| com, Origin of Spectra : Bohr’s Theory of Hydrogen Atom - 927. a Concept of Atomic Number, Mass Number and Neutron Number Now, we know that the mass of an atom is concentrated in the nucleus. The entire positive charge is in the nucleus. We shall learn later that the nucleus has protons and neutrons. The nuclear particles (protons and neutrons) are also called ‘nucleons’. The protons give positive charge to the nucleus, while protons and neutrons together give it it’s mass. The total number of protons and neutrons is equal to the integral value of the atomic mass and is called the ‘atomic mass number’. The number of Protons is called the ‘atomic number’. The place of an element in the periodic table is decided by its atomic number only. Since, the atom has the same number of electrons as the number of Protons, hence, the atom, on the whole, is electrically neutral. The charge (+ ¢) and mass of hydrogen nucleus are exactly equal to those of a proton. So, there is only 1 proton in hydrogen nucleus. Thus, the atomic number of hydrogen is 1 and its mass number is also 1. The deuterium (heavy hydrogen) nucleus (called deuteron) has charge +e, but its mass is nearly 2 times the mass of proton. Hence, it has 1 proton and 1 neutron. Thus, the atomic number of deuterium is 1 and its mass number is 2. The helium nucleus has charge +2e, but its mass is nearly 4 times the mass of proton. Hence, helium nucleus has 2 protons and 2 neutrons. Thus, the atomic number of helium is 2 and its mass number is 4. The lithium nucleus has charge +3e but its mass is nearly 7 times the mass of proton. Hence, its nucleus has 3 protons and 4 neutrons. Thus, the atomic number of lithium is 3 and its mass number is 7. In general, if the atomic number of an atom is Z and its mass number is A, then its nucleus contains Z protons and (A ~ Z) neutrons. If the atomic number of the atom X be Z and its mass-number be A, then this atom is written as 7X“. The number (A - Z) is called the neutron number N. [EB Bohr's Atomic Model In 1913, Prof. Neil Bohr removed the difficulties of Rutherford’s atomic model by the application of Planck’s quantum theory. For this, he proposed the following three postulates : @ Electrons can revolve only in those orbits in which their angular momentum is an integral multiple of h/2x, where h is Planck’s universal constant. If the mass of the electron be m and it is revolving with velocity v in an orbit of radius r, then its angular momentum will be m v r. According to Bohr’s postulate, we have nh Qn mur=—", where n is an integer (n = 1, 2,3, ...) and is called the ‘principal quantum number of the orbit. This equation is called ‘Bohr’s quantisation condition’. ‘Thus, according to Bohr’s atomic model, electrons.can revolve only in certain discrete orbits of ‘definite’ radii, not in all. These are called ‘stable orbits’. Gi) While revolving in stable orbits, the electrons do not radiate energy in spite of their acceleration towards the centre of the orbit. Hence, the atom remains stable and is said to exist in a stationary state. iii) When the atom receives energy from outside, then one (or more) of its outer electrons leaves its orbit and goes to some higher orbit. This state of the atom is called ‘excited state’. The electron in the higher orbit stays only for 10° second and returns back to a lower orbit. While returning back, the electron radiates energy in the form of electromagnetic waves ree i i R'S MODEL If the energy of electron in the higher orbit be Ey and that in the lower oe orbit be E;, then the frequency v ofthe radiated waves is given by (Fa.8)an 928 NOOTAN ISC Physics.xi) hv=B-k ; or A, 0 This equation is called ‘Bohr’'s frequency condition’. (BE Bohr’s Theory of Hydrogen-Like Atoms ‘A hydrogen-like atom consists of a tiny positively.charged nucleus and an electron revolving in a stable circular orbit around the nucleus NY (ig. 6). 7 ELECTRON: Let e, m and v be respectively the charge, mass and velocity of the Le, electron and r the radius of the orbit. The positive charge on the mn nucleus is Z e, where Z is the atomic number (in case of hydrogen { atom, Z = 1). As the centripetal force is provided by the electrostatic ', force of attraction, we have wucteus,“" s i +Ze f mu’ 1 @e)xe rt 4mG 2 2 or mu? = Ze fl Regr From the first postulate, t wore 8 wheren (= 1, 2, 3,...) is ‘quantum number. Squaring Eq, (ii) and dividing by Eq. (D), we get Ra" a a ee xe. ‘Tigais @ quation for the r iS permitted orbits. According to this equation, w n of the electron is il ge 2 2 ren, A Since,n = 1, 2,3, ... it follows that the radii of the permitted orbits increase in the ratio 1: 4: 9: 16 . from the first orbit. Boby's Radius : The radius of the first orbit (n= 1) of hydrogen atom (Z = 1) will be We n= 3. nme ‘This is called Bohr's radius and its value is 0.53 A. Since, r « n°, the radius of the second orbit o hydrogen atom will be (4 x 0.53) A and that of the third orbit (9 x 0.53) A. Velocity of Electron in Stationary Orbits : We can obtain formula for the velocity of electron i permitted orbits. From Eq, (ii), we have h Oe mr Putting the value of r from Eq, (iii), we get ve ve a CG n=1,2,3,~ 2 & < 8 ale 31‘Atom, Origin of Spectra : Bohr’s Theory of Hydrogen Atom 929 a This shows that the velocity of electron is maximum in the lowest orbit (n = 1) and goes on decreasing (~ in higher orbits, The velocity of electron in the first orbit (1 = 1) of hydrogen atom (Z = 1) is - @ ~ Zhe” Its value is 2.19 x 10° ms“, Let us note that by | 2.19%108 mst © 3.0x108 ms? 137° ‘Thus, v; /c ore? / (2 ‘heeo) is a pure number. It is known as ‘fine-structure constant’ and is denoted by a. Energy of Electron in Stationary Orbits : The energy E of an electron in an orbit is the sum of kinetic and potential energies. The kinetic energy of the electron is loa ze a Rapmt = at [from Eq. ()] The potential energy of the elqctron in an orbit of radius r due to the electrostatic attraction by the nucleus is given by % 1_Ge)( 1 @o(-9_ 1 28 4 4ney or 4ney 7 “Ky L202 4 — BRery Substituting for r from Eq. (iii), we get mZeet(1 UA (2) “aa ey: a iv) where n = 1, 2,3, ..... This is the expression for the energy of the electron in the nth orbit. ‘Suppose, in the ‘excited’ atom, an electron jumps from some higher-energy state my to a lower-energy state nj. The energy-difference between these states is 2 5-5 -2Ee (5-4) According to Boht’s third postulate, the frequency v of the emitted electromagnetic wave (photon) is -nee(s- + The total energy of the electror{ is therefore Ze ze K+u= - Bregr 4nxeqr i is called ‘wave number’ (number of waves per unit length). In the last equation, the quantity is a constant, known as ‘Rydberg’s constant’ R. That is-—________ 4 m Bejch®* 930 NOOTAN ISG Physics. 1 14 Thus, >= 2Rri/t_ 1). ol eas ats : This is Bohr’s formula for hydrogen and hydrogen-like atoms (He’, Li'', ...). For hydrogen, Z = 1. 1 141 tonf/h eb : (3 3) The value of Rydberg’s constant ij (9.11 x 1073! kg) x (1.60 x 10719 c)* 8 x (8.85 x 1077 C? NU im)? x (3.00 x 108 ms) x ( .090 x 107 m™ This value fairly agrees with empirical value (1.097 x 107 m7) obtained experimentally by Balmer. Thus, energy is radiated only when electron returns from some higher orbit to some lower orbit. Hence, waves of some definite frequencies only are radiated from the atom, because of which line spectrum having only certain discrete wavelengths is obtained. The energy expression (iv) can be written in terms of Rydberg’s constant R in a simplified form Rhe 22 At, we Putting the known values of R, h and c taking 1 eV = 1.60 x 10°? J, we can see that 63 x 104 Js)? For hydrogen, Z = 1 (i) Each ‘Bohr orbit has a definite energy. (ii) Total energy of electron in an energy state is negative which indicates that electron is bound with the nucleus and | energy will be required to make it free (i.e, to make the total energy 2er0), uv -aet (ill) E 7 (iv) Rois caled Rydberg energy. Its value is 2.17 x 10°" J = 13.6eV. (v) Rydberg constant is different for different elements Its value A = 1.09 x 10” m~"is for the case when nucleus § considered to be infinitely massive as compared to the revolving electron‘, the nucleus is considered at rest. In a8? when nucleus is not stationary, the value of Rydberg constant is given by the relation R mi 42 M Re where Mis the mass of nucleus and m that of electron. (vi) The de-Broglie wavelength of electrons in frst Bohr orbits equal to the circumference of the orbit.atom, Origin of Spectra : Bohr's Theory of Hydrogen Atom os) @ Discrete Energy Levels of Atom We have read that the photoelectric effect and Compton scattering can be explained on the basis of Planck’s quantum theory. According to this theory, the exchange (emission and absorption) of radiant- energy, Or light, is not continuous; it takes place by photons of definite energy hy, where vis the frequency of radiation and h is the Planck’s constant. This shows that the quantity of energy emitted or absorbed by a body can be hv, 2hv, Shy, ..., not in between these quantities. Since, light is emitted and absorbed by the atoms, it means that an atom can have only certain definite amounts of energy, or there can only be some definite energy states of the atom. This fact has been experimentally verified by Lenard, Franck and Hertz, They performed the experiment on mercury vapours for which the energy was provided by the collision of accelerated electrons. They found that mercury atoms can absorb exactly energies of 4.86 eV; 6.67 eV, ... 10.4 eV. When mercury atom absorbs 10.2 eV, it starts ejecting its own electrons. From these observations, it is quite clear that except for some specific energy values, energy is not absorbed by the atoms. For example, if the energy of electron be 7.50 eV, then the mercury atom will not take energy as such, It will either not take any energy from the electron, or take exactly 4.86 eV or 6.67 eV out of it. It means that the energy states of an atom are definite and discrete. If the ground state of the mercury atom be taken to be the zero-energy state, then the excited states of the atom will be 4.86 eV, 6.67 eV, ......10.4 eV. The last of these states is called the ‘ionised state’ of the atom. All these energy- states of the atom can be drawn, taking a suitable scale. The energy states of mercury atom have been drawn in Fig. 7. This type of diagram is called the ‘energy-level diagram’. The normal state of the atom is one in which the electrostatic energy of attraction between its nucleus and the electrons is minimum, This YEP duwaauuy.e 4 ey state is called the ‘lowest’ or the ‘ground state’ of the atom. When the atom gets appropriate energy from outside, it leaves its ground i state and rises to some higher-energy state. Then the atom is said to ——~ be ‘excited’. The shifting of the atom from one energy state to the exe)rep other is called ‘transition’ and it can be shown by drawing an arrow “Stars } ——y-—— esrev between these two energy states in the energy-level diagram. In : Fig. 7, the shifting of mercury atom from the ground state to the first —— 4.6 ey and the second excited states has been represented by transitions 1 and 2 respectively. In these transitions the atom absorbs 4.86 eV and ' yo ode} 6.67 eV of energy respectively. ; Ifthe atom gets so much of energy from outside that one of its electrons leaves the atom and goes out, then the atont is said to be ‘ionised’. In gaouno ! Fig. 7, the ionisation of mercury atom has been shown by the dotted STATE’ Liu, transition. In this transition, the atom absorbs 10.4 eV.of energy. won Excitation and lonisation Potentials : Generally, the atoms are excited dr ionised by colliding with electrons accelerated by high potentials. But the excitation, or ionisation of the atom is possible only when the energy of the colliding electron is at least equal to that required for excitation or ionisation of the atom. The minimum accelerating potential required to energise an electron which, on collision, can excite an atom is called the ‘excitation potential’ of that atom. Similarly, the minimum accelerating potential required to energise an electron which can ionise an atom is called the ‘ionisation potential’ of that atom. Actually atoms have more than one excitation potential. The first excitation potential of mercury atom is 4.86 V, second excitation potential is 6.67 V and the ionisation potential is 10.4 V, By Explanation of the Line (Emission and Absorption) Spectrum and Estimation of Wavelength by Energy Transitions Emission of Light : We have read above that atoms can absorb only certain definite energy amounts only, which are different for the atoms of different elements, Thus, the atom of a particular element has4 932 NOOTAN ISC Physics-xjy some characteristic energy levels, or energy states. The energy-level diagram of mercury ator has been shown in Fig. 8. Ordinarily, all the atoms remain in their lowest (ground) energy state. When they receive appropriate energy from outside, they leave the lowest-energy state and go to some excited state of higher 1] energy. But the excited state of the atom remains for a Very jyaveq- — sere short time (nearly 10° s) and the atoms return back 22474 “7 —] | immediately. An atom may return from the excited state ”” lh either directly to the ground state or through other lower- (4 energy states. When the atom returns from a higher-energy state to a lower-energy state, it radiates energy in the form of light. Transitions of mercury atom from higher-energy states to lower-energy states have been shown in Fig. 8. With each transition of the atom, light of a definite wavelength | is emitted. This wavelength can easily be calculated. Suppose | the difference of energy between two energy-states is AE. By LO"EST the transition between these two states, a light-photon of 9/47 ENISSION- TRANS) energy AE will be emitted. According to Planck's theory, AE =hv, (Fig. 8) where v is the frequency of the emitted light. But v=c/?., where 2 is the wavelength of the emitted ix and c is the speed of light. AE =he/h or h =hc/ Az. If AE be in electron-volt, then (6.6 x 10% Js) x (3.0 x 108 ms) _ AE electron-volt a But 1 electron-volt (eV) = 1.6 x 10"? J. (6.6 x10 Js) x (3.0108 ms“) _ 12375 x 1071 (AE eV) x (1.6 x 1071? J/eV) aE 12375° g. or n= A. In this formula, AF is in eV. For the transition 4 in Fig. 8, we have AE = 6.67 ~ 4.86 = 1.81 eV. Therefore the corresponding wavelength is 9, = 22375 _ 6937 A. 181 c light of wavelength 6837 A will be emitted. Light of other wavelengths will = Thus, by ane pein Since, the energy states ofthe atoms of a particular element are definz® the lines of certain specific wavelengths are obtained for that element. The atomic enes: measuring wavelengths of the spectral lines of some element, the element can be identified. Absorption of Light : Atoms not only emit light, but if they get light-photons of appropriate ene"S* they alvo absorb them. White light has photons of all energies. If we pass white light through so transparent substance, then the atoms of the substance absorb the photons of those energies by whit they reach in any of the excited states from their ground state, Hence, the light emerging from substance lacks the wavelengths corresponding to the photons absorbed by the substance. femembrance, instead of 12375, we use the number 12345 in 12S 5 crs + Sometimes, from the point of view of 38y 2345 in the formuta 3. = “235 A 29prcximaton enals an error of ess than 1%).atom, Origin of Spectra : Bohr's Theory of Hydrogen Atom The Fig. 9 shows a few energy-levels of mercury atom. When white light is passed through a tube filled with mercury vapour, the mercury atoms absorb light-photons of energies 4.86 eV, 6.67 eV, ... and rise from their ground- state to the excited states. These transitions of the atom are shown in the figure. The wavelengths corresponding to these energies are 2536 A, 1855 A,, .... . So, these wavelengths are not found in the light emerging from the tube. In general, the number of the emission transitions is larger than the number of absorption transitions. It is so because the absorption transitions start from the lowest energy-level only and may end at any higher energy-level. But emission transitions may start from any higher energy- level and end at any energy-level below it. It becomes clear from Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 that six emission transitions are possible between the lowest energy level and three higher- ener - ENeRGy STATES Lowest. ENERGY STATE energy levels, whereas the absorption transitions are only three. 933 P ————_— 6.67eV —}-—}-— 4.86 ev ABSORPTION TRANSITIONS (Fig. 9) = i) level), the number of transitions states). absorption. E> > & dy <)g=RiG-Z) wheren = 3,4,5,... x (3 rw) 7 These lines were seen and studied for the first time by Balmer in 1885. The longest wavelength of this series (for n = 3) is 6563 A and the shortest wavelength (for n = = ) is 3646 A. (ii Paschen Series : When an atom comes down from some higher energy level to the third energy level (ny = 3 and nz = 4,5, 6, ...), then the emitted lines are obtained in the infrared region of the 11 =Rla a) wheren = 4,5,6,.. (iv) Brackett Series : When an atom comes down from some higher energy level to the fourth energy level (n, = 4 and ng = 5, 6, 7...) then also the lines are obtained in the infrared region ofthe spectrum. 1 1 i- (4-4), where n = 5,6,7,... (v) Pfund Series : When an atom comes down from some higher energy level to the fifth energy level (= 5 and ng = 6, 7, 8, ...), then these lines are also obtained in the infrared region of the spectrum. + This formula holds Tor hydrogen atom: Far hyrogen-ike atoms (He". U™, —)the formulas S &NOOTAN ISC Physics. where n = 6,7, 8) «+ Absorption Transitions of Hydrogen Atom : Normally all atoms remain in their lowest energy level. When we pass white light through a tube filled with hydrogen, then the hydrogen atoms absorb photons of appropriate energies and rise to various higher energy levels. These transitions are shown in Fig. 12. All these transitions are the transitions of Lyman series, because all of them are starting from the lowest energy level (n = 1). Absorption transitions of Balmer series are those which will start from the second energy level (n = 2), But at ordinary temperatures, almost all the atoms remain in their lowest energy level (n = 1) and so absorption transitions can start only from n = 1 level (not from n = 2,3, 4, ... levels). Hence, at ordinary temperatures, only Lyman series is found in the absorption spectrum of hydrogen atom (whereas 1H] in the emission spectrum, all the series are found). \| Hydrogen atoms are present in the sun. Hence, hydrogen spectral series | | | {I | are found in the solar spectrum. However, the ‘absorption’ spectrum of | sun has Balmer series also, besides the Lyman series. The reason is that the hydrogen atoms present in the sun are at very high temperature, ,_, so that many atoms are in higher energy-levels (n = 2) also. Hence, T#ANSITIONSFOR LYWAN absorption transitions start from n = 2 level also and the Balmer series is obtained. (Fig. 12) Limitations of Bohr’s Theory : The Bohr theory of hydrogen and hydrogen-like atoms has a number of limitations : (@ Itexplains the spectra of one-electron atoms only such as hydrogen, hydrogen isotopes, singly-ionised helium, doubly-ionised lithium, etc. It fails to explain the spectra of multi-electron atoms. (ii) When a spectral line is observed under a high resolving-power spectroscope, it is found to be made up of a number of closely-spaced lines. Bohr theory does not explain this ‘fine structure’ of spectral lines even in hydrogen atom. (iii) Bohr’s theory does not tell anything about the relative intensities of spectral lines of an atom. (iv) The theory cannot fully explain the splitting of a spectral line into a number of component-lines under the effect of a magnetic field (Zeeman effect) or an electric field (Stark effect). (¥) The theory does not explain the distribution of electrons in different orbits. (wi) It gives no information about the wave-nature of electron. (WO) Uses of Rydberg Constant (i) Determination of lonisation Energy : There is only one electron in the hydrogen atom. If ths electron leaves the atom, the atom is ionised. The external energy required to ionise the atom is called its ‘ionisation energy’. Rhe Hydrogen atom normally stays in lowest energy state (n = 1), where its energy is -R€ = rhc. O” 1 being ionised, its energy becomes zero. (We have supposed the ionised state as zero-energy state, which n = _._—_ = 6.563 x 1077 m = 6563 A. or SR §x(1.097 x 107 m+) Solved NUMERICAL Problems 1 2? © 4ney K GSrample 1. Alpha particles having kinetic energy 1.8 MeV each are incident on a thin gold foil, from a large distance. Applying the principle of conservation of energy, find the closest distance of approach of the alpha particle from the gold nucleus. ( Atomic number of gold = 79) 1 §9.0109N m@C~ and 1 eV = 1.6 «10-19 :) ane (Isc 2008) Solution. When the a-particle (charge + 2e) comes closest to the nucleus (charge + Ze), itis momentarily at rest and its initial kinetic energy K (say) is completely converted into electrostatic potential energy. Let 19 be the distance of closest approach ofthe a-particle to the nucleus. At this distance, the potential 1_ 2929 therefore, energy of the particle is U = 4ne 1% x-u-—1_ Zo Re) 4ne 1 1 2Ze t= accom or 4ney K 6 2 : Here, K = 1.8 MeV = 1.8x10° eV = 18 x 10° x 1.6 x 10°9y,z = 79. Also, e = 1.6x 10°C 0x10? Nm? C*, ao 4n& Nim? 6-2) x 2X79) x 1.6 x10"? CP? ° = (9.0 x 10° Ks 18x10 x1.6x 107 J = 12.64 x 10m.Atom, Origin of Spectra : Bohr’s Theory of Hydrogen Atom 937 21.8 10719 1.60 x10 5 /ev = 218x109 J = = 13.6 ev The ionisation potential of hydrogen atom is 13.6 volt. (ii) Determination of Wavelengths : Using the value of R, the wavelength of any line in any series of hydrogen spectrum can be determined by the corresponding formula, For example, suppose we have to find out the wavelength of the first line of Balmer series. For Balmer series, we have le a(3-4); where n = 3, 4,5, Pon For the first line, n 6.563 x 10-7 m = 6563 A. or Solved NUMERICAL Problems 2Ze 1 ancy K sin? () 2) I. &-Scattering Experiments ny - }Sxample 1. Alpha particles having kinetic energy 1.8 MeV each are incident on a thin gold foil, from a large distance. Applying the principle of conservation of energy, find the closest distance of approach of the alpha particle from the gold nucleus. ( Atomic number of gold = 79) 1 \4nxe 9.0 x 109 Nm? C and Lev=1.6x10"J) (ISC 2008) Solution. When the a-particle (charge + 2e) comes closest to the nucleus (charge + Ze), itis momentarily at rest and its initial kinetic energy K (say) is completely converted into electrostatic potential energy. Let ro be the distance of closest approach of the a-particle to the nucleus. At this distance, the potential . 1_ Ge) 2e) leis U = —— ““" therefore, energy ofthe particles U = = ZED x-u-—1_ Ze) ancy tp be 1 2Ze7 or 0 ane K Here, K = 1.8 MeV = 1.8 10° ev = 18 x 10° x 1.6 x '0°J,Z = 79. Also,e = 16x10 ¢ = 9.010" Nm? C%, and Fa (2«79) x (1.6 x10"? c? = 12.64 x 10 m. 1.8 10° x 1.6% 10° J 1 = (9.0109 Nm? C) x| 938 NOOTAN ISC Physics.xj) Grample 2. An a-particle after passing through a potential difference of 2 x 10° V falls on a silver foi The atomic number of silver is 47. Calculate (i) the kinetic energy of the a-particle at the time of faling on the foil, (ii) the kinetic energy of the a-particle at a distance of 5 x 10" m from the silver nucleus, (iii) the shortest distance from the nucleus of silver to which the a-particle reaches. (e = 1.6 x 107!°C ang 1 9.0109 Nm? C2) £0 Solution. (i) The charge on the a-particle is q = 2e and the accelerating potential difference is V=2x 10° volt. Hence, the kinetic energy of the particle is K =qV = (2x 16 x 10°C) x (2 x 10°V) = 64 x 10°39. i) The positive charge on the silver nucleus is Ze, where Z = 47. Therefore, the potential energy of the a-particle at a distance r = 5 x 10”'* m from the nucleus is y =—1_ Zee) _ (9.0 x 10? Nm? C) x (2 x 47) x (1.6 x 10°? 6? _ 4ney or 5x10 m 43 x 10), Thus, 4.3 x 10”'° J of kinetic energy is converted into potential energy: Hence, the kinetic energy of the a-particle at a distance of 5 x 107! m from the nucleus is 64 x 1035 - 43 x 105 = 21x 105. (iii) Suppose the distance of closest approach of the a-particle to the nucleus is ro. At this distance, whole of the kinetic energy (K) of the particle will be converted into the potential energy (U). Hence, x-u-—1_ @9@e) 4ne pe 228. or On ant K ‘Substituting the values : 2x 47 x (1.6 x 10719? = (9.0 x 10°) x ie 64x10 TOTES: (NCERT Problem 12.8)) Solution. The radii of Bohr’s orbits are given by 2h? So hin or Ton? nme” For ground staten = 1,r, = 5.3 x 10°!’ m (given) 2 R.(B Am 2p u 10, or n-(3] n= 4m = 4%5.3x10" 1.12 «101m. Forn =3, ry = (3)2r = 9%5.3x10" = 4.77x 10m.‘Atom, Origin of Spectra : Bohr's Theory of Hydrogen Atom 239 orbit of radius 1.5 x 10'! m with orbital speed 3 x 104 mvs. (NCERT Problem 12.10) Solution. According to Bohr’s model, angular momentum of earth around the sun (Mass of earth = 6.0 x 1024 kg) mor = nh Qn Quantum number 1 mars 6.0 x 1074) x (3x 104) x (15x10!) x 23.14 _ 2.56 x 107%, 6.63 x10 (h = 6.6 x 10° Js,e = 1.6 x 107%C,m = 9.1 x 107! kg, 1/4269 = 9.0 x 10°Nm*C*) Solution. According to Bohr's theory, the radii of the permitted orbits of hydrogen-like atoms are given by where m and ¢ are mass and charge of electron. For hydrogen atom Z = 1 and for smallest orbitn = 1. ia 1 nme 4x2 me2(1/4 x69). n=—4 Substituting the given values : ne (6.6 x 1034 Js)? +x B14)? «(9.1 10°) kg) x (1.6 x 107 Gx (9.0 x 10° N m2 Co =0.53 x 107"? m=0.53 A. Grample 6. Calculate the speed of an electron revolving in the first orbit around the nucleus of a hydrogen atom in order that it may not be pulled into the nucleus by electrostatic attraction (h = 6.6 x 10% Js,e = 1.6 x 107% Cand 1/4 m6 = 9.0 x 10°Nm?c®) Solution. The speed of electron in ‘stable’ orbits of hydrogen-like atoms is given by Ze 1 Then’ n=1,2,3,.. For hydrogen atom (Z = 1) and in the first orbit (n = 1) the electron speed is é 1 2ne* 2heg 4m hb Substituting the given values : v (9.0 x 10? Nm? C) xNOOTAN ISC Physics-xi sing the Bohr’s model, calculate the speed of electron in the hydrogen atom inn = 1, e the orbital period in each of these levels. (NCERT Problem 12.7) Solution. (a) The speed of electron in stable orbit of H-atom is ele (1.6 x 10°19)? (2) 2egh nm 2x885x 107? x6.63x 104 \n 2.18 x 10° == n ve W/s For n=1, 0; =2.18 x 10° m/s pene For m= 2, vy = BIBxIO .09 x 10° m/s x10° For n= 8, vg = 2ABAIO" 7.27 «108 m/s Obviously the speed of electron goes on decreasing with increasing n. (b) Time period 72 2RE _ Beleghn? / ume?) _ ep hint v (e? / 2eghn) met _ 4 «(8.85 x 101)? x (6.63 x 10°94) x n3 - 9.110" x (1.6 x10 )4 = 1.53 x 1077 n° seconds For n=1, T; =1.53 x 107° For n =2, Ty =1.53 x 10°%6x (2)? = 12.24x 1076s For n = 3, T3 =153 x107x (3)? = 41.31x 10s. III. Energy of Electron in nth Orbit £, =- ah 1e ground state energy of hydrogen atom is -13.6 eV. What is the kinetic and potential (NCERT Problem 12.5) 2 = S of 4ney 27 ; 1 Potential energy, U=- 4ne 1 2 ; Total E=K+U= ee fii) fotal energy + aaa Comparing equations (i), (ii), (iii), we have K =-E and U = 2E Given E =-13.6eV (in ground state) Kinetic energy, K = 13.6eV Potential energy, U = 2x (- 13.6 eV) = -27.2eVAtom, Origin of Spectra : Bohr's Theory of Hydrogen Atom o41 fal energy of the electron in this state ? (©) Which of the answers above would change if the choice of the zero of potential energy is changed ? (NCERT Problem 12.15) Ans. Total energy E =~ 3.4 eV. (a) Kinetic energy in this state K (b) Potential energy in this state U= 2 E = 2x (-3.4eV) = - 6.8 eV. (c) Potential energy is taken zero at infinity. If the choice of zero potential energy is changed then kinetic energy will Feqain unchanged but total energy will change. Grample E=-(-3.4eV) = 3.4eV. tain the first Bohr's radius and the ground state energy of a ‘muonic’ hydrogen atom charged muon (\1~) of mass about 207 m, orbits around a proton], (NCERT Problem 12.17) Solution. If m, is the mass of muon, then from Bohr’s theory 2 mw? Lie TW and mt 4nor or Eliminating v from these equations, we get 2p? = sol Ee xm’ ‘Asm, = 207 m,, where m, is mass of electron +f Hn? 207 xm, e* For ground state (n = 1) for muon, we have 2 eq hi "207 xm, -e? fq h? . But z = ground state radius of H-atom = 0.53 x 107m xm, 3 x 10°10 = = 256x103 m, hy 307 6 x 107! m. Also Obviously E, = m Ground state energy of an electron in H-atom, E, = - 13.6 eV _ 207 m, x (-13,6 eV) =~ 2.8 x 10° eV=~ 2.8 keV9a2 NOOTAN ISC Physics» § VSxample 11. Which energy state of the triply ionised beryllium (Be*** ) has the same orbital radu that of the ground state of hydrogen? Compare the energies of the two states. Solution. The radius of the nth orbit of hydrogen-like atoms is given by 2 pant to_ mm Ze* or k@/Z) where k (=h? g9 / xm ¢”) is a constant. For the ground state (n = 1) of hydrogen atom (Z= 1), we ag =k Let n be the energy state of Be’** (Z = 4) for which the orbital radius is_k (same as of hydrogen} ground state). Putting r =k and Z = 4 in Eq, (i), we get k=k(@/4) or n=2 The energy of electron in the nth state of hydrogen-like atoms is given by re 2-22 2(4) 803 A? An or BaD y/n ForBe ; for H, Z= Land n=1. Fe 16/4 1 Ey 1/1 + ve sign as required. (asc 2 Would your answers change if the choice of the zero potential energy is changed? Solution. The kinetic and the potential energies of electron in the hydrogen atom (Z = 1) are given by 4 2 2 -1-£ aa v=--1£, Gn Or 4m 6 where r is the radius of the orbit in the given energy state. The total energy is 2 2 aU oe ee eee 4neol2r 4G 2F Thus, K=- — (- 13.6eV) = + 13.6eV and U = 2B = 2 x (-13.6eV) = - 27.2ev. ‘These answers are based on the choice that the zero of the potential energy is at infinity. If a diffe: zero of potential energy is chosen, then the potential energy and also the total energy would change, the kinetic energy will still remain + 13.6 eV. 207 mg and a proton, and the muon orbits around the proton. Obtain () the radius of its frst Bohr orbit (ii) its ground-state energy. th = 6.63 x 10° Js,e = 1.6 x 10°!9C,my = 9.1 x 10°) kg |Srample 13. A muonic hydrogen atom is a bound state of a negatively-charged muon (j”) of M4 = (109/36 x) C?2N} m?}Atom, Origin of Spectra : Bohr's Theory of Hydrogen Atom 943 Solution. (i) The radius of first (n = 1) Bohr orbit of hydrogen atom (Z = 1) is given by 5 (6.63 «104 ys? x] 10? m } _ (36%314 253410 m 3.14 «(9.1% 103! kg) x (1.6 x 101? CY The radius of the first orbit of muonic atom will be Xm, € 2 z fy = 8 th 5.310 m 9 561019 m = 2.56 x 107A. (207 m,) e? 207 207 (i) The ground-state (n = 1) energy of hydrogen atom (Z = 1) is given by iy = ae a. (9.1 10°" kg) x (1.6 «107! cy 2u7 x 10795, 863 9 2 10 2 yy - 4 2 8x Cn tm? | x (6.6310 Js) (x2 «3.14 m C We know that, 1.6 x 10195 = 10ev 19 By = -—2L2 x10 8 - 136 1.6x 109 J /ev The ground-state energy of the muonic atom will be (207 m,) 4 Ey = ~—“er* = 207 By = 207 x (-13.6 eV) = -2815 eV. " Bodh? " ‘ Grample 14. The energy of an electron in an excited hydrogen atom is ~ 3.4 eV, Calculate the angular momentum of the electron according to Bohr’s theory. Planck’s constant h = 6.626 x 10°* Js Solution. In hydrogen atom, the energy of electron in the nth energy level is Here, E, = - 3.4eV. From this, wehave n = 2, According to Bohr’s theory, the angular momentum of the electron is nh _ 2x 6.626 x10 J Qn 2% 314 e energy levels of an atom of a certain A_ac dioining figure. Which one of ] ow B, C, D or E will result in the emission oF wy of photons of electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 618.75 nm? Support your answer with mathematical ¥ 9 calculations, (ISC 2014) Solution. Energy associated with the photon of wavelength, ?.= 618.75 nm. = 10ev{ 944 NOOTAN ISC Physics.yip 34 a ga he 66x10 x3%108 oy _ gy, A 618.75 x 10°? x 1.6 «10°! ‘The energy liberated corresponding to transition D = ~ 1 - (~3) eV=2eV. Therefore, transition D results in the emission of photon of wavelength 618.75 nm. Example 16. A proton captures a free electron whose kinetic energy is zero and forms a hydrogen atom of lowest energy-level (n = 1). If a photon is emitted in this process, what will be the wavelength of radiation? In which region of electromagnetic spectrum, will this radiation fall? (lonisation potential of hydrogen atom = 13.6 V, hh = 6.6 x 10°" Js, c= 3.0 x 10° ms) Solution. The ionisation potential of hydrogen atom is 13.6 volt. This means that to ionise the hydrogen atom, 13.6 eV of energy is required. Normally an atom is ionised from its lowest energy level (n = 1), Hence, the lowest energy of the electron in the hydrogen atom is By = - 13.6. ‘The kinetic energy of the given electron is zero. Hence, the loss of energy of electron in forming hydrogen atom of n = 1 state is AE = 0 ~ (~ 13.6) = 13.60. If the wavelength of the emitted photon be 2, then AE=hy = hc or 2, = Ac/AB. Substituting AE = 13.6 eV = 13.6 x (1.6 x 10°'*) J and the given values of h and c, we get 10-4 Js) x (3.0 x 108 ms!) 13.6 x (1.6 x 1079) J ‘This radiation will fall in the far ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum. = 0.910 x 107m = 910A. Grample 17. The energy levels of an atom are shown in the diagram, __A_B Which of the transitions will result in the emission of a photon of wavelength ¢ (i) 275 nm, (ii) 495 nm? w2ev (h = 6.6 x 10°84 Js, ¢ = 3.0 x 108 ms) Solution. The energy of an emitted photon of wavelength 2. is given by he aE ==". @ For 4 = 275nm = 275 x 10° m, we have mua? (6.6 x 10-4 Js) x (3.0 x 108 ms~ 275 x10 m ~4.5 ev) AE = 7.2x10719 5 1.610"? J/eV 5 eV]. =7.2x10"9 J = ‘The corresponding transition is B [0 ~ (~ 4.65 eV) = (ii) For 4 = 495 nm = 495 x 10° m, we have (6.6 x 104 Js) x (3.0 x 10° ms“) 495 «10°? m __4x10s © 16x10 ev The corresponding transition is C [-2 eV - (- 4.5 eV) AE = 4x10 = 2.5eV 2.5 eV].Atom, Origin of Spectra : Bohr’s Theory of Hydrogen Atom ms oe Example 18. A hydrogen atom rises from its n = 1 state to the n = 4 state by absorbing energy. If the potential energy of the atom in n = 1 state be -13.6 eV, then calculate : (i) potential energy inn = 4 state, (ii) energy absorbed by the atom in the transition, (iii) wavelength of the emitted radiation if the atom returns back to its original state. (h = 6.6 x 10°24 J s, speed of light, ¢ = 3.0 x 108 ms“!) Solution, The energy of the nth level of hydrogen atom is given by Rhe F,=-~3, aa where R is Rydberg's constant, h is Planck’s constant and c is speed of light. Thus, the energy of the lowest level (n = 1) is given by Ey= Rhe. (i) The energy of the fourth-level (n = 4) is Rhe_ & Econ i 42 16 Here, Ey =~ 13.6 eV. So, energy in the state n = 4 is g, =f. 213-6 _ _ ogs ev 16 16 (ii) The energy absorbed by the atom in the transition from energy-level n = 1 ton = 4 is AE = Eq ~ Ey = -0.85 ~ (~13.6) = 12.75 ev (iii) When the atom returns from energy level n = 40 n = 1, let 2 be the wavelength (frequency v) of the emitted light. Then according to quantum theory, we have hy =he/d = AE he _ (6.6 x 104 Js) x (3.0 x 108 ms!) AE 12.75 «1.6 x 10°19 J = 9.70 x 10%m = 970A. Canon 1 ionisation potential of hydrogen atom is 13.6 V. Draw the energy level diagram showing Tour he energy of the photon emitted when an electron falls from the third orbit to the seconc\edht/ (i) the wavelength ofthis photon. (values of fh and ¢ as above) (isc 2000) What will be the minimum energy of a photon which can be absorbed by hydrogen atom at ordinary temperature? Solution, The ionisation potential of an atom is that minimum potential which can impart energy to an electron enough to ionise that atom. The ionisation potential of hydrogen atom is 13.6 V. It means that to ionise hydrogen atom, 13.6 eV energy is required, Normally, an atom is ionised from its lowest energy level. Hence, the energy of the lowest level of the hydrogen atom is. E, = ~ 13.6eV. We know that, if energy of lowest, energy level be £}, then the energy of the nth level will be E, /n?. So, the energies of the second (n = 2), third (n = 3) and fourth (n = 4) levels are n=]——————- - 18.6 ev4 946 NOOTAN ISC Physics-xb and = -0.85 eV. The energy-level diagram showing these four levels has been drawn in the figure. (i) When the electron falls from the third orbit to the second orbit, the energy of photon emitted is AE = Ey ~ Ey = -15 ~ (-3.4) = 19 ev. Gi) If the wavelength of the emitted photon is 2, then AE = hy = hei he _ (6.6 x10 Js) x (3.0 x 10° ms!) 1.9 eV x (1.6 x10? J/ev) = 6513 x 107m = 6513 A. At an ordinary temperature, the atom resides in its ground-energy state (n = 1). Hence, it can absorb 4 ‘minimum’ energy enough to excite it to the next energy state (n = 2). Therefore, the minimum absorbey. energy is or a Ep ~ Ey = -3.4~ (-13.6) = 10.2eV. G|Faample 20. The ionisation energy of the hydrogen atom is given to be 13.6 eV. A photo falls on a hydrogen atom which is initially in the ground state and excites it to the n = 4 state * () Show this transition in the energy-level diagram and (ii) calculate the wavelength of the photo (h = 4.14 x 1077 ev s,c = 3.0 x 10% ms). 5 4 Solution. For hydrogen atom, Ey = -13.6eV, E, = =-08sev. 3] ra Photon energy AE = E, - E, = - 0.85 ~ ( -13.6) 12.75 eV, ‘The wavelength corresponding to it is 4.14 «10'S eV s) x (3.0 x 108 ms!) 12.75 eV neces i = 0.9741 x 107 m = 974.1A. Energy levels of H atom are given by; E, = - 136 ey, where n is Principal Quantur fi te the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation emitted by hydrogen atom resulting from th transition : n = 2 ton = 1. (isc 201 88 ey, n 136 ey 3,4 eV similarly Fy 2 Solution. Given, E, Ey eV=-13.6 eV Therefore, the energy released for the transition from state n =2 to n= 1, AE = Ey ~ E = ~3.4 -(-13.6) = 10.2 eV 6.6 x 104 x 3 x 108 m = 1.213« 107 m = 1213 nm. 10.2x 1.6 «10°19‘Atom, Origin of Spectra : Bohr's Theory of Hydrogen Atom 947 Example 22. Hydrogen atom in its ground state is excited by means of monochromatic radiation of wavelength 975 A. How many lines are possible in the resulting emission spectrum? Calculate the longest wavelength amongst them. You may assume the ionisation energy for hydrogen atom as 13.6 eV. (Planck's constanth = 6.63 x 10°4Js,c = 3.0 x 10° ms, 1eV = 1.60 x 10714) Solution. Energy given to the atom by radiation of wavelength 975 A (= 975 x 101° m) is ‘Ag ~ BE _ (6.63 x 107 Js) x (3.0 x 10% ms) a 975x101 m 19 = 20.4x10°9 j= 24x10 _ = 2.75 ev 1.60 10719 J/eV Energy of hydrogen atom in ground state (n = 1) is -13.6 eV. Hence, energy of the excited atom is 13,6 + 12.75 = - 0.85 eV. Energy of hydrogen atom is given by IfE, = — 0.85 eV, then or It means that the electron of the atom will be excited to the fourth energy-level. From here, it can return to any of the lower energy-levels. As is clear from the figure, 6 transitions (4 > 3, 4 > 2, 4 > 1, 3-2, 3+ 1,2 1) are possible for the excited electron, Thus, 6 lines ~ogsev will be emitted. at l a15rev Now, the emitted wavelength is given by 2 = AcIAE C The longest wavelength will correspond to the transition between the closest energy levels. The (minimum) energy-difference between the closest levels is AE = -0.85 eV - (-1.51 eV) = 0.66 eV = 0.66 x 1.6 x 107°. Hence, the longest wavelength emitted is 5 = C63 10-4 Js) x (3 x 10° ms!) : 0.66 x 1.6 x 1079 J = 18.835 x 1077 m = 18835A. —34ey net 13.6 PSrample 23. 4 ditference of 2.3 eV separates two energy-levels in an atom. What is the frequency of radiation emitted when the atom makes transition from the upper level to the lower level ? (NCERT Problem 12.4) Solution, According to Bohr’s postulate E)-E, =hv Frequency of emitted radiation -F2-A “h 6.63 x 10°45, 5.55 x 10! Hz.NOOTAN ISC Physics-x. (NCERT Problem 12.6 \gth and frequency of photon. Rhe Solution. The energy-levels of H-atom are given by Ey = ~ For given transition ny = I,m = 4 a Energy of absorbed photon, AE or Wavelength of absorbed photon d is gi ag = RE x he rhe or pee a 16 1SR he ug m = 9.7210" m. or 7 15 x 1.097 x 107 8 Frequency, v = £ = —2*10" _ _ 3.99 x10!5 Hz. a 9.7210 V. Wavelength of Spectral Lines nt for Brackett series n, = 4; and for Pfund series n = 5. x ria = ed - 2) »Mg > My, for Lyman series n; = 1, for Balmer series n, = 2, for Paschen series n, GSrample 25. in a hydrogen atom, a transition takes place from n = 3ton = 2 orbit. Calculate th wavelength of the emitted photon. Will the photon be visible? To which spectral series will this photor belong? (R = 1.097 x 107 m4) (asc 2008) Solution. The wavelength A of emitted photon, when electron in an atom transits from a higher levey ng to a lower level ny, is given by When the transition takes place from n = 3 to n = 2, then for the wavelength of the emitted photon, we have 1 7 t{ 2 _ 7 mt), 5 + = 1.097 x10 a = (1.097 « 10° x2 57 1.097 107 m (3 ] ¢ mi) x35 ee = 6.563 x 10°” m = 6563 A (or 656.3 nm). (1.097 x 107m!) x 5 This wavelength falls in the visible (red) part of the spectrum, hence the photon will be visible. This photon is the first member of the Balmer series.Atom, Origin of Spectra : Bohr’s Theory of Hydrogen Atom SSxample 26. Find the recoil speed of a hydrogen atom after it emits a photon in going from n = 5 state ton = 1 state. Given : Rx. = 1.097 x 10” m?, h = 6.63 x 10°" J s and mass of hydrogen atom, my = 1.67 x 1077 kg. Solution. The wavelength of the emitted photon is given by 1 loa (11 = =Rela-—=|= x10? mf a vossr aca i (4 +} 1.097 «107 m)| 5 ~ y= 1.053 « 10” m or a = 0.950 x 107 m. The momentum of photon is A _ 663x104 Js 2 0,950 x 107 m By conservation of linear momentum, we have momentum of recoiled H-atom = momentum of photon = 6.98 x 1027 kg ms). eres or (1.67 x 1077 kg) x v = 6.98 x 1077 kg ms. 6.98 . Al Tey > 18 ms". Pxample 27. Find out the (longest) wavelength of the first line of the Lyman series of hydrogen spectrum. Also, find out the wavelength of the limit of this series. (2 = 1.097 x 10’ m-?) Solution. For Lyman series, we have For the first line, n = or For the limit of the series, n = 2 = 0.912 x 107m = 912A, R 1.097 «107 m or |Srample 28. Wavelengths of Balmer series lying in the range of 450 nm and 700 nm were used to eject photoelectrons from a metal surface of work function 2.0 eV, Calculate (in eV) the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons. Take hc = 1242 eV-nm. Solution. The wavelengths of Balmer series of hydrogen atom are given by 1LR x 1) =|) 1 =3,45,. mn)_ 950 NOOTAN ISC Physics-xi Forn = 3, 2242 eV-nm __ 657.5 nm. 13.6 eV [5/36] 1242 eV-nm _ _ 487.0 nm. 3.6 eV (12/64) 1242 eV-nm | 434.9 am ~ 73.6 eV (21/100) ‘To get the maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons [K = (hc/ 7.) - W], we should use the radiation of minimum wavelength in the range 450 nm to 700 nm. Thus, for wavelength 487.0 nm, the kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectron is given by K,., = 1242eV-nm max “487.0 nm GSrample 29. A doubly-ionised lithium atom is hydrogen-like with atomic number 3. (i) Find the wavelength of the radiation required to excite the electron in Li** from the first to the third Bohr orbit. The ionisation energy of the hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV. (ii) How many spectral lines are observed in the emission spectrum of the above excited system? = 2.0 eV =2.55 eV- 2.0 eV = 0.55 eV. 2 «13.6 9x13.6 122.4 Solution. (@) E, = ==" ev 5 ev = - 4 wv. n w n 122. By =~ 122.4eVand By = 4724 - a36ev. Energy required for electron excitation is AE = Ey ~ E; = -13.6eV — (-122.4eV) = 108.8eV, ‘The corresponding wavelength is 12375, 12375 “aE ~ Tos.gev = 13744. (ii) There will be 3 spectral lines corresponding to transitions 3 -» 1, 3 -> 2, 2+ 1 }Srample 30. Wavelength of the Ist line (H,) of Balmer series of hydrogen is 656.3 nm. Find the wavelength ofits 2nd line (Hp). (asc 2009) Solution, The wavelength formula for hydrogen atom isAtom, Origin of Spectra : Bohr's Theory of Hydragen Atom 951 B The wavelength of Ist line (H,) of Balmer series is eR (eee ete Ma, (2 32)” 36 The wavelength of 2nd line (Hp) of Balmer series is 1 Dividing the two equations My 5 16 _ 20 i, 36° 3 27 20 20 : day = Sy nig = 5p * 656.3 nm = 486.15 nm. |Srample 31. The wavelength of the first line of Lyman series for hydrogen is identical to that of the ‘second line of Balmer series for some hydrogen-like ion X. Calculate energies of the first four levels of X. Also find its ionisation potential. Given : ground state binding energy of hydrogen atom = 13.6 eV. Solution. The general wavelength formula for hydrogen-like ion is 1. ax{t-1) e nt ng) ‘The wavelength of the first Lyman line (ny = 1, ng = 2) for hydrogen atom (Z = 1) is 1 1 1 3 + =Rr(>-S]-2r On (3 2) 4 ‘The wavelength of the second Balmer line (n, = 2,n) = 4) for hydrogen-like ion X is, 1 2 (1 1 3 02 —=2R(=-=|-52?R dx (3 ral 16 But Ayy = Ay (Given). Therefore, 3p-=372R H = Ax ; 16 or Z=2 ‘The ion X is He* (ionised helium). Now, Ex = 27 Ey = 4Ey. But Ey = -22:2 ev (wheren = 1,2,3,4.... The ionisatioy hat is the shortest wavelength present in the Paschen series of spectral lines? (NCERT Problem 12.3) Solution. For Paschen series of H-atom 1 1 ==R\ > = © rt ( z where n = 4,5,..“mm 952 NOOTAN ISG Physics-xi| For shortest wavelength n = <0 eee ———_ m = 8204.1 x 10°1°m = 8204.1 A. R 1,097 x 10° V. Miscellaneous PExample 33. Choose the correct altemative from the clues given at the end of each statement (2) The size of the atom in Thomson's model is ........ the atomic size in Rutherford's model. (much greater thany/no different fromv/much less than) (b) In the ground state of ...... electrons ate in stable equilibrium, while in ...... electrons always experience a net force. (Thomson model/Rutherford mode!) (c) A classical atom based on ...... is doomed to collapse. (Thomson model/Rutherford model) (d) An atom has a nearly continuous mass distribution in a ...... but has a highly non-uniform mass distribution in ..... . (Thomson model/Rutherford model) (©) The positively charged part of the atom possesses most of the mass in ...... . (Thomson model/both the models) (NCERT Problem 12.1) Ans. (a) No different from (The size of atom in both models is of the order of 101° m). (b) Thomson model, Rutherford model. (c) Rutherford model (In Rutherford model electrons radiate energy, so the radius of a circular orbit of electrons goes on decreasing and finally an electron hits the nucleus and so the atom collapses). (d) Thomson model, Rutherford model. (e) Both the models. |rample 34. Suppose you are given a chance to repeat the a-particle scattering experiment using a thin sheet of solid hydrogen in place of the gold-foil. (Hydrogen is solid at temperature below 14 K.) What result) do you expect ? (NCERT Problem 12.2) ‘Ans. Hydrogen nuclei (proton) are very light from a-particles. Hence a-particles will not be scattered by solid hydrogen. They will pass the hydrogen sheet without deviation. }Sxample 35. A 12.75 eV beam is used to bombard gaseous hydrogen at room temperature, What series) of wavelengths will be emitted ? (NCERT Problem 12.9) Solution. Energy of the hydrogen atom in lowest energy-level E = ~ 13.6 eV. Now it is bombarded by a beam of electrons of energy = 12.75 eV. The energy absorbed by itis E, = ~ 13.6 eV + 12.75 eV = - 0.85 eV Now, =1SEEV _ 0.85 ev ra Le . a= =tstev 13.6 * | 136 _ 16 nea -se or 0.85 or n=4, Possible transitions = D6, net ~Wevatom, Origin of Spectra : Bohr's Theory of Hydrogen Atom 953 a Which are shown in the figure, The wavelengths emitted are Ne ag ¢ 663% 10" x 4x 108 Max 10! 2A he _ 6.63%10 “x3 10" 663x104 xa x10" IAAI ay 7 or a > AB in joule 1.6010 x (AB In eV) eM 3 7 For my to my, AB © [0,85 ~ (-19.6)] eV « 12.75 eV, hy wee 107m = 970.6 A. 12, E151 -(13.6)] eV= 12.19 eV, 2" To 40 «10 7m = 1023.6 A ng to ny, ng tom, AE = 1-3.4-( 13,6] V= 10.20V, As «107m 1213.2 A. The wavelengths emitted will be 974.9 A, 1019.6 A , 1218.6 A , 4852.9 A , 6547.6 A, 28409 A respectively. |Frample 36. Answer the following questions, which help you to understand the difference between Thomson's model! and Rutherford’s model better : (a) Is the average angle of deflection of «-particles by a thin gold-foil predicted by Thomson's model much less, about the same or much greater than that predicted by Rutherford's model? {b) Is the probability of backward scattering (i.e., scattering of a-particles at angles greater than 90") predicted by Thomson's model much less, about the same or much greater than that predicted by Rutherford's model? (c) Keeping other factors fixed, it is found experimentally that for small thickness ¢, the number of a-particles scattered at moderate angles is proportional to ¢. What clue does this linear dependence on ¢ provide? (4) In which model is it completely wrong to ignore multiple scattering for the calculation of average angle of scattering of a-particles by a thin foil? (NCERT Problem 12.11) Ans. (a) Average deflection of a-particle is about the same in both models. (b) Probability of backward scattering of a-particles predicted by Thomson's model is much less in Thomson's model. (o) It predicts that the scattering of a-particles is due to single collision of a-particle with the nucleus of atom. As the number of target atoms increases linearly with increase of thickness, so the number of particles scattered increases with the number of atoms and hence increases linearly with thickness . (d) In Thomson's model, a single collision causes very little deflection. The observed scattering angle can be explained only if we consider multiple scattering, so it is completely wrong to ignore multiple scattering in Thomson's model. On the other hand in Rutherford’s model most of scattering is due to a single collision because the whole positive charge is assumed to be concentrated in a small nucleus, multiple scattering effects can be ignored to a first approximation. Gxample 37. The first excitation potential of sodium atom is 2.1 volt, Calculate the longest wavelength of light emitted by this atom. (h = 6.6 x 10% J s, speed of light c = 3.0 x 108 ms °, lev = 1.6 x 10794) Solution. The first excitation potential of the atom is 2.1 volt, It means that the atom requires 2.1 eV of energy to go from the lowest energy-level to the next. If v be the frequency of light emitted by the atom While returning from this level to the lowest energy-level, then according to quantum theory, we have hy = AB,