Protein Hydrolysis
5.07%

Sludge Dryer
0.11% Neutralizer
0.63%

Rotatory Microfil- Grinding

tration 0.45%
1.08%

Recieving Tank
Ultrafiltration 2.42%
Biostimulant
6.55%

Belt Filtration
4.38%

Ultrafiltration - 5 Ultrafiltration - 50
kDa kDa Diafiltration Seaweed Washer
2.75% 5.49% 32.98% 2.39%

Supplementary Figure 7. Distribution of equipment costs for laminarin and fucoidan biorefinery of
S. latissima.
Utilities
Waste Treatment/Disposal 0.0475886985899882
0.0165066237517186 7.41%
2.57%

Laboratory/QC/QA
0.00226156092466082
0.35%

Other Facility-Dependent
0.0883969774803099
13.77% Labor-Dependent
0.0150720992443701 Raw Materials
2.35% 0.471033827494698
73.38%
Supplementary Figure 8. Distribution of the partial unitary production costs for laminarin and
fucoidan biorefinery of S. latissima. Expressed as € kgFW-1 and % of cost.
2.2 Supplementary Tables
Table S 1. Operational parameters, equipment properties and cost for alginate production using
enzyme assisted extraction
#
Process Operational parameter Equipment Properties Yield Unit Cost (€) Total Costs
Units
Seaweed washing Water load (L/kgBiomass) = 9 Max throughput (MT/h) = 10 - 261,000 6 1,566,000
Time (h) = 8.5 Installation factor = 0
Power (kW) = 50 Maintenance factor = 0.1
Temperature (°C) = 25°C
Labor (labor-h/h) = 0.5
Grinding Throughput per unit (MT/h) = 59.4 Max throughput (MT/h) = 60 - 296,000 1 296,000
Time (h) = 8.5 Installation factor = 0
Specific power consumption (kW/kg-h) = Maintenance factor = 0.1
0.15
Labor (labor-h/h) = 0.1
Enzyme Assisted Extraction (EAE) Temperature (°C) = 50°C Volume (m3) = 200 77% 581,000 22 12,782,000
Yield = 70% H/D = 3 Extracted alginate
Reaction Time (h) = 3 Installation factor = 0.3
Specific Power (kW/kg-h) = 2.52 Maintenance factor = 0.1
Heating agent = Steam
Labor (labor-h/h) = 1
Alginate Solubilization (Immediately Temperature = 56°C - 100% - -
after EAE)
Yield = 90% Of extracted alginate
Reaction time (h) = 3
Specific Power (kW/kg-h) = 2.52
Heating agent = Steam
Labor (labor-h/h) = 1
Storage Transfer in time (h) = 1 Volume (m3) = 200 - 282,000 22 6,204,000
Transfer out time (h) = 8.5 ** H/D = 3
Labor (labor-h/h) = 2 Installation factor = 0.3
Maintenance factor = 0.1
Rotatory Microfiltration Average filtrate flux (L/m2-h) = 10 Filter area (m2) = 80 91% 202,000 11 2,222,000
Continuous Process Installation factor = 0.5 Alginate retention
Cycle Duration (h) = 8.5 Maintenance factor = 0.15
Debris Removal = 100%
Loss on drying = 90%
Specific Power (kW/m2) = 0.5
No washing
Labor (labor-h/h) = 0.5

Alginate precipitation Adiabatic Volume (m3) = 300 41% 654,000 1 654,000

CaCl2: Alginate ratio = 2.2 H / D = 2.5 Precipitated alginate
Continuous process Installation factor = 0.2
Residence time (h) = 0.5 Maintenance factor = 0.1
Cycle duration (h) = 8.5
Yield = 45.3%
Specific Power (kW/m3) = 0.5
Labor (labor-h/h) = 0.5
Screen filtration Retentate yield = 100% Throughput (MT / h) = 530 100% 0 1 0
Continuous process Recovered alginate
Cycle duration (h) = 8.5
Acid Reaction 1 Excess HCl = 0.0% Volume (m3) = 8 63% 67,000 1 67,000
Continuous process H / D = 2.5 Conversion to alginic acid
Residence time (h) = 0.5 Installation factor = 0.2
Cycle duration (h) = 8.5 Maintenance factor = 0.1
Adiabatic
Yield = 28.3 %
Specific Power (kW/m3) = 0.5
Labor (labor-h/h) = 0.5
Acid Reaction 2 Excess HCl = 0.0% Volume (m3) = 8 63. 67,000 1 67,000
Continuous process H / D = 2.5 Conversion to alginic acid
Residence time (h) = 0.5 Installation factor = 0.2
Cycle duration (h) = 8.5 Maintenance factor = 0.1
Adiabatic
Yield = 28.3 %
Specific Power (kW/m3) = 0.5
Labor (labor-h/h) = 0.5
Acid Reaction 3 Excess HCl = 0.0% Volume (m3) = 8.25 63% 69,000 1 69,000
Continuous process H / D = 2.5 Conversion to alginic acid
Residence time (h) = 0.5 Installation factor = 0.2
Cycle duration (h) = 8.5 Maintenance factor = 0.1
 Adiabatic
Yield = 28.3 %
Specific Power (kW/m3) = 0.5
Labor (labor-h/h) = 0.5
Belt filtration Retentate yield = 100% Belt Width (m) = 4.6 100% 258,000 1 258,000
Continuous process Installation factor = 0.5 Alginate recovery
Cycle duration (h) = 8.5 Maintenance factor = 0.1
Solids in cake = 30%
No wash
Power (kW) = 22.1
Labor (labor-h/h) = 1
Neutralization/Extrusion Exit temperature= 36°C Screw Diameter (cm) = 14 100% 277,000 2
Continuous process Depth (m) = 1 Sodium alginate conversion
Cycle duration (h) = 8.5 Installation factor = 0.5
RPM = 200 Maintenance factor = 0.1 554,000
Power per unit (kW) = 452
Reaction Yield = 100%
Labor (labor-h/h) = 0
Fluid Bed Drying Final LOD = 12% Diameter (m) = 1.5 92% 175,000 1
Continuous process H / D = 10 Water removal
Cycle duration (h) = 8.5 Drying capacity (MT/h) = 3
175,000
Outlet temperature = 60°C Volume (m3) = 126
Product temperature = 50°C Installation factor = 0.5
Drying time = 2h Maintenance factor = 0.1
Protein Hydrolysis Temperature (°C) = 50°C Volume (m3) = 200 30% 593,000 5
Reaction Time (h) = 3 H/D = 3 Protein Hydrolysis
Specific Power (kW/kg-h) = 0.1 Installation factor = 0.3 2,965,000
Heating agent = Steam Maintenance factor = 0.1
Labor (labor-h/h) = 1
Belt filtration Solids in cake = 25% Belt Width (m) = 3.4 68% 263,000 5
Debris retention = 100% Installation factor = 0.1 Solid’s recovery 1,315,000
Labor (labor-h/h) = 1 Maintenance factor = 0.1
Ultrafiltration Rejection coefficient = 1 Membrane area (m2) = 192 87% 181,000 27
Filtration time (h) = 8 Ultrafiltration membrane Recovery percentage
4,887,000
Concentration factor = 8 Installation factor = 0.5
Labor (labor-h/h) = 1 Maintenance factor = 0.1
Sludge Drier Solid’s concentration = 95% Evaporative capacity (MT/h) = 95% 71,000 1
10.66
Dried sludge temperature = 60°C Solid’s concentration
71,000
Installation factor = 0.5
Labor (labor-h/h) = 0.2
Maintenance factor = 0.1

Table S 2. Operational parameters, equipment properties and cost for laminarin and fucoidan
production using enzyme assisted extraction
#
Unit Cost
Process Operational parameter Equipment Properties Yield Unit Total Costs
(€)
s
Seaweed washing Water load (L/kgBiomass) = 9 Max throughput (MT/h) = 10 - 261,000 6 1,566,000
Time (h) = 8.5 Installation factor = 0
Power (kW) = 50 Maintenance factor = 0.1
Temperature (°C) = 25°C
Labor (labor-h/h) = 0.5
Grinding Throughput per unit (MT/h) = 59.4 Max throughput (MT/h) = 60 - 296,000 1 296,000
Time (h) = 8.5 Installation factor = 0
Specific power consumption (kW/kg- Maintenance factor = 0.1
h) = 0.15
Labor (labor-h/h) = 0.1
Enzyme Assisted Extraction Temperature (°C) = 40°C Volume (m3) = 200 Yield = 30% 585000 12 7,020,000
(EAE) Reaction Time (h) = 3 H/D = 3
Specific Power (kW/kg-h) = 2.52 Installation factor = 0.3
Heating agent = Steam Maintenance factor = 0.1
Labor (labor-h/h) = 1
Alginate Solubilization (Same Temperature = 46°C - 100% - -
tank as in EAE) Reaction time (h) = 3 Of extracted alginate
Specific Power (kW/kg-h) = 2.52
Heating agent = Steam
Labor (labor-h/h) = 1
Storage Transfer in time (h) = 1 Volume (m3) = 200 - 262,000 6 1,572,000
Transfer out time (h) = 8.5 ** H/D = 3
 Labor (labor-h/h) = 2 Installation factor = 0.3
Maintenance factor = 0.1
Rotatory Microfiltration Average filtrate flux (L/m2-h) = 10 Filter area (m2) = 80 91% 177,00 4 708,000
Continuous Process Installation factor = 0.5 Alginate retention
Cycle Duration (h) = 8.5 Maintenance factor = 0.15
Debris Removal = 100%
Loss on drying = 90%
Specific Power (kW/m2) = 0.5
No washing
Labor (labor-h/h) = 0.5

Alginate precipitation Adiabatic Volume (m3) = 150 41% 413,000 1 413.000

CaCl2: Alginate ratio = 2.2 H / D = 2.5 Precipitated alginate
Continuous process Installation factor = 0.2
Residence time (h) = 0.5 Maintenance factor = 0.1
Cycle duration (h) = 8.5
Yield = 45.3%
Specific Power (kW/m3) = 0.5
Labor (labor-h/h) = 0.5
Screen filtration Retentate yield = 100% Throughput per unit (MT / h) 100% 0 1 0
= 168.85
Continuous process Recovered alginate
Cycle duration (h) = 8.5
Diafiltration 1kDa Rejection coefficient = 1 Membrane area (m2) = 298 100% 214,000 101 21,614,000
Filtrate Flux (L/m2-h) = 8 Ultrafiltration membrane Recovery percentage
Permeated volume ratio = 3 Installation factor = 0.5
Post-Diafiltration stages = 1 Maintenance factor = 0.1
Concentration factor = 2
Labor (labor-h/h) = 1
Ultrafiltration 50 kDa Rejection coefficient = 1 Membrane area (m2) = 192 100% 213,000 20 4,260,000
Filtrate Flux (L/m2-h) = 30 Ultrafiltration membrane Recovery percentage
Concentration factor = 10 Installation factor = 0.5
Labor (labor-h/h) = 1 Maintenance factor = 0.1
Ultrafiltration 5 kDa Rejection coefficient = 0.96 Membrane area (m2) = 192 96% 180,000 10 1,800,000
Filtrate Flux (L/m2-h) = 30 Ultrafiltration membrane Recovery percentage
Concentration factor = 2 Installation factor = 0.5
Labor (labor-h/h) = 1 Maintenance factor = 0.1
Fucoidan Spray Drying Final LOD = 5% Diameter (m) = 3.29 99% 928,000 1 928,000
Outlet temperature = 70°C H/D=3 Water removal
Product temperature = 70°C Drying capacity (MT/h) =
8.37
Drying time = 6h
Volume (m3) = 83.74
Installation factor = 0.5
Maintenance factor = 0.1
Laminarin Spray Drying Final LOD = 5% Diameter (m) = 5.45 99% 2,302,000 1 2,302,000
Outlet temperature = 70°C H/D=3 Water removal
Product temperature = 70°C Drying capacity (MT/h) =
38.10
Drying time = 6h
Volume (m3) = 381.04
Installation factor = 0.5
Maintenance factor = 0.1
Protein Hydrolysis Temperature (°C) = 50°C Volume (m3) = 168 30% 554,000 6 3,324,000
Reaction Time (h) = 3 H/D = 3 Protein Hydrolysis
Specific Power (kW/kg-h) = 0.1 Installation factor = 0.3
Heating agent = Steam Maintenance factor = 0.1
Labor (labor-h/h) = 1
Belt filtration Solids in cake = 25% Belt Width (m) = 3.32 68% 265,000 11 2,915,000
Debris retention = 100% Installation factor = 0.1 Solid’s recovery .
Labor (labor-h/h) = 1 Maintenance factor = 0.1
Ultrafiltration Rejection coefficient = 1 Membrane area (m2) = 200 87% 182,000 23 4,186,000
Filtration time (h) = 8 Ultrafiltration membrane Recovery percentage
Concentration factor = 8 Installation factor = 0.5
Labor (labor-h/h) = 1 Maintenance factor = 0.1
Sludge Drier Solid’s concentration = 95% Evaporative capacity (MT/h) 95% 71,000 1 71,000
= 17.83
Dried sludge temperature = 60°C Solid’s concentration
Installation factor = 0.5
Labor (labor-h/h) = 0.2
Maintenance factor = 0.1

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