Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SUBMITTED BY
PREETI VERMA
Enrollment No.901111034
MBA 2009-11
CONTENT
1. Acknowledgement 5
2. Preface 6
3. Declaration 7
4. Executive summary 8
5. Objective 9
A. INTRODUCTION OF AN ORGANIZATION
6. HOFED 11-17
B. INTRODUCTION OF FRUITS MAINLY MANGO
7. Fresh fruits & vegetables, Mango 19-29
8. Importance of mango 30
9. Nutritional value 31-32
10. Medicinal value 33
11. Varieties of mango 34-43
12. Present cropping pattern in U.P 44
C. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF MANGO
13. Soil & climate 46-53
14. Planting time 54
15. Manuring & fertilization 55
16. Irrigation 56-61
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
My summer training has been a great learning experience for me. I learn not only about
my project but also about the organization as a whole. My training provided me a holistic
view of the functioning of the organization. This learning experience could not have been
possible without the help of the some esteem people.
This report acknowledges to the intense driving and technical competence of the entire
individuals that have contributed to it.
Training is an agglomeration of theoretical, practical & technical concepts, which
enhances our skills in the field of technology.
Any work of this nature would not have possible without the support and guidance of
others around me. I feel my first and foremost duty to express my deep sense of gratitude
and pay my genuinely sincere thanks to
Mr. A. K. Srivastava (Marketing Manger, Project Incharge and Project Guide) and,
Mrs. Keerti Singh (Assistant Manager, Mr. Shailendra Kumar Suman (Asst.
Manager Marketing), Mr. Rajiv Diwedi (Market Development Officer), Mr. Dev
Ram (Manager Procurement)
for giving me this opportunity to learn the basics of a language that is not easy to
understand and which is used in the real world but also confided his confidence in me
throughout my training tenure in spite of my being totally new to this kind of a work.
Whenever a complex and confounded problem confronted me, the spontaneous guidance
of all of my team members was ever at hand to solve my difficulty.
I am also grateful to Mr. C.P.TIWARI (The Director, Horticulture) for providing me
with an opportunity to work with them and undertake a project of such importance.
PREFACE
I had undergone a practical training under U.P STATE HORTICULTURE CO-
OPERATIVE MARKETTING FEDERATION. It was a good exposure for me to
undergo training in such a organization to get the knowledge and experience regarding
horticulture produce. Summer training is one of the major experiencing components of
the knowledge, gain of relevant of information and dealing with situations in a
professional course like MBA. Where a professional person faces a problem in a field. I
was able to get familiarized with the produce of horticulture and create awareness among
people dealing in agribusiness produce and products to maximize the future prospect and
success. Field component like survey, generation of questionnaire, and meeting with
producers and dealers of agri product helped me a lot.
Risk and uncertainties are part of life’s great adventure. To overcome these risks and
mishaps this project describes the policies and schemes of HOFED. . The way the
organization provides different benefits to the farmers and dealers of agribusiness. Now a
day’s lot is being done to create awareness among the public about the importance of
agriculture produce and products.
“It is good to have enthusiasm but it is essential to have training. Training can be in all
way of life.” Thus I would say that this training was beneficial educative & good
exposure to me, which will certainly help in my near future. The project made me to get
the enhanced knowledge regarding Agribusiness its, produce and products.
This report is dedicated to those who have helped me during & after this project.
PREETI VERMA…..
DECLARATION
I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the report entitled “DETAIL STUDY
OF MANGO QUALITATIVE PRODUCTION, ITS MARKETING AND MANGO
PROCESSING INDUSTRY IN UTTAR PRADESH ”. with HOFED (U.P. State
Horticultural Co-operative Marketing Federation), Lucknow in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the Masters In Business Administration (Agribusiness) is an
authentic record of my own work carried out during a period from 10th of June 2010 to 24th of
July 2010, under the guidance of Mr. A.K.Srivastav , General Manager-Marketing HOFED,
Lucknow.
I for the award of any other degree of this or any other Institute have not submitted the matter
presented in this report.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
I, Preeti Verma, Enrollment No.901111034, am a student of INSTITUTE OF
MANAGEMENT SCIENCE, LUCKNOW UNIVERSITY. I was given the opportunity
to pursue my internship in U.P. State Horticultural Co-operative Marketing
Federation for a period of six weeks. My project is titled “DETAIL STUDY OF MANGO
QUALITATIVE PRODUCTION, ITS MARKETING AND MANGO PROCESSING INDUSTRY IN
UTTAR PRADESH”.
i). There is a need for promoting producer’s co-operative in mango growing areas to
reduce the price gap between growers and consumers.
ii). The major potato growing states should arrange advance forecasting of area under
mango and plan to divert the mangoes to the deficient areas or by export to avoid glut
situations and price crashes in the markets.
iii) About 90 per cent of total cold storages in the country used for mango storage and
most of them are situated in big towns and markets. Hence it is needed to have new cold
storage units in deficient areas particularly rural areas.
iv). The significant step has been taken in this direction by Govt. of India by establishing
Agri Export Zones (AEZs). Adequate infrastructure paucities like movement of mango
from producing areas to exporting countries are required for further improvement.
v). There is a need to utilize larger quantities of mangoes in the processing industries to improve
and enhance the efficiency of processing and to reduce the cost of processing and processed
products. Developed technologies for dehydrated mangoes will not only ensure proper return to
the farmers but also boost the processing industry.
Management as a profession can’t be taught merely in the four walls of classrooms. Only
theoretical knowledge is not sufficient to build competitive managers. Practical
knowledge of the business environment is equally important.
In today business world, Agriculture sector is running towards its booming stage. This
area still has many things to come up to, so many changes and opportunities will be given
by HOFED organization. So I choose HOFED Organization for my SIP. I choose
HOFED Organization because it is one of those government players who entered the
market in 1992 and made its own place as a virtual office of APEDA in uttar pradesh.
This report showed about qualitative production of mango,its marketing & fruit
processing industry in uttar Pradesh as an important part of Agribussiness.
INTRODUCTION OF AN ORGANIZATION
HOFED
U.P STAE HORTICULTURE CO-OPERATIVE MARKETING
FEDERATION
Products
The societies under the aegis of the Federation produce a wide range of fruits, vegetables,
flowers and mushrooms.
Objectives
Membership
There are 793 Primary Horticultural co-operative societies operating at the village
level consisting of over 20,000 members registered under the department of Horticulture
& food processing U.P. up to March-2006 and continuously being registered.
Activities
Horticulture Spectrum
Varanas
Lucknow
Hardoi
Sitapur
Barabanki
Unnao
Saharanpur
Meerut
Bulandsahar
Bagput
Bijnaur
Mujaffarnagar
Potato
Agra
Farrukhabad
Kannauj
Hathrus
Meerut
Baghput
Badaun
Firozabad
Rampur
Aligadh
Gaziabad
Etavah
Rice (Basmati)
Barailly
Pilibhit
Shahjahanpur
Badaun
Muradabad
Rampur
J.P. Nagar
Bijnaur
Saharanpur
Muzaffarnagar
Meerut
Bulandshahar
Baghput
Gaziabad
Objectives
Banana
Gorakhpur
Basti
Shravasti
Maharajganj
Bahraich
Kaushambi
Sant Kabeernagar
Sidharth Nagar
Honey
Saharanpur
Aonla
Pratapgarh
Sultanpur
Jaunpur
Rai Bareli
Badaun
Farrukhabad
Kannauj
Etawah
Mainpuri
Firozabad
Etah
Mentha
Moradabad
Rampur.
Spices
Deoria
Kushinagar
Objectives
HOFED is working as State Virtual Branch of APEDA since 1998. HOFED is providing
various information to the producers/exporters regarding registration, export possibilities,
financial schemes of APEDA etc. We are also distributing the concerned literature
amongst the farmers/exporters and forwarding the application for registration in APEDA.
Registration Procedure
1. Bank certificate (in bank's sealed cover certifying the financial standing of your
firm along with Bank' forwarding letter.
2. List of Directors/Partners/Proprietor (in triplicate with their permanent addresses
on the letter head of the company duly stamped and signed.
3. Pvt./Public Ltd. Companies/Societies should forward a copy of their
memorandum and Article of Association, latest copy of balance sheet. Partnership
firms should forward their partnership deed attested by Notary.
4. Photocopy of your Import Export Code (IEC) number issued by D.G.F.T.
5. DD/Cash/Pay Order of Rs. 5000/- towards Registration fees payable to APEDA,
NEW DELHI with two photocopies of D.D.'s/Cash/Pay orders.
6. Undertaking should be on Company letter head & it must be attested by Notary.
India is the fruit and vegetable basket of the world. India being a home of wide variety of fruits
and vegetables holds a unique position in production figures among other countries. Over 90%
of India’s exports in fresh products goes to west Asia and East European markets. However, it
needs to augment its food and processing industry at a mega scale, according to an agriculture
consultant.
India’s exports of Fresh Fruit and Vegetable has increased Rs. 3659.11 Crores in 2008-09 , which
is including the products like Fresh Onion, Walnut, Fresh Mangos, Fresh Grapes and other fresh
Fruits & Vegetables.
Abundant investment opportunities are there in expanding the export market. An increasing
acceptance of new products with market development efforts has been witnessed lately given
the fact that there is a good international demand for certain fruits and vegetable products.
India ranks fifth in the world in cropped area under cultivation and production of potatoes. India
produces 40% of world’s mangoes, 26 %bananas, 18 % cashew nuts, 28 % green peas and 12%
onion . Exports of mangoes, grapes, mushrooms have started going to the United Kingdom,
Middle East, Singapore and Hong Kong, and among vegetable, onion occupies first position
Potatoes and green vegetables like okra, bitter gourd, green chillies have good export potential.
FRUITS
India is the largest producer of Fruits in the world and is known as fruit basket of world. The
major fruits grown in India are Mangos, Grapes, Apple, Apricots, Orange, Banana Fresh,
Avocados, Guava, Lichi, Papaya, Sapota and Water Melons.
Lichi
Varieties:
The major varieties under Other Fresh Fruit products are as follows: Mangoes (Langra,
Chausa, Fazli, Krishna Bhog, Himsagar, Neelam, Baneshan, Badami) Grapes (Anab-e-shahi,
Cheema sahebi, kishmish chorni, perlette, Arkavati) Apple (McIntosh, Chaubattia Anupam,
Lal Ambri, Golden Delicious) Banana Fresh (Dwarf Cavendish, Robusta, Rasthali, Poovan)
Guava (L-49, Allahabad Safeda, Banarasi, Chittidar, Harijha) Papaya(Coorg Honey Dew, Pusa
Dwarf, Pusa Giant, Pusa Majesty) Sapopta (Kalipatti, Pilipatti Harijha) Papaya(Coorg Honey
Dew, Pusa Dwarf, Pusa Giant, Pusa Majesty) Sapopta (Kalipatti, Pilipatti, Pala, Guthi), Lichi
(Shahi, Swarna Roopa, China, Kasba, Elachi, Purbi) .
Areas of Cultivation :
The major production areas in the country are in the state of Maharashtra,Andhra
Pradesh,Tamil Nadu,Gujarat,Karnataka,Uttar Pradesh,Bihar,West Bengal,Kerela Jammu &
Kashmir,Assam,Orissa,Madhya Pradesh,Punjab.
Fresh fruits production in India cover an area of 5775.3 thousand Ha with the production of
63502.7 thousand Mt in 2007-08. India’s total export of Other Fresh Fruits was Rs 304.53
Crores in 2007- 08.
MANGO
Origins
Scientists have been wondering for many years where mangos first came from. Their centre of
origin was revealed to be northeast India, Myanmar and Bangladesh after fossil records were
found there dating back 25 to 30 million years.
History
Cultivation and domestication of mangos probably began in the Indian subcontinent, where they
have been grown for more than 4000 years. Buddhist monks took mango plants on voyages to
Malaya and eastern Asia in the 4th and 5th centuries BC. By the tenth century AD, Persian
traders had taken mango to the Middle East and East Africa. With the arrival of the Portuguese
in India in the 15th century, it was later spread to South America, the Philippines and to West
Africa. Mangos are now cultivated commercially throughout tropics and subtropical areas.
In the early stages of domestication, fruits were probably very small and fibrous without
much flesh. The Mughals and Portuguese selected and grew generations of mango plants.
Centuries of development have produced varieties of mangos free of both fibres and
unpleasant flavours. This eventually led to larger fruits with thick flesh that we are familiar
with today..
INTRODUCTION OF MANGO
The Mango fruit tree’s botanical name is "Mangifera Indica" - the Latin botanical name
indicates its origin - India .The original root name was the Tamil word "mangay"; in Chinese it is
"Mang-two" ; [incidentally in London’s China town Sunday market I learnt that Moo-Li was
Chinese for the south Asian mooli/radish; ]. According to Frederick Noronha, "No tree in history
(of India) has been given as many names as the mango tree – it has been called Vasantaduta
(messenger of Spring), Madhuduta (messenger of fragrance), Kamang (embodiment of Cupid),
Kokilavasa (abode of cuckoos), and Kamavallabha (the amorous)."
The Mango has been around 4000 years and is related surprisingly to the cashew and pistachio
nut. It is a unique fruit that sets apart the South Asian regions from the rest of the mango
growing regions of the world - where the mango got transplanted from India. The mango was
taken to Brazil by the Portuguese and by Indians to the Far East. An entire history and culture
revolves around the mango going back thousands of years during Buddha’s times. The story of
mangoes is as complex and captivating as the mango tree itself, which produces fruit every
season.
Mango Meditation
Mango groves have been a place of solace for Buddha’s meditation. The mango tree is carved on
the Sanchi stupa [150 B.C] . Amrapali, after whom a mango is also named, was a beautiful
dancer and courtesan from Vaishali [ near Patna, Bihar] in Buddha’s time [ 600 B.C.] . She
offered Buddha a mango orchard and, impressed by his teachings, became a nun [ bhikshu].
Buddha was born near a mango grove at Lumbini [563 B.C] . At Nalanda University [ considered
one of the largest in the world with 6 million books ] there was a mango grove
called Pavarika, which was Buddha’s favorite place. The Mango grove at Jivaka
called Amravana was the pharmacy of Jivak the physician of the king of Magadha where Buddha
is said to have come for treatment.
Mango Mythology
Mango blossoms are used in the worship of Saraswati, the goddess of learning. Mangoes are
also considered in India to be a symbol of life. In everyday life in India even to this day mango
leaves are used to decorate the archways of the house when a wedding occurs or when a new
house is constructed. Mango leaves are also used as decoration in celebrating the festivals of
Ganesh Chathurthi and Vasant Panchami.
Mango motifs
The European weaving industry’s oldest pattern – the ‘paisley’ - was copied from the Kashmiri
shawls of the 15th. century. At the end of the 18th century, Kashmiri shawls with the mango
motif were imported into Europe by the famous East India company. Initially scarce and very
expensive, they were copied and sold as imitation Indian. In Britain, craftsmen from Spitalfield ,
Norwich and Edinburgh started producing cheaper imitations in silk by 1780 .Later they were
produced by the Scottish town Paisley in greater numbers, thanks to the Frenchman’s Jacquard
loom, which automated weaving. Vienna too joined in this paisley shawl production craze in
early 19th century.
Mango in Art
Mango trees were painted in detail by the Kangra miniature school in India. There are a couple
of well known paintings by the French Impressionist Paul Gauguin who had gone and settled to
paint in Tahiti.
Mango in Music/Poetry :
these are times of togetherness, and my beloved is not very far .... "
Amir Khusro [ 1800] glorified and celebrated mangoes in his poetry. Delhi last year was
resounding to this Khusro’s song:
" sakal ban phool rahi sarson, the mustard blooms in every field,
ambva phootey, tesu phule, mango buds snap open, the tesu blooms,
koel boley dar dar, the koel sings from every branch,
Poets such as Kalidasa compare the mango blossoms to the arrows of cupid -
Manmatha the Hindu God of love .[ Risamhara 6.2 ]
..........
Accompanied by vasanta,
The Sikh’s have their own celebration in Guru Nanak’s Bara Mah description of the
month of "Chaet" [March - April]
In 1965 Kumar Gandharva created a special theme concert called "Geet Varsha"in
Bombay.
-- "Amarayaan ke birakhan ke
" The rain drops glistening on the leaves of the Mango shine like fireflies."
The following incident is yet again a story that interweaves Mango and romantic poets. It
is reported that Ahmed Faraz, 57 years old, a Pathan from Kohat, NWFP, a leading
progressive Urdu poet from Pakistan was on a visit in 2001 to Delhi. He was taken to
the mazar [tomb] of the famous and his favourite Persian poet " Bedil" called Baag-e-
Bedil buried some 300 years ago. Here is a touching report by Kaamme Lee writing in
the web site "www.Urdu Poetry.com"
" -- He bends to touch the grave as if he needs to physically establish a bond he had
cherished for so long in his heart. The graveyard is peaceful, shady under neem and
mango trees . A koel is cooing in anticipating the mango blossom. Sitting on a stone
bench he recites a couplet from Bedil in Persian:
Bedil weep not for your losses, this party that is life, is after all held in a glassmaker’s
shop. "
The Mughal emperor Akbar described the mango in detail in his writings "Ain-e-Akbari
and had one lakh [ one hundred thousand] mango trees planted in the still famous "lakha
bagh" near Darbhanga in Bihar, many of which continue to survive.
Ghalib the famous Urdu poet was another great lover of mangoes; " Aam meethey hon
aur bohat sehon [ mangoes should be sweet and in plenty] was his response when
asked about the fruits he preferred. Another saying attributed to him was the taunt of a
friend who said " dekho gadha bhi nahin khata aam [ even a donkey does not eat
mangoes.. ] ; Ghalib quick witted that he was retorted "Haan, gadha hee to hai [ Yes a
donkey indeed he is ..."]
MANGO maneuvers
General Zia sent P.M. Indira Gandhi "Anwar Rataul" Mangoes originating from Pakistani
orchards. Mrs. Gandhi returned the favour after finding out that the origin of the Anwar Rataul
was actually from Rataul, a garden called Shora-e-Afaq, near Meerut, India. According to a
farmer from that area the story of the Anwar Ratual mango variety is that there were two
brothers ; one of them, Anwar, migrated to Pakistan and started the variety Anwar Rataul.
Ironically General Zia’s C-130 plane was reportedly sabotaged by loading the plane with crates of
mangoes [concealed with bombs] from Bahawalpur from where the plane took off and crashed
soon after.
Recently General Musharraf before going to the Agra Peace summit in 2001 sent Chaunsa
mangoes to the Indian leaders - PM and Home Ministers.
India
The centre for Science & Development [www.CSEindia.org] has a very interesting magazine
called " Down to Earth" which documents the rapid erosion of the biodiversity of fruits
indigenous to the south Asian region. Writing about the Mango varieties, it credits the Mughal
rulers and Avadh [Lucknow] based Nawabs in Uttar Pradesh [U.P.] and Darbhanga-Bihar as
having planted in the "Lakha Bagh" orchards about 100,000 mango seedlings.
Being mango lovers, the Mughal rulers were able to get the finest varieties brought by the
people to be planted in their royal gardens. The article mentions the general decline of these
famous UP mango orchards. Specifically, it states that the "Anwar Rataul" is "rarely sighted" in
India and has become the "number one mango export to West Asia from Pakistan". Overall
there has been a 40 % decline in the mango germplasm, This is due mostly to the rural to urban
labour migration as youth no longer "see" / perceive mango growing to be of economic
advantage to them. Similarly the article mentions rural mango groves that have been cut down
to build multi-storeyed residential complexes with "all modern amenities".
The article mentions the two techniques "hybridisation " and "grafting" which are used to create
endless new mango varieties A breakthrough technology of Hybridisation came to India about
25 years ago. Here self-sterile /unfruitful varieties were crossed with other varieties to produce
new varieties. Some of the new names as a result are Amrapali, Ratna, Niranjan,
Sunderdamagara, Alafazli, Lalavia Bhog. As an example, the Amrapali produces about 9 tons per
acre in the ninth year of planting - this is about ten times the harvest from most south Asian
cultivators.
In hybridisation, the two desired mango tree varieties are planted close to each and the result is
basically a waiting game of chance- much like "Waiting for Godot" . Each mango seedling is a
unique variety. Haji Kaleemullah khan in Malihabad , Uttar Pradesh is the owner of a tree with
about 200 varieties on it. In Harayana, in a village called Burail near Chandigarh is a mango tree
with a girth of 32 feet , branches upto 80 feet long, covering an area of 2700 square yards and
producing about 37,000 pounds of mangoes every year.
In grafting, another way of mass mango variety production, the mother plant branch with a bud
is stuck with the desired plant variety stem with bud - a kind of a "Lego" type snap on technique.
Probably a lot of the current famous mango names originate from this 16th century "lakha
bagh"planted by the famous Mughal rulers or from other various regions of Uttar Pradesh.
"Langra" [ literally means lame] - Owes its origin to a chance seedling from near Benares city.
"Amman Dussehri " - the name of a village near Lucknow and Malihabad. A superior chance
seedling. Other varieties of this name include Laila Majnu [the famous folktale lovers] ,
"Hussanara" [ a lovelorn princess or lady / begum., Sofiya [ tasting of saunf or anise seed] .
"Samar Bahisht" [fruit of paradise] - comes from superior chance seedling near Muzaffar Nagar,
U.P.
"Anwar Rataul- from the Shora-e-Afaq garden in Rataul, Meerut, U.P.- it is small [ less than an
apple ] and very strongly sweet with a wonderful flavour and smell.
IMPORTANCE
The mango is the national fruit of India, Pakistan, and the Philippines
In Hinduism, the perfectly ripe mango is often held by Lord Ganesha as a symbol of attainment,
regarding the devotees potential perfection. Mango blossoms are also used in the worship of the
goddess Saraswati.
Mango leaves are used to decorate archways and doors in Indian houses and during weddings
and celebrations like Ganesh Chaturthi. Mango motifs andpaisleys are widely used in different
Indian embroidery styles and are found in Kashmiri shawls, Kanchipuram silk sarees, etc.
Paisleys are also common to Iranian art, because of its pre-Islamic Zoroastrian past.
NUTRITIONAL VALUE
One of the most delicious and most fattening fruits, mango is truly called the ‘King of Fruits’. A tropical fruit, it
comes in as many as 1000 different varieties, each of them totally delectable. Though native to Southern
and Southeast Asia, the fruit is now also grown in Central and South America, Africa and the Arabian
Peninsula also. Apart from being high in calories, mangoes are also rich in a large number of nutrients and
hold great nutritional value. Infact, they have been known to have positive effects in case of a number of
ailments. In the following lines, we have listed numerous health and nutrition benefits of eating mangoes.
Calories - 107
Protein - 0.84 g
Carbohydrate - 28 g
Total Fat - 0.45 g
Fiber - 3 g
Vitamin A - 6425 IU
Vitamin C - 45.7mg
Magnesium - 18 mg
Potassium - 300 mg
Calcium - 20 g
Cholesterol - 0 g
Saturated fat - 0 g
Traces of manganese, selenium, iron, sodium and phosphorus
Mango, being high in calories and carbohydrates, is good for those who are trying to gain weight.
The phenolic compound found in mangoes has been found to have powerful antioxidant and
anticancer properties.
Being high in iron, mango is said to be very good for pregnant women as well as for people
suffering from anemia.
Mango is believed to be effective in relieving clogged pores of the skin.
The vitamin A (beta-carotene), vitamin E and selenium present in mangoes provide protection
against heart disease.
Mangoes have been found to be quite helpful in treating acidity and poor digestion.
It is being said that the Vitamin E present in mango helps hormonal system function more efficiently
and thus, boosts sex life.
The anti-inflammatory properties of mango might help alleviate asthma symptoms.
Other Benefits
Mango has been found to be beneficial for people suffering from the following ailments
Bacterial Infections
Constipation
Diarrhea
Dysentery
Eye Disorders
Hair Loss
Heat Stroke
Leucorrhea
Liver Disorders
Menstrual Disorders
Morning Sickness
Piles
Prickly Heat
Scurvy
Sinusitis
Spleen Enlargement
Vaginitis
MEDICINAL VALUE
Mango is called "The King of fruits" due to its sweetness and richness in phytochemicals and
nutrients. It is praised as "heavenly fruit" in Vedas. It is also known as "Super fruit" due to its
potential health values.
Medicinal properties of Mango:
1.The insoluble fibre, present in mangoes, helps the elimination of waste from the colon and
prevents constipation.
2. The tartaric acid, malic acid, and a trace of citric acid found in the fruit help to maintain the
alkali reserve of the body.
4. Extracts of leaves, bark, stem and unripe mangoes are believed to possess antibacterial
properties against some micro-organisms
5. Dried mango flowers are used in the treatment of diarrohoea, chronic dysentery and some
problems of the bladder.
6. The stone (kernal) of the mango fruit is used widely in Ayurvedicmedicines for treatment of
different ailments
7. Antioxidents present in the mango fruits are believed to play an important role in the
prevention of cancer and heart disease.
8. Some of the flavonoids present in the fruit are believed to strenghthen the immune system
of human body
VARITIES OF MANGO
ALMOST all our grafted varieties of mango have been selected from the
naturally occurring superior chance seedlings, having in view their earliness or
lateness and superior fruit quality.
Some of these are still confined to the orchards of a few mango lovers and
need to be utilized both commercially as well as in breeding work.
All these varieties have a wide range of adaptability under north Indian
conditions.
For instance, there is no difference in the performance of the variety 'Langra'
when grown at Varanasi or Saharanpur or for that matter even at Bulsar
(Gujarat), although the 3 situations differ significantly in climatic and soil
factors.
However, performance of the north Indian varieties undergoes a marked
change when grown under south Indian conditions.
For instance, if 'Langra' and 'Dashehari' varieties of northern India are grown
under south Indian conditions, the trees would flower and fruit very sparsely.
However, south Indian varieties do flower and fruit under north Indian
conditions but some of their characteristics might undergo a change.
For example, 'Neelum' (a south Indian variety) trees tend to be sufficiently
dwarf under north Indian conditions.
Although the trees tend to bear every year, fruit size is markedly reduced,
accompanied by delayed ripening.
Likewise, 'Rumani' variety of southern India undergoes a change in the sex
ratio of flowers, resulting in sparse fruiting under north Indian conditions.
' Alphonso' of Ratnagiri cannot be duplicated away from the coastal region in
regard to its fruit quality.
Thus commercial varieties of mango, although having a wide range of
adaptability, are specific to different regions of the country.
There are hundreds of varieties in mango, out of which only a few happen to
be of commercial importance.
Different regions of the country have their own commercial varieties because,
as has already been indicated in the beginning, a particular variety of mango
is not expected to perform equally well under different sets of climatic factors
prevailing in various parts of the country.
The most well-known varieties throughout the country are 'Langra',
'Alphonso', 'Dashehari' and 'Banganpalli'.
Thus the choice of a commercial grower in north India is mostly confined to
'Bombay Green' (early), 'Langra', 'Dashehari' and 'Samar Behest Chausa'; in
the eastern part to 'Fazli', 'Kishenbhog', 'Himsagar: 'Langra', 'Gulabkhas' and
'Zardalu'; in the western part to 'Alphonso', 'Pairi', 'Malkurad' (Goa), 'Kesar',
'Rajapuri' and 'Jamadar' (Gujarat); and in the southern part to 'Beneshan'
('Banganpalli'), 'Neelum', 'Bangalora', 'Rumani', 'Suvarnarekha', 'Mulgoa',
'Raspuri' and 'Badami'.
Although the most delicious mangoes of the south are 'Allampur Beneshan',
'Himayuddin' and 'Jehangir', these are not commercial types due to their shy
bearing.
Among these 'Neelum' and 'Bangalora' happen to be the most consistent
bearers (regular) and 'Dashehari' by far the most delicious variety
The mango varieties under cultivation in different states are given in.
Apart from table varieties, there are quite a few sucking types characterized
by juicy and soft flesh with fibres.
These are not yet cultivated on commercial scale but grafted trees are grown
in the orchards of big mango growers.
Some such varieties are 'Raspoonia', 'Mithwa Sundar Shah', 'Mithwa
Ghazipur', 'Taimuriya', 'Sharbati Begrain', 'Gilas', Nauras', 'Rasgola', 'Hardil-
aziz', 'Cherukurasam' and 'Peddarasam'.
Fruits of all these varieties except the south Indian ones range in size from
small to medium.
Further, these varieties are mostly biennial in habit.
This germplasm of juicy mangoes, as well as of many other less.
Known seedling sucking mangoes, may get extinct unless propagated and
multiplied by nurseries and popularized for commercial cultivation to cater to
the mango industry .
Polyembryonic Varieties
Coloured Varieties
Unusual Varieties
The fruits are large (315 g) and the flesh is firm and fibreless.
They keep in good condition for about a week.
It is a regular-bearing variety. Fruits are characterized by excellent taste and
flavour, attractive shape, colour and size, good keeping quality, early
maturity and absence of spongy tissue.
Average pulp percentage is 78.62, total soluble solids ( oBrix) 23.00, acidity
0.26% and vitamin C 25 mg per 100 g. The tree is moderately vigorous.
dwarf.
12. Arka IIHR Alphonso x Regular bearing, attractive
Puneet Bangalore. Banganapalli skin colour, medium sized,
free from spongy tissue,
good keeping quality, good
sugar acid blend.
13. Arka IIHR Alphonso x Regular bearing, attractive
Anmol Bangalore. Janardhan Pasand. skin colour, free from
spongy tissue, good
keeping quality, good sugar
acid blend.
14. IIHR Alphonso x Neelum. Regular bearing, with
Bangalore. medium sized fruits, free
from spongy tissue, good
pulp colour, excellent skin,
vigorous tree
In Florida (USA) the trees of Tommy Atkins' come into bearing 3- 4 years
after planting and bear regular, heavy crop up to about 300 kg/tree.
The fruit is medium to large with orange-yellow ground colour and a bright
red blush.
The flesh is medium to dark yellow with a good flavour.
Fruit is resistant to anthracnose but internal breakdown may be serious in
some years.
The only mutant variety reported in mango is 'Rosica' from Peru.
It is a bud mutant of the local Peruvian cultivar 'Rosado de Ica'.
In trials it was found precocious and showed regular bearing, giving good
yield of high-quality fruit.
Unlike other local cultivars, it did not produce small seedless fruits and it was
monoembryonic.
Mango (Mangifera indica) is the leading fruit crop of India and considered to be the king
of fruits. Besides delicious taste, excellent flavour and attractive fragrance, it is rich in
vitamin A&C. The tree is hardy in nature and requires comparatively low maintenance
costs.
Mango occupies 22% of the total under fruits comprising of 1.2 million hectares, with a
total production of 11 million tonnes. Uttar Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh are having the
largest area under mango each with around 25% of the total area followed by Bihar,
Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
Mango fruit is utilised at all stages of its development both in its immature and mature
state. Raw fruits are used for making chutney, pickles and juices. The ripe fruits besides
being used for desert are also utilised for preparing several products like squashes,
syrups, nectars, jams and jellies. The mango kernel also contains 8-10 percent good
quality fat which can be used for soap and also as a substitute for cola in confectionery.
Fresh mangoes and mango pulp are the important items of agri-exports from India.
India's main export destinations for mango are UAE, Kuwait and other Middle East
countries with a limited quantity being shipped to European market. Although, India is
the largest mango producing country, accounting about 60% of world production, the
export of fresh fruit is limited to Alphonso and Dashehari varieties. India's share in the
world mango market is about 15 percent. Mango accounts for 40 percent of the total fruit
exports from the country. There is good scope for increasing the area and productivity of
mango in the country.
Both soil and climate of a ecosystem are the important factors which
determine about success or failure of mango crop.
Therefore one should give atmost importance to these two factors before
establishing a mango orchard.
Presently mango is being grown in varied types of soil as well as in different
types of climatic conditions across the country.
While planning a mango orchard atmost importance should be given to take
soil sample and its analysis for pH. nutrient status, EC, water soluble salt
content etc.
Similarly with respect to climatic conditions temperature, rainfall, wind,
hailstorms and altitude of the given place should be considered especially in
the selection of a variety.
Soils
Mango grows well on all types of soil provided they are deep and well drained.
Red loamy soils are quite ideal.
Alkaline, ill drained and soils with rocky substratum are not suitable for
successful cultivation of mango crop.
In India, mango is grown on lateritic, alluvial, kankar and other types of soil.
However, rich, medium and well drained soils give better results.
Very poor, stony and soils with hard substratum should be avoided.
The vigour and cropping behavior of a mango tree are affected by the soil
type.
In our country the best mango gardens are situated on the deep fertile
alluvial soils of the Indo-Gangetic plain.
On shallow soils of hill slopes, mango trees grow to a large size but the yields
are not satisfactory.
On the laterite soils of the west coast and of Bidar (Karnataka) the trees are
smaller and sandy loams of Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh India,
produced trees of medium height.
The red soils of Dharwad (Karnataka) and red laterites of Belgaum and
Ratnagiri (Maharashtra) and Goa Island (India) are the best soils for mango.
Best quality fruits are produced on soils containing 5 to 10 per cent lime and
sufficient quantities of peroxide of iron.
Under such conditions fruits develop bright reddish tinge.
The deep black cotton soils are generally considered not suitable for mango
cultivation, since soils are generally avoided for planting mango plants.
Such soils need to be reclaimed by leaching out of salts using good quality
water, replacing the harmful sodium from the soil with calcium or by
establishing effective drainage course to avoid salt build up.
However, these are costly and the expenditure is likely to recur as a
continuous threat of salinity faced year after year.
The mango growing soils should preferably have a very low total water
soluble salt content of 0.04 to 0.05 per cent.
Fruit crops are most sensitive than cereals and millets.
Mango is rated as moderately tolerant to salts with 4-6 dsm-1.
The fertility of soil is dependant on its physical, physico-chemical and
chemical characteristics.
Physical Characteristics
Soils profile
The fertile soil is the one that is present in the top 15 cm level.
It is the cultivated portion of the land.
Normally the soil profile is studied from top to a depth of 1.8 m or more.
It is a pre-requisite for assessing the suitability of the soil of any crop.
The depth, texture, structure and others are also considered.
Mango has very deep and strong root system thus soils for mango should be
quite deep for easy penetration and spread of the root system.
Soils with a depth of 1.2 m or more are ideal for mango crop. More the depth
of soil, better is the suitability.
Hard soils, soils poor in depth or soils having hard pan in sub-soil should be
avoided.
The deep and well drained soils with no impervious layers, allow good depth
and distribution of root system producing trees of standard size, heavy yields
and long life.
Texture
In India some of the best mango orchards are located in the gangetic plains
of northern India and also on the banks of great rivers of peninsular India.
The soils in these regions are highly fertile and silty loams or alluvial loams.
Sandy soils are poor in organic matter content and other plant nutrients, as
such they need to be supplied by heavy manuring.
Such soils do not provide good anchorage to root system.
Sandy or gravelly soils have poor water holding capacity.
While growing mango in such soils, texture of soil should be improved by
periodical application of organic manures like farm yard manure or compost.
The most desirable soil for mango is one of medium texture, deep and well-
drained.
Structure
Root penetration
Water table
A constant water table is more preferred for good growth and development of
mango crop.
During any part of the year water table should remain constant and should
never fluctuate.
For mango the water table should always be at a depth of 1.80 to 2.40 m.
If water table is too high then feeder roots will be submerged with water for a
long time leading to chloratic patches on leaves.
Though the plant may not die but remain unhealthy and growth of the plant is
adversely affected.
Chemical Characteristics
The chemical characteristics include nutrient status, soil reaction and salt
content of soil.
Nutrient status
Classification of soils with regard to mango has been done only to certain
extent.
Nutrient uptake by mango differs with the variety, age of the plant, soil type
and management.
In general, a crop producing 15 t/ha removes 100 kg N, 25 kg P 2O5 and 100
kg K2O.
A definite corelation exists between nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and
calcium status of soils and yield of mango.
This has been revealed by a preliminary survey of soils conducted in areas of
best mango gardens in Bihar.
In Tamil Nadu, it was noticed that presence of peroxide of iron in the soil
increased the vigour of trees and sweetness of fruits.
Most of the mango-growing soils in India have a low soluble salt content,
ranging from 0.04 to 0.05 per cent, whereas the total P 2O5 varies from 0.06
to 0.0605 per cent, and available K2O from 0.008 to 0.0087 per cent.
Soil reaction
The soil reaction or the soil pH affects the growth of mango trees to a certain
extent.
Highly calcarious soils having large quantities of lime nodules are considered
poor for mango cultivation.
Being highly alkaline, young plants are subjected to burning.
Such soils are rich in sodium and become impenetrable to water.
The presence of small amounts of kankar in neutral or slightly alkaline soils
upto pH of 7.5 may not harm the tree.
A range of 5.5 to 7.5 is ideal for mango growing.
The soils should preferably have a very low total water soluble salt content
(0.04 to 0.05%).
Climate
Mango is grown in both tropical and sub-tropical conditions.
It can tolerate a wide range of climatic conditions.
For growing mango on a commercial and profitable scale the temperature and
rainfall have to be with in a clearly defined range.
In addition to altitude, temperature, rainfall and the wind velocity also
influence growth and production of mango. Mango thrives well under humid
and dry conditions.
It requires good rainfall during its growing season i.e. June to October and
rainless, dry weather from November onwards.
Rainy or cloudy weather during flowering favours the incidence of powdery
mildew disease and leafhoppers.
Altitude
The climate of India is more suitable for successful growth and development
of mango crop.
As a result one can see large number of mango gardens in almost all parts of
the country.
Altitude of a place is one of the important features of the climate which
determines good growth of the crop.
The plant grows luxuriantly and yields well from sea level to 1000 m above
mean sea level.
However, for commercial cultivation of mango crop 600 m altitude is ideal.
As the altitude of the place increases over and above 1000 m from MSL the
growth and productivity of the crop are poor.
The altitude has a definite role on the time of mango flowering.
It has been observed that an increase in every 12 m altitude, flowering is
retarded by four days.
Similarly for each degree latitude, south or north of the tropics, flowering is
delayed by four days.
Temperature
Exposure of fruits on western side is more dangerous as the fruit on that side
getting direct sun rays for longer period are more likely to have spongy
tissue.
Though fruit splitting in mango is a very rare phonomenon, it is related with
variation in maximum and minimum temperature and relative humidity
between day and night time.
Under Bangalore conditions fruit splitting was around 2 per cent, specially at
later stages of fruit development in varieties like, Langra and Amrapalli.
It may be due to variation in day and night temperature and relative
humidity.
After fruit splitting secondary infection occurs in the split portion of the fruit
making it unfit for consumption.
Rainfall
Frost
Trees identical in growth and age and growing on dry soils are also severely
damaged as compared to those growing in wet land.
The irrigation raises the soil temperature and provides protection against mild
frosts.
Early and late frosts cause more damage than the mid-season frosts of the
same severity.
The trees are affected more severely by the former as they are not fully
dormant, while in the latter case damage occurs owing to reinitiation of
growth and tenderness of the tissues.
Front injury is exhibited through bark splitting, but this is not visible in the
young plants.
Oozing of gum from stem bark, death of new shoots, charred appearance of
leaves and burning appearance of developing fruit buds are the other
symptoms of frost injury.
If the temperature is below1.1 0 C, the mango plants are adversely affected by
frost.
A short spell of -3.3 0 C and consequent longdrawn out cold spell led to the
drying out of the young shoots and leaves of mango plants, killing the tree
from the top down to a point where the bark was thick and the sap moved
very slowly.
The young mango trees in vigorous growth may be injured seriously at 00 C.
The minimum temperature of -0.6 to 00 C for 1 hr 15 min for 2 consecutive
days resulted in appreciable damage to mango trees.
All 1-year-old plants, though protected, were killed completely.
Similarly, all 2-year-old plants were found adversely affected and some of
these could not survive. Four-year-old plants were partially affected.
Differentiating and exposed fruit buds in bud-break and bud-burst stages
were killed outright.
The turned blackish and dropped down.
For protection against frosts, the young mango trees should be covered fairly
early and the thatchings should be removed only when the danger is over.
Some growers remove the covers too early, with the first warming up of
temperatures after winter; but the trees are likely to suffer if late frosts occur.
Wind
Hailstorms
PLANTING TIME
Propogated vegetatively by inarching or budding in situ in the nursery, either by using
Forkert or by using the T-method. The beginning of the monsoon in light-rainfall areas
and the end of the monsoon in heavy-rainfall regions are the most suitable periods for
inarching or budding. Recently, veneer-grafting has been found to be the best method of
mango propagation. Grafted plant are ready for transplanting in the field after six to
twelve months. Select straight-growing grafts and set them in pits filled with soil mixed
with farmyard manure (45 kg) and afertilizer mixture containing 0.225 kg of N, 0.45 kg of
P and 0.225 kg of K per pit. The planting-distance is 7.5 to 9 metres in poor
shallow soils and 15 to 17 metres in deep fertile soils. The beginning of the monsoon in
low rainfall areas or the end of the monsoon in heavy rainfall tracts is the best time
for planting. The graft-joint should be at least 15 cm above the ground
Manuring mango plant starts right from planting operation in the orchard. Liberal
applications of welldecomposed
organic manure can be given each year to create proper soil physical environment and
Plant
(Years)
FYM (kg ) N (g) P (g) K (g)
1 5 100 50 100
Entire dose of the FYM and half dose of N, P and K should be given during monsoon
while the balance half is applied during the end of monsoon. Before the application of
fertilizers, the weeds should be removed from basins. The mixture of recommended
dose of fertilizers should be broadcast under the canopy of plant leaving about 50 cm
from tree trunk in old trees. The applied fertilizer should be amalgamated well up to the
depth of 15 cm. To increase fertilizer use efficiency, fertilizers should be applied in 25 cm
wide and 25-30 cm deep trenches dug around the tree 2 m away from trunk.
IRRIGATION
Principles of Irrigation
The irrigation requirements of mango are closely related to soil and climate of
the orchard. The fine textured deep and well drained soil generally found in
Indo-gangetic plains, red soils of Dharwar and the laterite soils which have
the property of retention of water, require less irrigation.
Very fine textured and sticky soil, like black cotton requires no irrigation.
Other groups of soils like light and medium textured require adequate surface
irrigation, provided they are well drained.
Any type of soil having water table upto 3 metre from surface requires no
water as the roots of mango tree travel to this depth in search of water.
Irrigation in mango is also associated with climate including humidity, rainfall
and temperature. Mango orchards situated in humid tropics do not require
irrigation irrespective of soil type while under dry climate having low humidity
and high temperature, irrigation is needed at 15 days interval.
Mango tree has deep, well spread and extensive root system in most of the
soils.
The main root develops secondary roots that go to sub-soil layer.
The one set of root system is found in the first 60 to 90 cm of the soil.
This extensive type of root system helps the mango tree for its success and in
most of the situations only light surface irrigation is sufficient.
This extensive root system of mango draws and gets the moisture from far
and wide.
In some odd conditions, the extensive root system development is checked by
hard pan rock, stony layer or the dwarfing rootstock used in grafting.
In this situation root zone is kept restricted and ultimately it restricts the
vegetative growth of plant.
Trees under such situations require more frequent irrigation to get good yield
and quality fruits.
Fruit set in mango does not have any relation to soil moisture unless the soil
moisture is deficit for longer period.
However, soil moisture influences the fruit size, quality as well as the drop of
immature fruits.
During fruit development period, under hot and dry climate, the irrigation
prevents the drop of immature fruits.
The moisture deficit in soil brings early maturity to fruits.
So regular and normal irrigation to plants during fruit development and
maturity period improves the quality of fruits.
The fruits are of better size and more juicy from irrigated plants than those
from tree under deficit soil moisture.
Therefore, regular and timely irrigation of bearing plants becomes necessary.
Methods of Irrigation
A number of irrigation systems like basin, ring, furrow, flood, sprinkler and
drip are employed.
Each system has advantages and disadvantages as one system may be
suitable for one set of conditions but unsuitable for another.
Therefore, proper selection of the irrigation method is important for better
orchard management practices.
Basin Method
In this system of irrigation, small circular basins are made around the tree
trunks.
These basins are connected with each other through a straight channel.
The water passing through these channels touch the tree trunk directly.
Such type of flow from plant to plant may cause damage and manures and
fertilizers may be washed away with water and deposited at the end of the
channel.
The disease present in one plant may spread to other plants. In this way it
increases the infection.
The effective root zone is not properly irrigated. Therefore, this system is
considered as defective one.
This system is similar to that of basin system except that instead of circular
ring, the rectangular shape basin having bigger size is made.
This system is also not adopted on large scale.
Ring System
Here the 2-3 furrows are made along the row on both sides.
This system is suitable for the places where the flow of water is so regulated
that it moves with slow speed.
Here the plants are irrigated through lateral movement of water.
Although this system is good but not adopted at large scale.
Flood Irrigation
This system is applied in those orchards where the water is in limited quantity
and available water is used more judiciously.
Here the irrigation to the mango plants is applied through drippers/emitters
connected through microtube to the lateral.
The laterals are connected to sub-main or main line in which water is supplied
through a pumping unit from the source.
Generally, for young mango orchards two drippers of 81/ha are placed at a
distance of 1.0 m on lateral line.
The full grown trees are supplied water with double lateral lines and two
drippers on each lateral line are placed at 1 to 1.50 m distance.
The young mango plants require 9-12 litre/day/plant water for better growth.
The plants of 3-6 years, 6-10 years, 9-12 years and full grown trees require
approximately 30-35 litre, 50-60 litre, 80-90 litre and 120 litre/day/plant.
This system has several advantages such as plant attains quick growth, water
saving, weed control, labour saving, easy nutrient application and increase in
yield of good quality fruits.
The only disadvantage is the high initial cost of installation.
PLANT PROTECTION
Different monitoring tools like pheromone traps, light traps, coloured sticky
traps.
Preserved specimens of pests, natural enemies, infested plant portions as
identification tools.
Bird perches.
Seed dressing chemicals and seed dressing machines.
Seeds of Resistant varieties.
Ecofriendly insecticides like Neem products and bio-fungicides like
Trichoderma sp.
Natural enemies like Trichogramma egg cards, and microbial preparations of
NPV & Bt.
Soft and target specific pesticides.
Bait preparations.
Good plant protection equipment.
Finally mostly farm based renewable resources that can enhance the recycling
phenomenon of ecosystem should form part of IPM strategy.
Mango is prone to damages by a large number of pests, diseases and disorders. The
recommended control measures for most important and common among them are briefed below.
MANGO HOPPERS
Two sprays (at panicle emergence and at pea size of fruits) with carbaryl (0.15%) monocrotophos
(0.04%) or phosphamidon (0.05%).
Mealy Bugs
POWDERY MILDEW
Two or three sprays of wettable sulphur (0.2%) or Kerathane (0.1%) or Bavistin (0.1%) or Calixin
(0.1%) at 10 to 15 days interval.
ANTHRACNOSE
MALFORMATION
One spray of 200ppm NAA in October followed by deblossoming at bud stage in December -
January.
Fruit Drop :
Pest Management
Fruit Protection
In general, bagging is recommended to protect fruits from pests and to reduce spraying of
insecticides. This practice is done when fruits are about chicken’s egg size (55 to 60 days after
flower induction)
Insect Pests
Damage: Sucking of plant sap causes withering and drying of tender shoots, flowers
and very young fruits. In the process, insect secretes sticky fluids (honeydew) that
promotes development of sooty mold, fungal disease.
Damage: Shoots wilt and terminal parts die. If infested, panicles break and the flowers
shed off.
Control:
o Prune dead branches to discourage spread of insect. Burn parts that are
affected.
o Since the adults start to destroy the flowers from the bud emergence to
elongation, it is necessary to spray insecticides to protect these stages especially
during hit months. Insecticides used for mango hopper control are also
recommended for tip borer.
3. Twig cutters
Damage: This is very destructive during the dry season. When present, the number of
flowers that will be formed is reduced. The most visible indication of the problem is the
presence of dead twigs and leaves in the canopy.
4. Pulp weevil
Damage: This is a unique pest since the larvae of the insect feed inside the fruit and
destroy the pulp, yet the peel has no visible damage even up to harvest. The insect is
present only in some parts of Palawan.
Control:
Note: Insecticides are not effective once the pest is inside the fruit.
Damage: Adults lay eggs on mature fruits and larvae feed on the flesh. Affected fruits
drop to the grown and are easily contaminated by microorganisms.
Control: Bagging, collection and proper disposal of fallen fruits and harvest at the
proper stage of maturity. If chemicals have to be used, spray at 90 or 110 days after
induction.
3. Mealy bugs
Damage: Attack newly-flushed leaves, flowers and fruits and suck vital plant saps.
Affected parts turn yellow, dry up and eventually fall.
Control:Removal of infested fruits, flowers and leaves. Spray insecticides to kill ants
associated with mealy bug.
4. Capsid bug
Damage: Attacks young leaves, twigs and fruits. Saliva of the insect is very toxic and
the site of the puncture is marked by sunken blister. The lesions turn brown after 24
hoursbecoming black and scabby in 2-3 days. Infected young fruits fall prematurely.
Locally, the damage is called ‘kurikong’ or ‘armalite’ or ‘buti’.
Control:Prune trees before induction, underbrushing areas around the tree, spray
insecticide late in the afternoon and remove alternate hosts like cashew, guava and
cacao.
Damage:Adults, which are mosquito-like in appearance, lay eggs on new flushes. The
larvae mine the leaves producing galls or swelling of tissues. Heavy infestation results to
wrinkling of the leaves; the leaves remain yellow in color. Close examination of the
leaves shows dark green, circular galls randomly distributed on the leaf blade.
Control:
6. Scale insect
Damage: In nurseries, leaves of grafted mangoes are readily infested with scale insects,
causing them to dry and fall. On bearing trees, high populations of the insect cause
blackening of canopy due to the growth of the fungus ‘sooty mold’. Affected leaves
become covered with thin, black papery film which produces unsightly appearance. In
addition, affected branches are deformed producing gall like protruberances.
Control:
a. Young scale insects are carried and distributed by red ants to different parts of
the tree. To prevent infestation, destroy ants by spraying Malathion at 1 ½ tbsp
per 16 liters water, Decis at 1-5 tbsp per 16 liters water or Karate at ¾ - 1 ½
tbsp per 16 liters water.
b. Prune and burn heavily infested plant parts like branches and leaves. This should
be followed by spray application of insecticides recommended for this pest and
application of high dose of nitrogen.
Important Diseases
1. Anthracnose
Damage: This is the most prevalent and destructive disease of mango both in the field
and after harvest. Symptoms are exhibited not only on the fruits bust also on flowers and
leaves.
a. Field sanitation
b. Prune infected branches, burn them and bury the trash
c. Schedule flower induction after the rainy season or during the dry months
d. Include insecticide and fungicide when spraying flower inducer
e. Wrap the fruits 50-60 days after flowering to protect them from pests and
diseases.
f. After harvest, practice hot water treatment
Damage:This is another post-harvest disease of mango and appears during storage and
transit. The disease occurs only in ripened fruits.
Control Measures:
a. During harvest, leave one centimeter pedicel attached to the fruit to avoid too
much latex staining. The casual organism germinates and grows in the presence
of latex.
b. Pack mangoes in boxes of two layers to avoid injury due to compaction
c. Do not use organic materials during packing
3. Scab
Damage: The disease occurs in nurseries and during moist weather. Damage occurs
while fruit is still green
4. Gummosis
Damage: This fungal disease causes stem bleeding, crown and root rot. Infection may
start during the seedling stage and may appear during both dry and wet season.
Control Measures:
5. Sooty mold
Control Measures:Spray insecticide to kill hopper, scales and mealy bugs. Bag fruits at
60 DAFI.
Land Preparation
Summer Ploughing
Shallow Ploughing
Puddling
Levelling
Harrowing
Conservation Tillage
A long, row ridge of earth with gently sloping sides and a shallow channel
along the upper side, to control erosion by diverting surface run-off across the
slope instead of permitting it to flow uninterrupted down to slope.
EG: Sugarcane, Sunflower, Vegetable crops.
Bunding
Equipment
Sowing
Methods of Sowing
Broad Casting
Seeds are spread uniformly over well prepared land and is covered by
ploughing or planking. It is most primitive method of sowing crops. The
broadcasting has severaldisadvantages.
Seeds fall at different depths when broadcasted resulting in uneven stand.
Drilling
To overcome the problems of broadcasting drilling the seeds in lines has come
into practice. Weeds can be controlled economically by inter cultivation in line
sown crops. In addition, drilling or line sowing facilitates uniform depth of
sowing resulting in uniform crop stand. Seed rate can be considerably
reduced drilling.
Planting
When individual seeds or seed material is placed in the soil by manual labour,
it is called planting.
Generally crops with bigger sized seeds and those needing wider spacing are
sown by this method. Eg : Cotton, Maize, Potato, Sugarcane, etc.
Transplanting
Seed Rate
The quality of seed required for sowing in a unit area of land. It is usually
expressed in kg/ ha.
Spacing
The distance between crop row ( inter-row spacing) and between plants
within the row (intra - row spacing) is referred as spacing. It is expressed in
Cms.
Plant Population
Nursery Raising
When more than one crop is to be grown in an year on the same piece of
land, the time occupied by each crop has to be reduced.
The seedling growth in the early stages is very slow. Seedlings need extra
care for establishing in the field because of their tenderness. Small seeded
crops are to be sown shallow and frequently irrigated for proper germination.
Taking care of the germinating seed or seedlings which are spread over large
area is a problem with regard to application of water, weed control, pest
control etc. Therefore, seeds are sown in a small area called nursery and all
the care is taken to raise the seedlings.
Transplanting
Method
Time
Equipment
For Sowing
Country plough (Akkadi), Seed drill, Ferti-cum-seed drill, Mechanical seed drillare
generally, used.
Inter Cultivation
Weeding
Earthing Up
It is the process of putting the earth or soil just near the base for certain
crops like Sugar cane, Cassava, Papaya, Potato, etc. to give support to the
plants.
Sugarcane, Papaya, Banana - To avoid lodging
Cassava, Potato - To provide more soil volume for the growth of tubers.
Vegetables - To facilitate irrigation.
It is also included in inter cultivation and generally done at the base of the
crop to provide extra support against lodging and also provide soil volume for
better growth. It also facilitates uniform spread of moisture during operation
of irrigation.
Other Operations
Certain other operations like gap filling, thinning and propping are required as
part of inter cultivation operations. In crops like Cotton, Paddy, the gap filling
is done in missing areas of the planted main field to maintain optimum
population .
Like wise thinning is also practiced in direct sown crops like Jowar, Chillies, to
avoid over crowding and to maintain uniform plant stand. In crops like
Sugarcane,betelwine, Grapes propping is necessary to support the main crop
establishment.
Equipment
Harvesting
Time
Methods
Manually
Mechanically
The combines are used to perform several operations such as cutting the
crop, separating the grain from straw, cleaning the grain from chaff and
transporting grains to the storage tank. Now a days the harvesting is
exclusively for harvesting crops like Paddy and threshing paddy are used.
Machines are now available for separating pods from the plants and also for
shelling pods (decorticators) in respect to Groundnut crop.
Likewise machines are available for threshing sunflower heads, shelling of
castor capsules and sowing of grain.
Cleaning
Equipment
After harvest of the crop, the remnants of the plant viz. Straw, stubbles,
leaves, etc. are ploughed into soil to decompose, there by providing source of
organic matter for the next season crop.
In some places the flocks of sheep are housed (penning) during night time.
So that the excreta is collected on the field which is also a good source of
organic nutrients.
The left over stubbles, plant residues in crops like Cotton, Chillies, Maize,
Sunflower etc. may be burnt as part of soil sterilization as to reduce
population of harmful microbes and soil dwelling insect pests.
In crops like Paddy the stubbles may be removed by ploughing after harvest
to eliminate hibernating stem borer population. Field bunds may be trimmed
to avoid hibernating grass hopper egg masses.
The orchard starts bearing from sixth year onwards and the economic life of a mango tree
exceeds 35 years.
Yield of fruits varies considerably according to the variety, climatic conditions, plant
population etc. On an average, the yield ranges from 5 to 9 t/acre. Grafted plants start
bearing early.
In general, 40-45 years old mango trees exhibit decline in fruit yield because of dense and
overcrowded canopy. The trees do not get proper sunlight resulting in decreased
production of shoots. New emerging shoots are weak and are unsuitable for flowering
and fruiting. the population of insects and pests builts up and the incidence of diseases
increases in such orchards. These unproductive trees can be converted into productive
ones by pruning with the technique developed at the Institute.
Intermingling, diseased and dead branches are removed. Thereafter undesirable branches
of unproductive trees are marked. At the end of December, these marked branches are
beheaded at 1.5 to 2.0 meter from distal end and the cut portions are pasted with copper
oxychloride solution. During March-April, a number of new shoots emerge around cut
portions of the pruned branches. Only 8 to 10 healthy and outward growing shoots are
retained at proper distance so that a good frame-work is developed in the following years.
These rejuvenated trees are fertilized with 2.5 kg urea, 3.0 kg single superphosphate and
1.5 kg muriate of potash per plant. The half dose of fertilizers is applied in the month of
February and the other half at the end of June. the plants are irrigated at an interval of 15
days especially in the months of April, May and June for healthy growth of new shoots.
In the first week of July 150 kg of compost per tree is also applied. Unwanted emerging
new shoots are regularly removed to maintain the tree canopy and avoiding recrowding
of the branches. It also helps in getting proper nourishment to retained shoots. After two
years of pruning new shoots come into bearing and the yield of fruit increases gradually.
Thus, old and unproductive trees are convered in to productive ones.
MARKETING OF MANGO
GRADING
Grading is mainly based on the size, colour and maturity of the fruits. While grading,
smaller fruits are separated from the larger ones in order to achieve uniform ripening.
Immature, overripe, damaged and diseased fruits are discarded in the process of grading.
The fruits are generally harvested early in the season at a pre-mature stage to capture
early market. Such fruits are ripened by uniformly dipping in 750 ppm. ethrel (1.8ml./l.)
in hot water at 52±20 C for 5 minutes. within 4-8 days under ambient conditions. Mature
fruits are ripened with lower doses of ethrel for uniform colour development.
PACKING
With stems removed:- If the stems are removed, initial spurt of sap would
burn the fruit, leaving a blemish that will develop during storage and transport.
Sap burns must be avoided. The stems should be clipped short, while holding the
fruit with the stem end down. Fruits can be placed on the de-sapping bench and
allow them to drain for 20-30 minutes until the sap flow has stopped.
With stem attached: care should be taken while handling these fruits so that
stems are not accidentally broken.
Generally, wooden boxes are used for packing and transportation of mango fruits.
Under dynamic transport conditions, nails come out due to vibration and puncture the
fruits, which result in bruising, decay and less price realization of fruits. Carton
fiberboard boxes of 5 kg and 10 kg should be used to avoid the nailing problems. As
cushioning material for the packaging of fruits, low-density polyethylene (LDPE) lining
had been found beneficial as it maintains humidity, which results in lesser shrinkage
during storage. Wrapping of fruits individually (Unipack) with newspaper or tissue paper
and packing in honeycomb structure helps in getting optimum ripening with reduced
spoilage.
TRANSPORTATION
After harvesting, fruits are hand-packed in single layer fiberboard trays. For larger fruits,
different depth of trays should be used. Trays should be packed in the manner so that
fruits hold each other firmly in place, with no movement when the lid is closed. A
carton can lose around 400 g in transit resulting in a very loose pack at the market.
After transit a standard carton should weigh 6.5 to 7 kg.
STORAGE
One of the most important problems in the fruit industry is that, in general, the period
when the market demand is the greatest is not usually the period when the production is
the heaviest. In the latter period, surpluses far exceed the off-take capacity of the usual
markets. This is particularly so in mango where regular, annual crops are so rare that in
the years of heavy crops, the growers are often forced to resort to distress sales. Long
time storage under such conditions is inevitable. Further, with the expansion of fruit
processing industry, storage is becoming an important factor in the operation of the
processing plant at a uniform rate.
Cold storage and application of skin coatings to control the ripening processes and reduce
aging and water loss have been investigated in mango in India in the past two decades, to
develop efficient storage practices. Kirpal Singh et al (9) found that the optimum
temperature for cold storage of Totapuri (Bangalora) mangoes was 42–45° F at 85–90 per
cent R.H., the storage life being seven weeks. Although the loss in weight was the least at
35–38°F, this temperature range caused more wastage by low temperature injury and
fungus diseases. According to Gandhi (1) fully mature Alphonso mangoes could be
stored at 45–48°F for seven weeks but below this range, the fruit is injured resulting in
failure to ripen properly when shifted to room temperature. Mathur and Subramanjam (4)
investigated the effect of a fungicidal wax coating on Badami (Alphonso) mangoes. The
study was made of fruits dipped in aqueous solutions of fungicidal wax emulsion
containing 1.7, 2.2 and 2.7 per cent solids and 5 per cent ortho-phenyl-phenol, and stored
at 79–86°F and R.H. 55–87 per cent. The physiological loss in weight was found to
decrease with increasing quantities of solids in the wax emulsion. At the end of 20 days
storage, the percentage wastage due to disease was significantly lower in wax emulsion
with 2.7 per cent solids. This treatment increased the storage life in non-refrigerated
storage about 50 per cent. Sing (10) in his book has reviewed the work done on cold
storage of mangoes in India and at Trinidad. The main points brought out in the review
are that different varieties required different storage temperature below which chilling
injury occurred. Fruits kept in perforated polyethylene bags ripened very steadily at low
temperature but unpacked mangoes suffered badly from immediate rotting on removal
from cold storage, due probably to chilling injury. Several varieties, found otherwise
quite suitable for cold storage showed chilling injury at 40–45°F. According to Singh
(10) different varieties showed a variation in the critical temperature which lies between
40–45°F and wastage due to chilling may be avoided by keeping the fruits above this
range.
MARKETING
Mango Packaging
Farmer's mango orchards are often spread out over a wide area. Damage may occur when
mangoes are transported from the orchard to the packing station or collection point. In
Indonesia, the packaging technique to prevent mechanical damage still uses bamboo baskets.
The objective of this research was to develop a suitable packaging method for Harumanis
mango for short- and long-distance transportation. The packing method tested for short-
distance transportation compared the traditional farmer/trader method (a bamboo basket with
a capacity of 30-50 kg) with a rigid plastic basket with a capacity of 20 kg. For long-distance
transport, bamboo baskets, cartons and rigid plastic baskets, each with a capacity of 19 kg,
were tested. Transportation was in trucks with a capacity of 4000 kg, and the packages were
piled into four layers. The tests were repeated six times. Bamboo baskets were of two kinds;
one without partitions and the other with a wood partition. For short-distance transportation
(5-40 km), bamboo baskets with a capacity of either 30 kg or 50 kg, and rigid plastic baskets
with a capacity of 30 kg, all caused mechanical damage.
BUYERS EXPECTATION
In the backdrop of expected bumper mango crop this season, the Uttar Pradesh
government is keen to augment mango exports from the state. To seek the
cooperation of industry, the UP Agricultural Marketing Board (Mandi Parishad) is
organising a buyers’-sellers’ meet in Mumbai next month.
“We will seek inputs from exporters to help us increase mango exports from UP and
also consider their demands for acceptance,” Parishad director Rajesh Kumar Singh
told Business Standard.
Besides, Dussehri mango, primarily grown in the Malihabad region of Lucknow, has
been registered under the Geographical Indication (GI) Act.
The Parishad has also proposed to set up an irradiation plant in Lucknow to facilitate
mango exports to the USA.
“We plan an irradiation plant in Lucknow to sanitise mango meant for export to the
US. Our application is pending for approval before the Bhabha Atomic Research
Centre,” Singh informed.
INTRODUCTION OF
The installed capacity of fruits and vegetables processing industry has increased from
1.1 million tonnes in January 1993 to 2.1 million tonnes in 2006. The processing of
fruits and vegetables is estimated to be around 2.2% of the total production in the
country. The major processed items in the fruit and vegetable segment are fruit
pulps and juices, fruit based ready-to-serve beverages, canned fruits and vegetables,
jams, squashes, pickles, chutneys and dehydrated vegetables. Some recent products
introduced in this segment include vegetable curries in retortable pouches, canned
mushroom and mushroom products, dried fruits and vegetables and fruit juice
concentrates.
The fruits and vegetable processing industry is highly decentralized, and a large
number of units are in the cottage, household and small-scale sector, having small
capacities of up to 250 tonnes per annum. Since 2000, the food processing industry
has seen significant growth in ready-to-serve beverages, fruit juices and pulps,
dehydrated and frozen fruits and vegetable products, pickles, processed mushrooms
and curried vegetables, and units engaged in these segments are export oriented.
Dried & Preserved Vegetables 209157.8 5371.5 351034.3 7657.5 18.8 12.5
Other Processed Fruits & Vegetables 61332.39 2017.4 80760.5 2755.3 9.6 10.9
The domestic industry has to change its preference in favour of processed foods.
Consumption of value added fruits and vegetables are low compared to the primary
processed foods, and fresh fruits and vegetables. The inclination towards processed
foods is mostly visible in urban centers due to a high purchasing power.
In terms of policy support, the ministry of food processing has taken the
following initiatives:
Apart from these initiatives, the Centre has requested state Governments to
undertake the following reforms:
Plan
(Rs in Crores)
Non-Plan
Under the Horticulture based Industries, the following schemes were implemented during the year 1999-2000:-
The Ministry provides assistance for setting up/expansion and modernization of food
processing units including modernization of pulse milling units. Financial assistance is in
the form of loan/grant-in-aid. During 1999-2000 approval for assistance has so far been
accorded to 16 units. Plan fund utilization under this scheme during 1997-1998 and 1998-
1999 was Rs.3.55 crores and Rs.3.46 crores respectively.
One of the components of the scheme relates to providing assistance for setting up of
Food Processing & Training Centres (FPTCs) in rural areas. The scheme envisages
financial assistance in the form of grant for purchase of plant and machinery as well as
seed capital. Such centers can be both single product line and multi product line. While
for single product line, the assistance is limited to Rs.3 lakhs (Rs.2 lakhs for plant and
machinery and Rs.1 lakh for seed capital), for multiproduct line, it is Rs.9.50 lakhs
(Rs.7.50 lakhs for plant and machinery and Rs.2.00 lakhs for seed capital). Central and
State Government Organizations, Educational & Technical Institutions, Non-Government
Organizations and Co-operatives are eligible for assistance. During 1999-2000, assistance
for setting up 20 FPTCs (9 single product line and 11 multi product line) has been
released.
The scheme also envisages training of persons engaged in traditional meat processing
activity, in-service workers and unemployed persons. During 1999-2000 assistance has
been extended to institutes for imparting training to 40 candidates on pork production,
processing and marketing in the State of Assam.
The scheme also envisages financial assistance for imparting training in flour milling
technology. Plan fund utilization for this scheme during 1997-1998 and 1998-1999 was
Rs.0.81 Crores and Rs.2.18 Crores respectively.
The Scheme aims at building awareness among consumers about the advantages of
processed foods and their quality assurance mechanism both through (a) generic
advertisement and publicity and (b) market promotion campaign for new product mix and
brand name support. During the year 1999-2000 advertisement through various media is
being undertaken. Plan fund utilization for the scheme during 1998-1999 was Rs.0.90
crore.
The scheme envisages financial support for setting up demonstration units in respect of
new products that are coming up. Financial assistance is proposed to be accorded for
setting up 100 mini pulse processing units. Plan fund utilization during 1998-1999 was
Rs.0.35 crore.
The scheme aims at encouraging the concept of backward linkages between the
processors and the farmers. The objective of this scheme is to increase capacity
utilization of fruits and vegetable processing as well as grain and coarse grain by ensuring
regular supply of raw materials through contract farming. The farmers are ensured
remunerative prices by creating direct linkages between farmers and processors. The
processing companies are required to supply high quality seeds/fertilizers/pesticides and
technology to contracted farmers along with necessary extension work. The group of
contracted farmers shall not be less than 25 in number. The financial support under this
scheme is as grant in the form of reimbursement up to 5% of the total purchases made by
processors in a given year limited to Rs.10 lakhs per year for a maximum period of three
years. During 1999-2000 assistance has been provided to three such units and a few other
cases are under process. Plan fund utilization for this scheme during 1997-1998 & 1998-
1999 was Rs.0.44 crore and Rs.0.35 crore respectively.
FRUIT PROCESSING
Fruits have special significance to human beings as protective food. They are rich
source of mineral and vitamins in diet. India produces a variety of fruits such as Apple,
aonla, banana, citrus, grapes, guava, jackfruit, litchi, mango etc. Fruit are available only
for a limited period during the season hence, they need to be preserved for
consumption during off season. Fruit based processing units are pulps, beverages
concentrate slices, frozen products, pickles, jam and jelly.
The recent development in fruit processing are IQF process for freezing which
require less time to freeze, development of retortable pouches in place of tin can which
improved product quality, aseptic processing for superior quality of products, osmotic
process which removes 30 to 50 percent water without heating and development of
new products such as aonla based herbal products, oil less pickle, dehydrated ripe
mango slices, fruit bar, cereal flakes, baby foods and blends. There are tremendous
possibilities in export market. Fruit based exportable processed products are pulp,
slices, concentrate, powder, pickles, jam, confectionary products such as candied fruit,
glazed fruit, toffee and aonla based medicinal products. The technique for processing of
fruits are given
MANGO PROCESSING
Mango is the king among the tropical fruits and greatly relished for its succulence,
exotic flavour and delicious taste. India is the principle mango growing country in the
world. The most important mango growing states are Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh,
Bihar, West Bengal, Orissa, Kerala and Maharashtra other mango growing states include
Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Punjab.
Mango processing is a traditional activity and products like pickle, chutney, murabba are
consumed throughout the year. Every region has its own taste or liking and a care has to
be
taken to understand it and accordingly the recipe has to be finalised.
Indians are fond of table enrichers, which are regularly used along with the main course
as
well as snacks. Apart from individual households, restaurants, eateries, roadside dhabas,
clubs, hostels, caterers etc. are the bulk consumers. There are some branded products
available in the market but they are costly. The real competition would be from the age-
old
practice of making pickles or chutneys or murabba domestically. Many Indian
households
make these items during the season. But this practice is gradually disappearing due to
changing lifestyles, hassles of making these items and their availability throughout the
year
from market. There are many variants of these products and with certain change in the
ingredients, taste differs. Hence, it is imperative to cater to the regional palate.
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
It is very well standardised. In case of pickles, unripe mangoes are washed and cut into
small
pieces and then salt and turmeric powder is applied on it and then these pieces are sun-
dried
for couple of hours. Then mango pieces and other ingredients like methi powder, spices
etc.
are thoroughly mixed with edible oil and finally packing is undertaken. Mango chutney is
prepared after washing mangoes and cutting them into small pieces. Then they are
cooked
with spices and after adding sugar and vinegar, it is packed. Murabba is prepared from
pieces of mango. These pieces are soaked in lemon water for couple of hours and then
washed. Then they are cooked with sugar syrup at around 60-65O C and packed. along
with
sugar syrup after cooling. Removal of seed and process waste account for 35% loss.
CAPITAL INPUTS
Land and Building
premise of around 100 sq.mtrs. with 2 or 3 rooms would be sufficient for production,
storage
and packing. A provision of Rs. 2.50 lacs is made.
Machinery
Majority of the operations are manual and therefore, production capacity is primarily
determined by market. Processing of 6 tonnes per month for a period of 8 months would
require following facilities:
Miscellaneous Assets
Other items like furniture and fixtures, storage racks, packing tables etc. shall be required
for which a provision of Rs.35, 000/- is made
Utilities
Total power requirement shall be 2 HP whereas water required for washing of mangoes
and
potable and sanitation purposes shall be about 800-900 ltrs. per day. Around 3 gas
cylinders
shall be required every month.
Raw Materials
The most important raw material will be good quality unripe mangoes. Most of the areas
of
Bihar & Jharkhand produce mangoes and procuring around 6 tonnes every month is very
easy. Mangoes will be available for about 5 months and stock for remaining 3 months
shall
have to be maintained. Pieces of mangoes should be kept in salt and lime water during
the
fag-end and after drying them, they should be preserved for 3 months to make pickle and
chutney. Murabba can be manufactured during season only and stock of finished goods
should be kept. Other materials like salt, spices, edible oil, sugar etc. shall be available
from
local market. The standard packing could be 500 gms. for each product and preferably
food
grade plastic bottles should be used. Other materials like labels, corrugated boxes, box
strapping etc. shall be required. Proper arrangements should be made for packing
materials.
A readymade premise of around 100 sq.mtrs. may be bought. The price is taken as
Rs. 2.50 lacs.
Machinery
Miscellaneous Assets
There will not be much stock during season whereas during off-season, there will be
stock of finished goods. Retailing will be done with the help of small retailers. Bank may
find it difficult to finance as per standard norms. Hence, it is assumed that the bank would
extend combined pre and post sales facilities of Rs. 50,000/- and promoters would
contribute Rs.50, 000/- towards margin
money.
Financial assistance in the form of grant is available from the Ministry of Food
Processing
Industries, Govt. of India, towards expenditure on technical civil works and plant and
machinery for eligible projects subject to certain terms and conditions.
PROFITABILITY CALCULATIONS
Production Capacity & Build-up
As against the processing capacity of 6 tonnes per month, the actual utilisation is
assumed to
be 65% in the first year and 75% thereafter.
Utilities
Total cost of utilities at 100% activity level for a period of 8 months will be Rs. 20,000/-.
Selling Expenses
Interest
Interest on term loan of Rs. 3.60 lacs is calculated @ 12% per year assuming total
repayment
in 4 years including a moratorium period of 1 year whereas interest on working capital
loan
is computed @ 14% every year.
Depreciation
PROJECTED PROFITABILITY
LEVERAGES
Financial Leverage
= EBIT/EBT
= 1.76 ÷ 1.31
= 1.34
Operating Leverage
= Contribution/EBT
= 3.31 ÷ 1.31
= 2.53
= FL/OL
= 1.34 ÷ 2.53
= 0.53
The most important varieties grown in different states and their season of
harvest is given in Table 1.
Component Value
Moisture 76 - 86 (%)
Pulp 50 - 70 (%)
Total soluble solids 14 - 24 (%)
Acidity 0.15 - 0.5 (%)
Minerals 0.4 - 0.6 (%)
Vitamin A 4522 - 5200 IU
Vitamin C 30 -100 mg
Caloric Value 50/100 g
(i) Slices:
Raw mango slices serve as the base product for pickles, chutneys and amchoor. Slices
are preserved in different ways .
Slices in brine
Raw mature mango fruit Washing Removing of stem Slicing Cutting
into small pieces through dicer Storing of pieces in cemented tank under brine of 15
percent salt containing citric acid (2%) and acetic acid (2%) Maintaining the salt
percentage by adding more salt with time of storage and covering the slices completely
under the brine.
The other technique mentioned below can also be used for preserving
the slices for about 3 months.
(ii) Pickles:
Pickles can be prepared in various ways such as with salt, with oil and
sweet pickle.
Recipe:
Mango slices 1kg, Salt 200g, Chillies (powder) 10g, Fenugreek 10g, Black pepper
10g, Cardamom 5g, Cumin 10g, Asafoetida 5g, Clove (head less 6 in number).
Technique:
Raw mango fruit Washing Peeling with the help of peeler to remove outer
green skin Cutting into 4 quarters either by machine or manually Removing
stones Curing mango pieces with salt under the sun for 2 - 3 days Mixing with all
spices Storage.
Recipe:
Mango pieces 1kg, Salt 120g, Garlic chopped 100g, Ginger chopped 50g,
Fenugreek powder 25g, Turmeric powder 25g, Red chillies 25g, Black pepper 30g,
Nigella seed 15g, Aniseed powder 25g, Asafoetida 2g, Mustard oil 350ml, Glacial acetic
acid 10ml.
Technique:
Raw mango fruit Washing Peeling with the help of peeler to remove outer
green skin Cutting into 4 quarters either by machine or manually Removing
kernal Curing mango pieces with salt under the sun for 2 - 3 days Heating oil and
cooling Mixing spices in little oil Mixing with mango pieces Little heating
Addition of glacial acetic acid Filling into container Addition of remaining oil
Capping Storage.
Recipe:
Sliced mango 1kg, Salt 120g, Red chillies, Cumin, Cardamom (large), Aniseed,
Black pepper, Coriander powder 10g each, Clove 6 in number, Sugar / jaggery 500g.
Technique:
Raw mature mango Washing Removal of stem Peeling with the help of
pillar Slicing Removal of kernal Mixing slices with salt Mixing with spices
Mixing with sugar Packing in clean strelized bottles Capping Storage.
(iii) Chutney
There are two types of mango chutney i.e. sweet and hot.
Sweet chutney
Recipe:
Raw mango grated slices 1kg, Sugar 1kg, Salt powder 50g, Onion chopped 50g,
Garlic chopped 15g, Ginger shreds10g, Spices (Red chillies, cardamom, cumin,
cinnamon, blackpepper and aniseed powder 10g each) Vinegar 180ml.
Technique:
Hot
Recipe:
Raw mango grated slices 1kg, Sugar 0.5kg, Salt powder 50g, Ginger shred 50g,
Onion chopped 75g, Garlic chopped 20g, Red chillies powder 15g, Black pepper 10g,
Cumin 10g, Cardamom 10g, Cinnamon 10g, Vinegar 180 ml.
Technique:
Method of preparing hot chutney is precisely the same as that for sweet mango
chutney. Only proportion of some of the ingredients or more and sugar is less as
compared to sweet chutney.
Technique:
Pulpy variety of ripe mango Washing Peeling Extracting Pulp with the
help of pulper Homogenizing (blender or homogenizer) Heating (800 C) Filling
hot into strelized cans (A21/2 size) Sealing Processing in boiling water for 30
minutes Cooling (370C) Labelling Storing.
Recipe:
Pulp content 45%, total soluble solids 15% and acidity 0.3%.
Technique:
Suitable variety of fully ripe mangoes Washing Peeling Cutting
Pulping / Juice extraction Mixing with syrup solution (sugar + water + citric acid,
heating just to dissolve the sugar and filtering clear syrup) Heating 80 to 850 C
Filling hot into strelized cans (A21/2 size) Processing in boiling water for 25 minutes
Cooling (370 C) Labelling Storing.
Recipe:
Mango juice 10%, Total soluble solids 12 to 15%, Acidity 0.3%, SO2 70 ppm.
Technique:
Recipe:
Pulp content 20%, Total soluble solids 15% and acidity 0.3%.
Technique:
(vi)Squash
Recipe:
Pulp 25%, Total soluble solids 45%, Acidity 1.2%, SO2 350 ppm.
Technique:
(vii) Jam
Recipe:
Sugar 0.75 kg, Citric acid 2 g, water 100 ml.
Technique:
(viii) Toffee
Recipe:
Mango pulp 1 kg, Sugar 0.65 kg, Glucose 0.85 kg, Skim milk powder 170 g,
hydrogenated fat 100 g.
Technique:
Mango pulp Concentrating (Steam jacketed kettle) to about one third of its
original volume Mixing with other ingredients Cooking continue to a desired
consistency Transferring cooked mass in tray having smooth surface and smeared
lightly with fat Spreading of product into a thin sheet about 0.5 cm thick Cooling to
set Cutting of solid sheet into shape of toffees Wrapping in tissue paper Packing
in air tight container (Jar/tins) Storing.
Recipe:
Mango pulp 1kg, Sugar 150 g, Citric acid 1 g, KMS 1 g.
Technique:
Pulpy variety of ripe mangoes Washing Peeling Pulping Mixing with
sugar, citric acid and KMS Spreading on trays Drying in cross flow air dryer
Cutting into small bars Wrapping in cellophane paper Packing in polythene
pouches / suitable containers Storing.
Recipe:
Mango pulp 1 kg, Citric acid 3 g, Sodium metabisulphite 0.5 g.
Technique:
Mango pulp Washing Peeling Extraction of pulp Homogenization (In
blender) Addition of citric acid and SMS by dissolving separately in small quantity of
water to the pulp Mixing thoroughly Pouring of pulp to 1 cm thickness in trays
smeared with butter Drying in a dryer After drying another layer of 1 cm thickness
of the pulp may be poured on it Drying again up to 5 - 8% moisture Cutting of
leather into small / suitable pieces Packing in polythene pouches Storing in a cool
and dry place.
Recipe:
Mango pulp 1 kg, Wheat flour (maida) 100 g, Sugar 60 g, Glucose 60 g,
Calcium carbonate 1 g, Sodium bicarbonate 1 g, Pectin 0.06 g.
Technique:
Recipe:
Mango pulp 10 kg, Sugar 500 g, Skim milk powder 500 g, Corn starch 250 g,
Sodium bicarbonate to reduce the pH of the pulp 5.6.
Technique:
Firm ripe fruits Washing Peeling Slicing Filling into polythene bag
Covering with 400 Brix sugar syrup solution containing 0.3% citric acid and 0.5%
ascorbic acid / vitamin C Sealing of polythene bag Placing in waxed cartons
Freezing at -400 C Storing at -200 C.
polythene bag Sealing placing bag in waxed carton Frozen at - 400 C Storing at
-200 C.
segments viz fruits & vegetable, milk product, meat, poultry, fishery, oil seeds and
such other agri-horticultural sectors leading to value addition and shelf life
mushroom, hops.
2. Objective:
Increase the level of processing, reduction of wastage, value addition, enhance the
development.
processing industries covering all segments would be eligible for financial assistance.
The assistance will be in the form of grant subject to 25% of the plant & machinery
and technical civil work subject to a maximum of Rs. 50 lakh in General Areas and
Note 1.
Application for financial assistance duly completed should be submitted to the MFPI
through the concerned SNA in the prescribed format given at Appendix – I. They are
Note 2.
As required the SNA should examine the application expeditiously and forward the
Note 3.
Financial assistance to rice mills, flour mills and pulse processing, aerated soft
drinks/packaged drinking water, mineral water units is not available. In case of doubt
Note 4.
not be eligible for financial assistance. Applicant are advised to submit their
institution has been obtained. Original appraisal report or its certified copy should be
submitted along with the application. In appraisal report, financial parameters like
Note 5.
Financial assistance is not given to a unit including its sister concern beyond two times.
Note 6.
Grain Milling is a non-priority sector. Therefore financial assistance to a grain milling
unit including its sister concern is limited to one time only.
Note 7.
If a unit has already received assistance from the MFPI then second grant to the unit for
expansion/modernization of the same unit in the same location shall not be provided.
However, this condition will not apply if the unit is setting up a plant at a different
location.
Note 8.
General and Difficult Areas - The scheme provides for differential scale of assistance for
project to be setup in General and Difficult Areas of the country. It envisages enhanced
rate of assistance for Difficult Areas i.e. Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh,
Uttaranchal, Sikkim, North-Eastern States. Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep,
Integrated Tribal Development Project (ITDP) areas.
Note 9.
Release of Assistance – Assistance in the form of grant would be released directly to the
concerned implementing agencies through the bank or financial institutions wherever
possible.
FPO Guide-Lines
GUIDELINES FOR SETTING UP OF UNIT
No person shall carry on the business of a manufacture of fruit products including synthetic
syrups, synthetic vinegar and aerated sweetened beverages except under and in accordance
with the terms of an effective licence granted to him under FPO.
Category-wise area requirement, annual production limit and licence fee for one terms or part
thereof (Ref. Clause 5(2) and part I(B) of the Second Schedule of Fruit Products Order, 1955
Category For manu- For storage and Licence fees for Annual production
facturing office purpose one term or part permissible per calendar
premises thereof year
(In sq. metres)
(In Sq. metres)
Small scale `A’ 100 100 Rs.400/- Above 50 M.T. but less than
100 M.T. with installed
capacity not exceeding 1
M.T./day.
Small scale `B’ 150 150 Rs.600/- Below 250 M.T. with installed
capacity not exceeding 2 M.T.
per day.
Large scale 300 300 Rs.1500/ Above 250 M.T. with installed
capacity exceeding 2 M.T. per
day.
Area occupied by machinery shall not be more than 50% of the manufacturing area.
2. (2)The minimum height of the factory premises under Home Scale `B’ and Cottage Scale
categories is 10 feet and for small scale & large scale categories 14 feet.
Every manufacturer shall manufacture fruit products in conformity with the sanitary
requirements and appropriate standards of quality and composition specified in the Second
Schedule of FPO.
1. The Premises shall be adequately lighted, ventilated & cleaned by white washing/colour washing
or oil painting.
2. Windows & all openings shall be well screened with wire-mesh & the doors fitted with automatic
closing springs, roof shall be permanent, floor cemented.
3. The equipments and the factory shall not be used for manufacture of repugnant products like
fish, meat, eggs etc. However, permission may be granted as a special ase if arrangements are
made for disinfections of premises after changing from meat products to fruit products (one
month idle gap will be required for changeover).
4. The premises shall be located in a sanitary place with open surroundings, preferably in industrial
area/estates. The premises shall not be used as or communicated directly with residence.
5. Adequate arrangements for cleaning equipments, machinery, containers tables and raw materials
shall be provided.
6. Copper brass or iron equipments, containers or vessels are not permitted, in the preparation,
packing or storage of fruit products, only aluminum, stainless steel,. glass or tins equipment are
allowed.
7. The water used shall be potable and shall be got examined chemically and bacteriologic ally by a
public Health Laboratory (if no municipal water is available at the premises). The water sample
should be drawn for such examination by the public Health Authority of the area where the
premises is located or should be drawn in the presence of the above authority. Free following
tap water of 1 kilolitre per day shall be made available.
8. Adequate drainage system and provisions for disposal of refuse shall be made.
10. Wherever cooking is done on open fire, proper outlets for so smoke/steam etc. like chimney,
exhaust fan etc. shall be provided.
The workers engaged in the factory shall be healthy and shall be medically examined, inoculated and
vaccinated whenever required.
12.The workers shall be provided with aprons, head-wars gloves etc. and shall be personally neat
and tidy.
Small scale:
(2) A Diploma or a certificate in fruit preservation or a course of at least 3 months duration from a
recognised institution.
Large Scale:
(1) B.Sc. (Tech.) with Food Technology/Chemical Engineering with at least one year experience in
fruit preservation factory.
(2) B.Sc. with CFTRI Diploma or Diploma of Kalamassery (Kerala Government) Polytechnic.
(3) B.Sc. with Chemistry/Agriculture with three years experience in fruit preservation factory.
1. Washing of raw materials 1) Rectangular tanks with false bottom of not less than 20 gallons
capacity
3. Preparation of Fruit/Veg. 2-1/2 Ft. high table with aluminium/ steel top having area not less than
20 Sq. ft.
Steet sieve.
Ladle.
Weighing balance.
* Pasteuriser.
9. Carbonation or aeration Power driver aerated machine or semi-automatic aerating and sealing
machine.
Note - * Required for Small Scale and Large Scale units only.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
6. (a) whether any power is used in manufacture of fruit products. If so, state the exact
horse power used ______________________________________________________
(b) Installed capacity per 8 hour shift* ________________________________________
9. I/We hereby undertake to comply with all the provisions of the fruit products of the
Fruit Products Order, 1955.
10. I/We have forwarded a sum of Ruppees ____________ in respect of the licence fee due
according to the provisions of Fruit Products Order ,1955.
SWOT ANALYSIS
STRENGHTS
LOW COSTS
WEAKNESS
OPPORTUNITIES
THREATS
OTHER SOURCES:BRAZIL,HOLLAND
NEW PRODUCTS
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Methodology
Research design is purely and simply the framework or plan, structure and
the strategy of the investigation process which sets out to obtain answers
to research questions and guides the analysis of data.
SOURCES OF DATA:
QUESTIONNAIRE
NAME: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
STORE: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
ADDRESS: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
FOR OFFICER
Q1. Which processed fruit products are mostly sold?
a. Apple 20
b. Guava 5
c. Mango 55
d. Orange 15
e. Others… specify………………… 5
60
50
APPLE 20%
40 GUAVA 5%
30 M ANGO 55%
20 ORANGE 15%
OTHER 5%
10
a. Low 2
b. Average 28
c. High 70
80
70
60
50 LOW 2%
40 AVERAGE 28%
30 HIGH 70%
20
10
0
a. Yes 90
b. No 10
100
80
60
YES 90%
40 NO 10%
20
a. Low 30
b. Average 50
c. High 20
60
50
40 LOW 30%
30 AVERAGE 50%
20 HIGH 20%
10
a. Branded 65
b. Local 35
70
60
50
40 BRANDED 65%
30 LOCAL 35%
20
10
0
a. Soft drink 55
b. Juice 45
60
50
40 SOFT DRINK
55%
30
JUICE 45%
20
10
a. 1-5 60
b. 5-10 30
c. 10-15 10
70
60
50
1 TO 5 60%
40
5 TO 10 30%
30
10 TO 15 10%
20
10
0
Q8. Mango based processed product and beverages is in demand maximum among
a. Children 30
b. Youth 60
c. Adult 10
70
60
50
CHILDREN 30%
40
YOUTH 60%
30
ADULT 10%
20
10
0
a. Summer 50
b. Winter 30
c. Monsoon 5
d. Autumn 15
60
50
40 SUM M ER 50%
WINTER 30%
30
M ONSOON 5%
20
AUTUM N 15%
10
Q10. Sale of mango jam, jelly, and candy in comparison to other fruit jam, jelly and
candy
a. Low 20
b. Average 50
c. High 30
60
50
40 LOW 20%
30 AVERAGE 50%
20 HIGH 30%
10
a. Factory 20
b. Wholesaler 40
c. Stockiest 30
50
FACTORY 20%
40
WHOLESALER
30
40%
20 STOCKIST 30%
10 OTHERS 10%
a. Yes 62
b. No 38
70
60
50
40 YES 62%
30 NO 38%
20
10
0
a. 1% to 15% 28
b. 15% to 30% 30
c. 30% to 45% 22
d. 45% < 20
35
30 1% TO 15%
28%
25
15% TO 30%
20 30%
15 30% TO 45%
10 22%
45%,
5
20%
0
Q14. Suggestions if any to increase the sales of mango based processed product and
beverages
……………
no……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
For Consumers
Name:
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Address:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Contact Number:
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
a. Mango 50
b. Apple 30
c. Orange 18
d. Other…. Specify……………………………2
60
50
40 M ANGO 50%
APPLE 30%
30
ORANGE 18%
20
OTHER 2%
10
a. Yes 90
b. No 10
100
80
60
YES 90%
40 NO 10%
20
a. Juice 40
b. Soft drinks 60
70
60
50
JUICE 40%
40
30 SOFT DRINK
20 60%
10
0
SLICE 7%
35
30 FROOTI 10%
25
20 M AAZA 25%
15
TROPICANA
10 18%
5 REAL 30%
0
PARLE AGRO
10%
a. Yes 90
b. No 10
100
80
60
YES 90%
40 NO 10%
20
a. Branded 60
b. Local 20
c. Any 20
70
60
50
BRANDED 60%
40
LOCAL 20%
30
ANY 20%
20
10
0
Q21. Which fruit based jam, jelly, candy you prefer to have?
a. Mango 40
b. Orange 40
c. Guava 16
d. Other… specify…. 4
50
40
M ANGO 40%
30
ORANGE 40%
20 GUAVA 16%
OTHER 4%
10
The research agenda in horticulture is by design relevant to national plans and priorities
and research programmes are normally formulated keeping in view the thrust areas in
develop- ment. The major technology related constraints contributing to low productivity
of horticu- ltural crops and inferior quality of produce are:
Low productivity of crops due to inferior genetic stocks and poor management.
6. Transportation limits
8. Abiotic stresses.
For addressing the above constraints, research institutions are engaged in both basic and
applied research. While formulating research strategies some of the inherent weaknesses
associated with perennial tree crops and certain perpetual problems in Indian horticulture
must be kept in mind. They are:
Lack of advanced technologies for post harvest handling, processing and marketing of
produce.
Losses caused by biotic stresses are very high and due to pesticide residue problems
development of eco-friendly IPM strategy is more relevant in horticulture. There is a
threat for loss of valuable genetic resources, if measures are not taken for their
conservation. Wastelands and hilly terrains being the potential future expansion areas,
matching technologies for dry land and hill horticulture need to be developed. Counter
seasonal advantages from diverse agro-climatic situations provide strength for extended
availability of horticultural crops round the year and such potentials can be harnessed
only with relevant research support.
There is a need for promoting producer’s co-operative in mango growing areas to reduce
the price gap between growers and consumers.
The major mango growing states should arrange advance forecasting of area under
mango and plan to divert the mangoes to the deficient areas or by export to avoid glut
situations and price crashes in the markets.
About 90 per cent of total cold storages in the country used for mango storage and most
of them are situated in big towns and markets. Hence it is needed to have new cold
storage units in deficient areas particularly a rural areas.
The significant step has been taken in this direction by Govt. of India by establishing
Agri Export Zones (AEZs). Adequate infrastructure paucities like movement of mango
from producing areas to exporting countries are required for further improvement.
CONCLUSION
An increasing trend has been observed in world mango production averaging 22 million
metric tonnes per year. Worldwide production is mostly concentrated in Asia, accounting
for 75% followed by South and Northern America with about 10% share.
Major producing States are Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra,
Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. Other States where mangoes are
grown include Madhya Pradesh, Kerala, Haryana, Punjab etc.
The fruit is very popular with the masses due to its wide range of adaptability, high
nutritive value, richness in variety, delicious taste and excellent flavour. It is a rich source
of vitamin A and C. The fruit is consumed raw or ripe. Good mango varieties contain
20% of total soluble sugars. The acid content of ripe desert fruit varies from 0.2 to 0.5 %
and protein content is about 1 %.
Raw fruits of local varieties of mango trees are used for preparing various traditional
products like raw slices in brine, amchur, pickle, murabba, chutney, panhe (sharabat) etc.
Presently, the raw fruit of local varieties of mango are used for preparing pickle and raw
slices in brine on commercial scale while fruits of Alphonso variety are used for squash
in coastal western zone.
The wood is used as timber, and dried twigs are used for religious purposes. The mango
kernel also contains about 8-10% good quality fat which can be used for saponification.
Its starch is used in confectionery industry.
Mango also has medicinal uses. The ripe fruit has fattening, diuretic and laxative
properties. It helps to increase digestive capacity. Among internationally traded tropical
fruits, mango ranks only second to pineapple in quantity and value. Major markets for
fresh and dried mangoes in 1998 were: Malaysia, Japan, Singapore, Hong Kong and the
Netherlands, while for canned mango were: Netherlands, Australia, United Kingdom,
Germany, France and USA.
Southeast Asian buyers consume mangoes all year round. Their supplies come mainly
from India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Australia and most
recently South Africa.
Each exporting country has its own varieties, which differ in shape, colour and flavour.
Prices are very low for Indonesian and Thailand fruit and are on the higher side for Indian
fruit. In the United States of America, the prices vary with the season, higher prices found
during February and March, when mango availability is lowest.
Most international trade in fresh mangoes takes place within short distances. Mexico,
Haiti and Brazil account for the majority of North America’s imports. India is the
predominant suppliers to the West Asian market. Southeast Asian countries get most of
their supplies from the Philippines and Thailand. European Union buyers source mangoes
from South America and Asia. Although Asia accounts for 75 percent of world
production, its dominance does not translate into international trade.
QUESTIONNAIRE
NAME: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
STORE: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
ADDRESS: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
FOR OFFICER
Q1. Which processed fruit products are mostly sold?
f. Apple
g. Guava
h. Mango
i. Orange
j. Others… specify…………………
d. Low
e. Average
f. High
d. Yes
e. No
d. Low
e. Average
f. High
c. Branded
d. Local
c. Soft drink
d. Juice
e. 1-5
f. 5-10
g. 10-15
h. More than 15
Q8. Mango based processed product and beverages is in demand maximum among
d. Children
e. Youth
f. Adult
e. Summer
f. Winter
g. Monsoon
h. Autumn
Q10. Sale of mango jam, jelly, and candy in comparison to other fruit jam, jelly and
candy
d. Low
e. Average
f. High
e. Factory
f. Wholesaler
g. Stockiest
c. Yes
d. No
e. 1% to 15%
f. 15% to 30%
g. 30% to 45%
h. 45% <
Q14. Suggestions if any to increase the sales of mango based processed product and
beverages
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
For Consumers
Name:
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Address:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Contact Number:
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
e. Mango
f. Apple
g. Orange
h. Other…. Specify……………………………
c. Yes
d. No
c. Juice
d. Soft drinks
c. Yes
d. No
d. Branded
e. Local
f. Any
Q21. Which fruit based jam, jelly, candy you prefer to have?
e. Mango
f. Orange
g. Guava
d. Other… specify….
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. The Financial Express
2. Times of India
3. Economic Times
MAGAZINES
1. Business Today
2. Business India
4. Business World
BOOKS
WEBLIOGRAPHY
http://www.ikisan.com/
http://www.agri-history.org/pdf/Medicinal%20smoke.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minute_Maid
Thank You!