2024-02-13 Mechanical Modification: VIBROCOMPACTION xa ca 5 Pa 6 fs vil Engineering, IIT Guwahati By Dr. Kaling Taki Assistant professor * Vibro Compaction is used to densify clean, cohesionless soils Fig. 1. The action of the vibrator, usually accompanied by water jetting, reduces the inter- granular forces between the soil particles, allowing them to move into a denser configuration, typically achieving a relative density of 70 to 85 percent. Compaction is achieved above and below the water table. * Vibro-compaction drives a vibrating probe into the ground, which generates lateral vibratory forces to rearrange particles into a dense state as shown in Fig.2. ee acon 5P 6, Deag Tt CE 642 Lecture 0_1ITG_Dr. Kaling Taki* Vibro-compaction drives @ vibrating probe into the ground, which generates lateral vibratory forces to rearrange particles into a dense state as shown in Fig. 2. etc Po 6 fang Cm ) Fig. 2 Vibro-compaction £6 ci 5 Pa Dea “ Fig. 2 Vibro-compaction CE 642 Lecture 0_IITG_Dr. Kaling Taki2024-02-13 * The rearrangement higher than the inte: of particles becomes possible only when the induced forces are can generate particle friction. In saturated cohesionless geomaterial, vibration €xcess pore water pressure, which reduces interparticle contact forces oe ‘ stresses) so that the interparticle friction (ie, shear strength) is reduced. * As a result, the rearrangement of particles becomes easier. In dry cohesionless Beomaterial, water can be injected to make the compaction easier. Water or air is often sed to assist the penetration and densification. * Backfill is also often used to improve the degree of densification. This technique, called the Vibro-flotation method, was first developed in Germany in 1930s and has been successfully used worldwide. The probe for vibro-flotation is commonly referred to as a vibro-flot. (40 8 Pet 3 na = Vibrocompaction demonstrates the effectiveness in mitigating liquefaction of cohesionless soil. Fig. 2 Vibro-compaction (Hayward Baker, Inc). (9 Jee et De alg CE 642 Lecture 0_IITG_Dr. Kaling Taki(rete rat 6 Deeg a versrgtetnowa foto tetatan * Inaddition to vibro-flotation, there are other Figure 3. Vibro-flotation has a vibrator at th generates vibration by the rotation of an eccentric weigh Other types of equipment shown in Fig top vibrator). Most of the theory and design method: therefore, itis focused herein, Yate (9 vie te Fig. 3: Other vibro-compaction equipment: (a) vibro-p CE 642 Lecture 0_IITG_Dr. Kaling Taki types of equipment used for vibro- e bottom of t i 3 have a vibrator or hammer on the to} (V0 ng robe, (b) vibro-wing, and (c) Muller resonance ‘compaction (modified from Massarsch ani (6b. ar GD aga ‘compaction as shown in the probe (also called bottom vibrator), which it at the bottom of the probe. P of the probe (also called Is are developed based on the vibro-flotation; id Fellenius, 2005),2024-02-13 ‘Sultability * Vibro-compaction is suitable for densifying deep deposits of cohesionless geomaterial with up to 20% fines/silt (preferably less than 10%) but less than 2-3% clay particles. + The 20% limit was developed based on the field evaluation before and after vibro-compaction by Saito (1977) as shownin Fig, 4. tis clearly shown that at a low fine content, the increase of the SPT N value is more significant. Standard penetration resltance(N) Fig, 4 Effect of fine content on SPT N value (Salto, 1977). eter sees rn h8 Dag . Panicle size (mm) 0.096__002___ 00s 0206 2 20 Sil Sed Gavel 100 [sts] Coane [Fine Mev | ‘Coare | Fine | Medium ‘ 2 a a Zone D Zone B Zone A, 2 i ‘ abet Zone A: Vibro-compaction appropriate, but penetration difficult. Zone B: Most suitable for vibro-compaction appropriate. Zone C: Vibro-compaction feasible, but longer time required. Zone D: Vibro-compaction not feasible - use stone columns. Fig. Sultabilty fr vibro-compaction (modified from Woodward, 2005), £5 Pot 6D ag CE 642 Lecture 0_IITG_Dr. Kaling TakiSuitability i ‘i 7 "Fig. S shows the suitable or unsuitable soils for vibro-compaction. The most suitable zone is zone which ranges from fine sand to fine gravel. * Zone As suitable for vibro-compaction but may be difficult due to large particles of gravels. * Zone C may be feasible but requires longer time for densification due to apparent cohesion for unsaturated soll or relatively low permeability for saturated soil. * Fine-grained soll in zone D makes densification impossible; therefore, a deep replacement method, such as stone columns, should be used. * The Increase of fineness and plasticity of soll reduces the effectiveness of vibro-compaction. This technique works well for saturated loose cohesionless geomaterial. * I dry geomaterial is encountered, flushing water may be used or the whole site is even flooded prior to vibro-compaction. * Vibro-compaction method has been used to densify loose cohesionless soll up to a depth of 40 m-60m. (hearse GD ang tt " Applications * Wibro-compaction has been mostly used to increase bearing capacity, reduce settlement, and mitigate liquefaction for a variety of projects when loose cohesionless geomaterial exists, The examples of these Projects are storage tanks, buildings, roadways, dams, and dikes or levees. Advantages and Limitations + Vibro-compaction isa quick. ‘+ Easy, and economical construction process. * It is a proven ground improvement method for many successful projects around the world. This method can be used to improve geomaterials above and below the groundwater table. * This method is limited to cohesionless geomaterial with a low clay content (Le, less than 3%). Installation induces vibration and possible ground subsidence. (ce 3 rae eta 2 CE 642 Lecture 0_IITG_Dr. Kaling Taki[ rinciptes 4.Densification Mechanism ‘The densification of cohesionless i mnless geomaterials is a process of particle rearrangement and volume change, pblch result (ha Genser state. To rearrange positions of particles, the induced forces should be larger than the Interparticle friction. Vibro-compaction induces lateral vibrations and vibratory forces. ‘The forces attenuate with an increase of the distance from the compaction point. Rodger (1979) found that there Is a critical acceleration of approximately 0.5 g, above which the dynamic stresses induced by dynamic compaction destroy the structure of granular soils. ‘When the acceleration is increased to more than 1.5, the shear strength of the soils significantly reduced and the soi Js fluidized. A further increase of acceleration exceeding 3.0g causes soil dilation. Rodger (1979) proposed idealized response of cohesionless soil to vibration as shown in Figure 6. ‘There are four zones around the vibrating probe: (2) diiatory zone, (2) utdized zone, ) compaction zone,and (8) elastic zone. xe cP 6 arg » ‘The fluidization Is referred to the dry soil losing its stability ata high acceleration. ‘= For saturated soll, liquefaction may happen at a high acceleration. The materials in the dilatory and fluidized zones are ina plastic state ‘+ while those in the compaction zone are in an elastic-plastic state. Sil dity + The dilatory and fluidized zones form a plastic zone, High shear stresses existing in the plastic ‘zone cause plastic deformations. + ‘The best densification happens at the boundary between the plasticcone and the compaction ow Parle eeclrtion ‘= ‘The compaction zone extends to the point where no further densification happens (Le. in the elasticzone).. Fig. 6 Idealized response of cohesionless soil around a vibrating probe (modified from Rodger, 1979). inte Bom vtator £9 Jaca Pot Dae “ CE 642 Lecture O_IITG_Dr. Kaling TakiWA GIAZ Thank you creas ton ra eres CE 642 Lecture 0_IITG_Dr. Kaling Taki 2