Mobile Adhoc Networks(MANET)

1. MANET stands for Mobile Adhoc Network

also called a Wireless Adhoc Network or
Adhoc Wireless Network that usually has
a routable networking environment on top
of a Link Layer ad hoc network.
2. They consist of a set of mobile nodes
connected wirelessly in a self-configured,
self-healing network without having a
fixed infrastructure.
3. MANET nodes are free to move randomly
as the network topology changes
frequently.
4. Each node behaves as a router as they
forward traffic to other specified nodes in
the network.
Mobile Adhoc Networks(MANET)
5. MANET may operate a standalone fashion or they can be part of larger internet.
6. They form a highly dynamic autonomous topology with the presence of one or multiple
different transceivers between nodes.
7. The main challenge for the MANET is to equip each device to continuously maintain the
information required to properly route traffic.
8. MANETs consist of a peer-to-peer, self-forming, self-healing network MANET’s circa
2000-2015 typically communicate at radio frequencies (30MHz-5GHz).
9. This can be used in road safety, ranging from sensors for the environment, home, health,
disaster rescue operations air/land/navy defense, weapons, robots, etc.
Characteristics of MANET
1. Dynamic Topologies:
Network topology which is typically multihop may change randomly and rapidly with
time, it can form unidirectional or bi-directional links.
2. Bandwidth constrained, variable capacity links:
Wireless links usually have lower reliability, efficiency, stability, and capacity as
compared to a wired network
3. Autonomous Behavior:
Each node can act as a host and router, which shows its autonomous behavior.
Characteristics of MANET
4. Energy Constrained Operation:
As some or all the nodes rely on batteries or other exhaustible means for their energy.
Mobile nodes are characterized by less memory, power, and lightweight features.
5. Limited Security:
Wireless networks are more prone to security threats. A centralized firewall is absent
due to the distributed nature of the operation for security, routing, and host
configuration.
6. Less Human Intervention:
They require minimal human intervention to configure the network, therefore they are
dynamically autonomous in nature.
 Pros and Cons of MANET
S.No. Pros Cons

1 Separation from central network Resources are limited due to various

administration. constraints like noise, interference conditions,
etc.

2 Each node can play both the roles ie. of Lack of authorization facilities
router and host showing autonomous
nature.

3 Self-configuring and self-healing nodes do Self-configuring and self-healing nodes do

not require human intervention. not require human intervention.

4 Highly scalable and suits the expansion of Highly scalable and suits the expansion of
more network hub. more network hub.
Improvement in MANET
1. Quality of Service (QoS): Researchers are working to improve the quality of service of
MANET by developing efficient routing protocols that provide better bandwidth,
throughput and latency.
2. Security: To ensure the security of the MANET, researchers are developing efficient
security mechanisms that provide encryption, authentication and authorization facilities.
3. Power management: To enhance the lifetime of MANET nodes, researchers are working
on developing efficient power management techniques that reduce the energy
consumption of nodes.
4. Multimedia Support: Researchers are working to provide multimedia support to MANET
by developing efficient routing protocols that can handle multimedia traffic efficiently.
5. Standardization: To ensure the interoperability of different MANET devices, researchers
are working on developing standard protocols and interfaces that can be used by
different MANET devices.
Improvement in MANET(Key Notes)
● Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) is a wireless network made up of a collection of mobile
nodes connected wirelessly and free of any fixed infrastructure.
● It is self-configuring and self-healing.
● MANET provides a lot of benefits, but it also has several drawbacks that need to be
fixed.
● Researchers are always trying to make MANET’s features better in order to get over
these constraints.
● Future advancements in new technology and methodologies might make MANET a
dependable and effective wireless network.
Advantages
1. Flexibility: MANETs are highly flexible, as they can be easily deployed in various
environments and can be adapted to different applications and scenarios. This makes
them ideal for use in emergency situations or military operations, where there may not
be a pre-existing network infrastructure.
2. Scalability: MANETs can easily scale to accommodate a large number of nodes, making
them suitable for large-scale deployments. They can also handle dynamic changes in
network topology, such as the addition or removal of nodes.
3. Cost-effective: Since MANETs do not require any centralized infrastructure, they are
often more cost-effective than traditional wired or wireless networks. They can also be
used to extend the range of existing networks without the need for additional
infrastructure.
4. Rapid Deployment: MANETs can be rapidly deployed in areas where infrastructure is not
available, such as disaster zones or rural areas.
Disadvantages
1. Security: MANETs are vulnerable to security threats, such as attacks by malicious nodes,
eavesdropping, and data interception. Since the network is decentralized, there is no
central authority to ensure the security of the network.
2. Reliability: MANETs are less reliable than traditional networks, as they are subject to
interference, signal attenuation, and other environmental factors that can affect the
quality of the connection.
3. Bandwidth: Since MANETs rely on wireless communication, bandwidth can be limited.
This can lead to congestion and delays, particularly when multiple nodes are competing
for the same channel.
4. Routing: Routing in MANETs can be complex, particularly when dealing with dynamic
network topologies. This can result in inefficient routing and longer delays in data
transmission.
5. Power Consumption: Since MANETs rely on battery-powered devices, power
consumption can be a significant issue. Nodes may need to conserve power to extend the
life of the battery, which can limit the amount of data that can be transmitted.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV) Networks
1. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) or drones (as they are commonly referred to) are
complex aerial wireless sensing and actuation platforms.
2. The use of UAVs, especially quadrotors, has permeated to all aspects of human life.
UAVs may effectively be used as a spatial tool in examining urban areas, including
buildings, infrastructure, ecosystem features and processes, natural areas and
environmental health.
3. Challenges, such as - bad weather conditions, limited or absence of network
connectivity, limited visual range, spread of the search zone, absence of GPS signal and
other similar problems, are complex and detrimental to the use of UAVs, especially UAV
swarms, in search and tracking tasks.
4. Intelligent and dynamic automation of UAVs over networks allows for robust
coordination among UAVs in a UAV network and enables solutions such as flying to
specific search zones or locations, autonomously choosing appropriate UAV
combinations to sense and track provided mission objectives (objectives may be tracking
a plume of smoke, tracking radioactive leaks, tracking humans, and others).
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV) Networks
5. Intelligent automation in UAVs enables for a highly coordinated network of UAVs or UAV
swarms, which can enable schemes for compensating against environmental effects to
optimize tracking and minimizing the time and energy required to complete a mission.
6. The minimization of time and energy can be addressed through optimizing the
processing and analysis of data gathered from the individual drones/UAVs.
7. The processing may be performed collaboratively within the swarm or offloaded to a
remote server.
8. Since, there is a severe bandwidth restriction in aerial scenarios, especially if the UAV
network is decentralized with no dependencies to ground-based infrastructure, there is a
need for strategies to enable complex control of UAVs over networks, reducing UAV data
load on the networks, deciding when and how to offload, selecting appropriate offload
locations and many others.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV) Networks
In our works, we take various approaches to address the following
● A futuristic replacement for UAV Networks
● Optimizing Network and UAV parameters through the use of AI/ML
● Optimizing Offloading in UAV Networks
● Enhancing Agricultural Practices through UAV Networks
● Enabling Networked Control and Scalability of UAVs
● Enhancing TArget Tracking Efficiency in UAV Networks
● Virtualizing UAVs for Efficient Resource Reuse and Reallocation
● Security in UAV Networks

Reference: https://cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/theme_pages/uav/
Drone
1. An Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) or Uncrewed Aerial Vehicle commonly known as a
drone, is an aircraft without any human pilot, crew or passengers on board
2. UAVs are a component of an Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS), which include
additionally a ground-based controller and a system of communications with the UAV.
3. The flight of UAVs may operate under remote control by a human operator, as Remotely
Piloted Aircraft (RPA) or with various degrees of autonomy, such as autopilot assistance,
up to fully autonomous aircraft that have no provision for human intervention.
4. UAVs were originally developed through the twentieth century for military missions
5. As control technologies improved and costs fall, their use in the twenty-first century is
rapidly finding many more applications including aerial photography, product deliveries,
agriculture, policing and surveillance, infrastructure inspections.
Drone
6. Any aircraft or flying machine operated without a human pilot such machines is called an
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). It can be guided autonomously or remotely by a human
operator using onboard computers and robots.
7. During surveillance or military operation, UAVs can be a part of an unmanned aircraft
system (UAS), Drones are separately for air and water
8. Drones have become increasingly popular in recent years. They are used for a variety of
purposes, including photography, videography, surveying, inspection, and even delivery.
But have you ever wondered how drones work? In this blog post, we’ll take a look at the
working principle of drones
Drone

1. The basic components of a drone

are the frame, motors, propellers,
battery, flight controller, and
sensors.
2. Let’s take a closer look at each of
these components.
● Frame
● Battery
● Flight controllers
● Sensors
● Motors and Propellers:
Working Principle of Drone and Flow Pattern
1. The subject of Fluid dynamics plays a significant role in the design and development of
aircraft and drones. This subject consists of the working principle of the aerodynamics of
aircraft.
2. A sufficient amount of upward force is required to lift the vehicle against gravity which is
named Lift.
3. A force created to move the vehicle or body in motion is called thrust. These forces can
be studied using the kinematic laws of fluid flows
4. When air flows over an aerofoil and pressure, viscous and drag force act on the profiles
5. Force is directly proportional to the velocity of air at the inlet
6. The flow pattern around the cross-section of the aerofoil or propeller is shown below.
High fluid pressure at the bottom and low pressure at the top of the propeller causes an
upward force which is called a lift. This force is responsible for lifting the weight of an
aero-plane or drone.
7. The amount of lift force depends on the angle of inclination of the aerofoil or propeller.
Working Principle of Drone and Flow Pattern
Working Principle of Drone and Flow Pattern
1. Based on the principle of conservation of energy in fluid flow (Bernoulli’s principle, the
sum of all forms of energy in a fluid is constant along the streamline
2. When air flows over an aerofoil or wing, its velocity increases at the top portion. But the
pressure of air decreases.
3. In contrast, the air velocity decreases and pressure increase at the bottom side of the
blade. The next pressure difference across the aerofoil results in an upward force which
is called a lift
4. CFD modeling of flow over an aerofoil has been important in many vehicular and
aerospace industries
Types of Drones based on the number of Propellors
A number of propellers are provided to drones. More propellers improve the stability of
drones and load-carrying capacity but such drones need more battery power to drive more
motors to get high power. A quadcopter is a more popular drone.

1. Bicopter (2 propellers)
2. Triplecopter (3 propellers)
3. Quadcopter (4 propellers)
4. Hexacopter (6 propellers)
5. Octacopter (8 propellers)
PARTS OF A DRONE
PARTS OF A DRONE
1. Frame: a. It should have sufficient strength to hold the propeller momentum and
additional weight for motors and cameras
b. Sturdy and less aerodynamic resistance
2. Propellers: a. The speed and load lifting ability of a drone depends on shape, size, and
number of propellers
b. The long propellers create huge thrust to carry heavy loads at a low speed (RPM) and
less sensitive to change the speed of rotation
c. Short propellers carry fewer loads. They change rotation speeds quickly and require a
high speed for more thrust.
3. Motor: a. Both motors brushless and brushed type can be used for drones
b. A brushed motor is less expensive and useful for small-sized drones
c. Brushless type motors are powerful and energy very efficient. But they need Electronic
Speed Controller (ESC) to control their speed. These brushless motors are widely used
for racing freestyle drones, traffic surveys and aerial photography drones.
PARTS OF A DRONE
4. ESC (Electronic Speed Controller): a. ESC is used to connect the battery to the electric motor
for the power supply
b. It converts the signal from the flight controller to the revolution per minted (RPM) of
motor
c. ESC is provided to each y motor of the drone
5. Flight Controller (FC): a. It is the computer processor which manages balance and
telecommunication controls using different transmitter
b. Sensors are located in this unit for the accelerometer, barometer, magnetometer,
gyrometer and GPS
c. The distance measurement can be carried out by an ultrasound sensor
6. Radio Transmitter: It sends the radio signal to ESC to pilot to control motor speed.
7. Radio Receiver: Received the signal from the pilot. This device is attached to the quadcopter
PARTS OF A DRONE
8. Battery: High-power capacity, Lithium Polymer (LiPo) is used for most drones. The
battery can have 3S (3 cells) or 4S (4 cells).
a. When the pilot or autonomous system gives the drone a command, the flight controller
sends signals to the motors to spin the propellers
b. The speed and direction of the motors and propellors are adjusted to achieve the desired
movement. The sensors provide data to the flight controller, which uses it to stabilize the
drone in the air and adjust its movement
c. Drones can be controlled manually using a remote controller or programmed to fly
autonomously. Autonomous drones use sensors and pre-programmed instructions to fly
to a specific location, perform a task like taking photos or delivering a package, and
return to their starting point.
How to operate a Drone