7th Jan 2023 - Database Testing - Mangesh Sir

Prepared By- Mangesh Sir
VCTC,Katraj,Pune
Backend coverage testing / Database testing –
- Validating all front end operations are stored in the database or not
- Front end operation / data entered in the front end is stored in the data base or not
- We check data can be fetched or not
- For data fetch purpose there to be use SQL language
- There are different commands of SQL & by using that we can fetch data
Ex.
Project – Kite
Register page
FN/LN/Mob.No/DoB/Email Id/ Pan No/ Aadhar No
After filling form we click on submit button
Submit – message – front end – register successfully
Database – storage location – no of tables – no of rows & columns
Table name – Register
FN LN Mob.No DoB Email Id Pan No Addhar No
ABC XYZ 123 123 A@gmail.com 123 456
Language – SQL – Structured Query Language
SQL there are different commands – to fetch data
Syntax
SELECT * FROM table name;
Example
SELECT * FROM Register;
Output
FN LN Mob.No DoB Email Id Pan No AddharNo
ABC XYZ 123 123 A@gmail.com 123 456
DATA:-
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Data is a row fact which describe the attribute of an entity/object.
Piece of information
Roll No
Student FN Data
LN
Employee ID
Mangesh Department Data
Project
Object/Entity
Information:-
Processed data is called Information
Eg. VCTC- 7th Jan 2023 Morning Batch Katraj- Processed Data
Data is classified in to 2 types
1. Structured data
2. Un-structured data
Structure data:-
Data which is arranged in a structured manner or structured way it is nothing but structured
data
Ex. Data stored in a table
Column / Field / Attributes

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Rows/Records/Tuples
Examples of structured data include names, dates, addresses, credit card numbers, stock
information, and more. Structured data is highly organized and easily understood by machine
language.
Un-structured data:-
Data which is not arranged in specific structure
Examples of unstructured data has many faces like text files, PDF documents, social media
posts, comments, images, audio/video files, and emails, to name a few.
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What is a Database?
1. A database is an organized collection of data that is structured into tables, rows,

columns, and indexes.
2. It helps the user to find the relevant information frequently.
3. It is an electronic system that makes data access, data manipulation, data retrieval,
data storing, and data management very easy.
4. Almost every organization uses the database for storing the data due to its easily
accessible and high operational case.
5. The database provides perfect access to data and lets us perform required tasks.
The following are the common features of a database:
o Manages large amounts of data

o Accurate
o Easy to update
o Security
o Data integrity
o Easy to research data
What is meant by DBMS?
1. DBMS stands for Database Management System.

2. It is a software program that primarily functions as an interface between the database
and the end-user.
3. It provides us the power such as managing the data, the database engine, and the
database schema to facilitate the organization and manipulation of data using a simple
query in almost no time.
4. It is like a File Manager that manages data in a database rather than saving it in file
systems. Without the database management system, it would be far more difficult for
the user to access the database's data.
The following are the components of a DBMS:
o Software
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o Data
o Procedures
o Database Languages
o Query Processor
o Database Manager
o Database Engine
o Reporting
What are the different types of database management systems?
The database management systems can be categorized into several types. Some of the
important lists are given below:
o Hierarchical databases (HDBMS)

o Network databases (NDMS)
o Relational databases (RDBMS)
o Object-oriented databases
o Document databases (Document DB)
o Graph databases
o ER model databases
o NoSQL databases
What is RDBMS?
1. RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management System.
2. It is a database management system based on a relational model. It facilitates you to

manipulate the data stored in the tables by using relational operators.
3. RDBMS stores the data into the collection of tables and links those tables using the
relational operators easily whenever required.
4. Examples of relational database management systems are Microsoft Access, MySQL,

SQL Server, Oracle database, etc.
DBMS there are basic 4 types
1. Flat File database

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Here data will be stored in the form of files and folders

Advantage- Simple to store data
Disadvantages- Duplication of data
2. Hierarchical database
Here data will be stored in the form of parent – child relation or in a tree structure
Advantage- Data duplication not allowed
Disadvantages- retrieval time consuming
An example of a hierarchical database is given below –
3. Network database
Here data will be stored in a network structure. All the nodes (data) are interlinked with
another data
Advantage- retrieval data easy

Disadvantages- complex
Example
Teachers can teach in multiple departments. This is shown below −
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4. Relational databases (RDBMS)
Here data will be stored in the form of rows & columns i.e. in a table structure
A relational database management system (RDBMS) is a system where data is
organized in two-dimensional tables using rows and columns.
This is one of the most popular data models which is used in industries. It is based on
SQL.
Every table in a database has a key field which uniquely identifies each record.
This type of system is the most widely used DBMS.
Data Integrity
It is used to get accuracy, correctness & consistency of the column of the table & it can be
achieved by data types & constraints (rules & regulation- apply on column)
Constraints-
Data Types – Refer Data Type Pdf – cover later

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SQL
1. SQL (Structured Query Language) is used to perform operations on the records stored
in the database such as updating records, deleting records, creating and modifying
tables, views, etc.
2. SQL is just a query language; it is not a database. To perform SQL queries, you need to
install any database, for example, Oracle, MySQL, MongoDB, PostGre SQL, SQL Server,
DB2, etc.
What is SQL?
1. SQL stands for Structured Query Language.
2. It is designed for managing data in a relational database management system

(RDBMS).
3. It is pronounced as S-Q-L or sometime See-Qwell.

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4. SQL is a database language, it is used for database creation, deletion, fetching rows,
and modifying rows, etc.
 All DBMS like MySQL, Oracle, MS Access, Sybase, Informix, PostgreSQL, and SQL
Server use SQL as standard database language.
Why SQL is required?
SQL is required:
1. To create new databases, tables and views
2. To insert records in a database
3. To update records in a database
4. To delete records from a database
5. To retrieve data from a database
What SQL does?
o With SQL, we can query our database in several ways, using English-like statements.
o With SQL, a user can access data from a relational database management system.
o It allows the user to describe the data.
o It allows the user to define the data in the database and manipulate it when needed.
o It allows the user to create and drop database and table.
o It allows the user to create a view, stored procedure, function in a database.
o It allows the user to set permission on tables, procedures, and views.
SQL Syntax
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SQL follows some unique set of rules and guidelines called syntax. Here, we are providing all
the basic SQL syntax.
o SQL is not case sensitive. Generally SQL keywords are written in uppercase.
o SQL statements are dependent on text lines. We can place a single SQL statement on
one or multiple text lines.
o You can perform most of the action in a database with SQL statements.
SQL statement
SQL statements are started with any of the SQL commands/keywords like SELECT, INSERT,
UPDATE, DELETE, ALTER, DROP etc. and the statement ends with a semicolon (;).
Example of SQL statement:
1. SELECT "column_name" FROM "table_name";
Why semicolon is used after SQL statements:
Semicolon is used to separate SQL statements. It is a standard way to separate SQL statements
in a database system in which more than one SQL statements are used in the same call.
SQL Commands
These are the some important SQL command:
o SELECT: it extracts data from a database.
o UPDATE: it updates data in database.
o DELETE: it deletes data from database.
o CREATE TABLE: it creates a new table.
o ALTER TABLE: it is used to modify the table.

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o DROP TABLE: it deletes a table.
o CREATE DATABASE: it creates a new database.
o ALTER DATABASE: It is used to modify a database.
o INSERT INTO: it inserts new data into a database.
o CREATE INDEX: it is used to create an index (search key).
o DROP INDEX: it deletes an index.
SQL Commands
o SQL commands are instructions. It is used to communicate with the database. It is also
used to perform specific tasks, functions, and queries of data.
o SQL can perform various tasks like create a table, add data to tables, drop the table,
modify the table, and set permission for users.
Types of SQL Commands / Types of SQL / Subtypes of SQL/ Subset of SQL commands
There are five types of SQL commands: DDL, DML, DCL, TCL, and DQL.
VCTC,Katraj,Pune
1. Data Definition Language (DDL)
o DDL changes the structure of the table like creating a table, deleting a table, altering a
table, etc.
o All the command of DDL are auto-committed that means it permanently save all the
changes in the database.
Here are some commands that come under DDL:
o CREATE TABLE
o ALTER TABLE
o DROP TABLE
o TRUNCATE TABLE
2. Data Manipulation Language (DML):
o DML commands are used to modify the database. It is responsible for all form of
changes in the database.
o The command of DML is not auto-committed that means it can't permanently save all
the changes in the database. They can be rollback.
Here are some commands that come under DML:
o INSERT
o UPDATE
o DELETE
3. Data Query Language (DQL):
DQL is used to fetch the data from the database.
It uses only one command:

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o SELECT
4. Data control language (DCL):
It controls access to the data stored in the database.
The commands in this category include
o GRANT
o REVOKE
5. Transaction Control Language (TCL):
It is used to deal with the transaction operations in the database.
The commands in this category are
o COMMIT
o ROLLBACK
o SET TRANSACTION
o SAVEPOINT
Database – In organization – Allocated on one project – Flipkart- Test lead / SM – WE have to

perform database testing – Access – TL / Teammates /SM- Raise 1 form – Project Name /
Required / PM – which tool required – Oracle – Submit – PM – approved – IT support team –
contact you – They install – Oracle
Database commands – provided by developer
Database -
A database contains one or more tables & each table identified by a name (eg. Signup, Register,
Login credentials, Employee info, Students info……etc.)
Each table contains multiple records (rows) with data
Example:-
Front end – Sign Up
ID-
VCTC,Katraj,Pune
FN-
LN-
MobNo-
EmailId-
City-
Submit Button – Successfully SignUp
Backend - Database- Table Name- SignUp
ID FN LN MobNo EmailId City
1 Rahul Gandhi 1111 1@gmail.co Pune

m
2 Arvind Kejriwal 2222 2@gmail.co Mumbai

m
3 Anna Hajare 3333 3@gmail.co Pune

m
4 Sharad Pawar 4444 4@gmail.co Baramati

m
5 Soniya Gandhi 5555 5@gmail.co Pune

m
Above table contains 5 records (rows) & 6 columns
Oracle Installation – Done – User Credentials – UN & PW
1. SELECT
- The SQL SELECT Statement is used to select data from a table / database
- Ex. Select all the records in the Sign Up table
A. Select all data from the table / Select all table information / fetch all table information /
retrieve all table information
Syntax
VCTC,Katraj,Pune
SELECT * FROM table_name;
Example
SELECT * FROM SignUp;
Output
1 Rahul Gandhi 1111 1@gmail.co Pune

m
2 Arvind Kejriwal 2222 2@gmail.co Mumbai

m
3 Anna Hajare 3333 3@gmail.co Pune

m
4 Sharad Pawar 4444 4@gmail.co Baramati

m
5 Soniya Gandhi 5555 5@gmail.co Pune

m
Note – Meaning of “*” – Defines all fields are present
B. SELECT particular column
Syntax
SELECT Column name 1, column name 2……column name N
FROM table_name;
Example
SELECT FN, LN
FROM SignUp;
Output -
FN LN
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1 Rahul Gandhi
2 Arvind Kejriwal
3 Anna Hajare
4 Sharad Pawar
5 Soniya Gandhi
System generated column – Oracle
2. DISTINCT
- The SQL DISTINCT statements used to return / show only distinct value (Unique value /
different value (Duplicate value are not present)) in the particular column
- Inside a table, a column contains many duplicate values, & sometimes we wants to list
of the only unique value
- Ex. Select only the distinct value from the LN column in the SignUp table
Syntax
SELECT DISTINCT column name
FROM table_name;
Example
SELECT DISTINCT LN
FROM SignUp;
Output
LN
1 Gandhi
2 Kejriwal
3 Hajare
4 Pawar
Without Distinct
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Syntax
SELECT column name
FROM table_name;
Example
SELECT LN
FROM SignUp;
Output
LN
1 Gandhi
2 Kejriwal
3 Hajare
4 Pawar
5 Gandhi
Find the number of unique records
Syntax
SELECT COUNT (DISTINCT column name)
FROM table name;
Example
SELECT COUNT (DISTINCT LN)
FROM SignUp;
Output
COUNT(DISTINC
T LN)
1 4
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3. TOP/ ROWNUM/LIMIT
- It is SQL statement used to specify the number of record to return
- It is a SQL statements used to show/display/return the top records in a particular table
- It is SQL statements use to select top values/records in particular table
TOP – SQL Server
Syntax
SELECT TOP value * FROM table name;
Example
SELECT TOP 3 * FROM SignUp;
Output
1 1 Rahul Gandhi 1111 1@gmail.com Pune
2 2 Arvind Kejriwal 2222 2@gmail.com Mumbai
3 3 Anna Hajare 3333 3@gmail.com Pune
Syntax
SELECT TOP value PERCENT * FROM table name;
Example
SELECT TOP 50 Percent * FROM SignUp;
Output

VCTC,Katraj,Pune
ROWNUM – Oracle
Syntax
SELECT * FROM table name
WHERE ROWNUM<=value;
Example
SELECT * FROM SignUp
WHERE ROWNUM<=3;
Output
LIMIT- MySQL
Syntax
LIMIT value;
Example
SELECT * FROM SIgnUp
LIMIT 3;
Output

VCTC,Katraj,Pune
4. ORDER BY
- It is a SQL statements used to sort the result set in ascending order and descending order
- The ORDER BY keywords sorts the records in ascending order by default or use the ASC
keywords
- To sorts the records in descending order to use the DESC keywords
- It is used to display records by ascending order and descending order from selected
column
Ascending Descending
1 2 3 4 5 5 4 3 2 1
A B C D E E D C B A
1. Ascending order
Syntax
SELECT * FROM table name or SELECT * FROM table name
ORDER BY column name; ORDER BY column name ASC;
Example
SELECT * FROM SignUp or SELECT * FROM SignUp
ORDER BY FN; ORDER BY FN ASC;
Output

VCTC,Katraj,Pune
4 4 Sharad Pawar 4444 4@gmail.com Baramati
5 5 Soniya Gandhi 5555 5@gmail.com Pune
2. Descending order
Syntax
ORDER BY Column name DESC;
Example
ORDER BY FN DESC;
Output
5. WHERE clause
- The WHERE clause used to filter out the records
- It is used to extract only those records that full filled a specified condition
Ex. SignUp- City = ‘Pune’
Syntax
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WHERE Condition;
Condition – Manes Column name = value
Example
WHERE City = ‘Pune’;
Output
Example
WHERE ID = 1;
Output
Syntax
SELECT Column name 1, column name 2…..
FROM table name
WHERE condition;
Example
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SELECT Email Id
FROM SignUp
WHERE City=’Pune’;
Output
Email Id
1 1@gmail.com
2 3@gmail.com
3 5@gmail.com
Under the WHERE clause there are different operators
Different Operators
1. OR
2. AND
3. LIKE
4. WILDCARD
5. NOT
6. IN
7. BETWEEN
OR
- it is a SQL statements use to select records when both condition is true or one condition
is true
- it is a SQL statements use to select records either one condition must be true then output
is true
1 1 = 1
1 0 = 1
0 1 = 1
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0 0 = 0
Syntax
WHERE condition 1 OR condition 2;
Condition means- Column name = value;
Example
WHERE FN=’Rahul’ OR LN=’Gandhi’;
Output
ID FN LN Mob. No Email Id City

Syntax
SELECT column name 1, column name 2…….
FROM table name
WHERE condition 1 OR condition 2;
Example
SELECT Email Id
FROM SignUp
WHERE FN=’Rahul’ OR LN=’Gandhi’;
Output
Email Id
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1 1@gmail.com
2 5@gmail.com
AND
- it is a SQL statements in that select records when both the conditions must be true then
output will be true
1 1 = 1
0 1 = 0
1 0 = 0
0 0 = 0
Syntax
WHERE condition 1 AND condition 2;
Example
WHERE FN = ‘Rahul’ AND LN = ‘Gandhi’;
Output
Syntax
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SELECT column name 1…………….
FROM table name
WHERE condition 1 AND condition 2;
Example
SELECT Mob.No
FROM SignUp
WHERE FN = ‘Rahul’ AND LN = ‘Gandhi’;
Output
Mob. No
1 1111
LIKE
Mangesh _ang___ =
- The like operator is used in WHERE clause to search a specified pattern in a column
- In like operator use % sign / symbol
a. For starting with specified alphabets
Syntax
WHERE column name LIKE pattern; or char%;
Example

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WHERE FN LIKE ‘A%’;
Output

Syntax
SELECT column name
FROM table name
WHERE column name LIKE pattern; or char%;
Example
SELECT LN
FROM SignUp
WHERE FN LIKE ‘A%’;
Output
LN
1 Kejriwal
2 Hajare
b. For ending with specified alphabets
Mangesh -----------------------------h
Syntax
WHERE column name LIKE pattern; or %char;

VCTC,Katraj,Pune
Example
WHERE FN LIKE ‘%d’;
Output

Syntax
SELECT column name
FROM table name
WHERE column name LIKE pattern; or %char;
Example
SELECT LN
FROM SignUp
WHERE FN LIKE ‘%d’;
Output
LN
1 Kejriwal
2 Pawar
NOT
Syntax
WHERE column name NOT LIKE pattern;

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Example
WHERE FN NOT LIKE ‘A%’;
Output

Ex.
Arvind = A%d
Ex.
Arvind = %vin%
Select all records where the value of the column starts with the letter "A".
Syntax
SELECT * FROM table_name

WHERE column LIKE ‘A%’;
Select all records where the value of the column ends with the letter "a".
Syntax
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WHERE column LIKE ‘%a’;
Select all records where the value of the column starts with letter "A" and ends with the letter
"b".
Syntax

WHERE column LIKE ‘A%b’;
Select all records where the value of the column contains the letter "a".
Syntax

WHERE column LIKE ‘%a%’;
Select all records where the value of the column does NOT start with the letter "A".
Syntax

WHERE column NOT LIKE ‘A%’;
For Starting with alphabets ABC
The following SQL statement selects all Sign Up with a FN starting with "A", "B", or "C":
Syntax

WHERE column LIKE ‘[ABC]%’;
For Ending with alphabets ABC

VCTC,Katraj,Pune
The following SQL statement selects all Sign Up with a FN ending with "A", "B", or "C":
Syntax

WHERE column LIKE ‘%[ABC]’;
LIKE Operator Description
WHERE Column LIKE 'a%' Finds any values that start with "a"
WHERE Column LIKE '%a'

Finds any values that end with "a"
WHERE Column LIKE '%or%' Finds any values that have "or" in any
position
WHERE Column LIKE '_r%' Finds any values that have "r" in the second
position
WHERE Column LIKE 'a_%' Finds any values that start with "a" and are
at least 2 characters in length
WHERE Column LIKE 'a__%' Finds any values that start with "a" and are
at least 3 characters in length
WHERE Column LIKE 'a%o' Finds any values that start with "a" and ends
with "o"
WILDCARD
Ex.
Mangesh
VCTC,Katraj,Pune
Man____ Man__sh ___gesh __nge__
- A wildcard is used to substitute one or more char in a string

- Wildcard are used with like operator
- The like operator is used in a WHERE clause to search a specified pattern in a column
- In wildcard use ‘_’ sign / symbol
Syntax
WHERE column name LIKE pattern;
Example
WHERE FN LIKE ‘_ahul’;
Output
Rahul
Aahul
IN
- IN operator allows you to specify multiple value in a WHERE clause

- It is used to fetch one or more data from the table
- It is use to select those records which specify in query
Syntax
WHERE column name IN (Value 1, Value 2, Value 3……N);

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Example
WHERE FN IN (‘Rahul’,’Soniya’);
Output
NOT
Syntax
WHERE column name NOT IN (Value 1, Value 2, Value 3……N);
Example
WHERE FN NOT IN (‘Rahul’,’Soniya’);
Output
Examples
WHERE ID IN (1,4,5);
Output
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Examples
WHERE City IN (‘Pune’,’Baramati’);
Output
BETWEEN
- The BETWEEN Operator selects value within a given range

- The value can be number, text, & date
- The between operator defines- begin / start value and end value are included
- It is SQL statements use to select value between range which specified
Syntax
WHERE column name BETWEEN value 1 AND value 2;
Example
WHERE ID BETWEEN 2 AND 4;
Output
Example
WHERE Email ID BETWEEN ‘1@gmail.com’ AND ‘3@gmail.com’;
Output
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1 Rahul Gandhi 1111 1@gmail.com Pune
2 Arvind Kejriwal 2222 2@gmail.com Mumbai
3 Anna Hajare 3333 3@gmail.com Pune
Example
WHERE FN BETWEEN ‘Arvind’ AND ‘Soniya’;
NOT BETWEEN Example
To display the products outside the range of the previous example, use NOT BETWEEN:
It is a SQL statement use to select value between ranges which specified.
Syntax

WHERE Column_name NOT BETWEEN Value 1 AND Value 2;
Example

WHERE ID NOT BETWEEN 2 AND 4;
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Output

SELECT
DISTINCT
TOP
ORDER BY
WHERE CLAUSE
Operators
1. OR
2. AND
3. LIKE
4. WILDCARD
5. NOT
6. IT
7. BETWEEN
INSERT INTO
UPDATE
DELETE
ALIAS
SELECT INTO
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UNION & UNION ALL
CREATE TABLE
DROP TABLE
TRUNCATE TABLE
ALTER TABLE
CONSTRAINTS
JOIN
AGGREGATE FUNCTION
GROUP BY
HAVING
FIND NTH SALARY
INTERNVIEW QUESTIONS
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INSERT INTO
- The insert into keywords is used to insert new records in a table

a. Insert the value in to all column – insert new records
Syntax
INSERT INTO table name
VALUES (value 1, value 2, value 3……..);
Example
INSERT INTO SignUp
VALUES (6, ‘Jayant’, ‘Patil’, 6666, ‘6@gmail.com’, ‘Sangli’);
Output

6 6 Jayant Patil 6666 6@gmail.com Sangli
b. Insert values in to the particular column – insert records in particular column
Syntax
INSERT INTO table name column name 1, column name 2, column 3…..
VALUES (value 1, value 2, value 3……..);

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Example
INSERT INTO SIgnUp FN, LN, Mob.No
VALUES (‘Amit’, ‘Deshmukh’, 7777);
Output

6 6 Jayant Patil 6666 6@gmail.com Sangli
7 NULL Amit Deshmukh 7777 NULL NULL
UPDATE
- The update keywords is used to modify the existing records in a table
Syntax
UPDATE table name
SET column1 = value, column name 2 = value 2……..
WHERE condition;
Condition – means column name = value
Example
UPDATE SignUp
SET Mob.No=0000, Email=’0@gmail.com’, City=’Delhi’
WHERE FN=’Rahul’;
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Output
1 1 Rahul Gandhi 0000 0@gmail.com Delhi

Note- Missing WHERE clause = all records in the table will be updated by given set value
Syntax
UPDATE table name
SET column1 = value, column name 2 = value 2……..;
Example
UPDATE SignUp
SET Mob.No=0000, Email=’0@gmail.com’, City=’Delhi’;
Output
1 1 Rahul Gandhi 0000 0@gmail.com Delhi

2 2 Arvind Kejriwal 0000 0@gmail.com Delhi
3 3 Anna Hajare 0000 0@gmail.com Delhi
4 4 Sharad Pawar 0000 0@gmail.com Delhi
5 5 Soniya Gandhi 0000 0@gmail.com Delhi
VCTC,Katraj,Pune
DELETE
- The delete keyword is used to delete existing records in a table

- It is a SQL statements used to delete the particular row / record in to the table
Syntax
DELETE FROM table name
WHERE condition;
Example
DELETE FROM SIgnUp
WHERE Mob.No=2222;
Output

1 Rahul Gandhi 1111 1@gmail.com Delhi
4 Sharad Pawar 4444 4@gmail.com Baramati
5 Soniya Gandhi 5555 5@gmail.com Pune
Note- Missing WHERE clause = All records in the table will be deleted – delete all records
Syntax
DELETE FROM table name
Example
DELETE FROM SignUp
Output
ALL records present in the sign up table will be deleted

VCTC,Katraj,Pune
Note- WHERE clause use with SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE
ALIAS
Ex.
Table – column name – gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg
- It is a SQL statements – used to change the temporary column name or table name
without changing in the database
First Name – FN
- Use AS keyword
- Adv- Column name are wide range or not readable properly
Syntax
SELECT old column name AS new column name
FROM table name;
Example
SELECT FirstName AS FN, Last Name AS LN
FROM SignUp;
Output
FN LN
Rahul Gandhi
Arvind Kejriwal
Anna Hajare
Sharad Pawar
Soniya Gandhi
Syntax
SELECT old column name AS new column name

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FROM old table name AS new table name;
Example
SELECT FirstName AS FN, Last Name AS LN
FROM SignUp AS SU;
Output
Table Name = SU
FN LN
Rahul Gandhi
Arvind Kejriwal
Anna Hajare
Sharad Pawar
Soniya Gandhi
Note- To change column name perment – RENAME
SELECT INTO
- The SELECT into keyword is used to copies data from one table in to another table
Syntax
SELECT * INTO new table name FROM old table name;
Example
SELECT * INTO Register FROM SignUp;

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Output
Table Name – Register

SELECT * FROM Register;

UNION & UNION ALL
Table 1 – LN– 5 records
TN1/LN & TN2/LN combine-
Table 2 – LN – 5 records
Union – Select only unique value
Union All- Select all records

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- In UNION is used to combine the result set of two or more select statements
- Condition
1. The column must have similar data type
2. Every select statement within union have the same no of column
3. The column in every select statements must have the same order
Example
Table Name- Sign up
ID FN LN Mob. No Email Id City Seats

1 Rahul Gandhi 1111 1@gmail.com Pune 45
2 Arvind Kejriwal 2222 2@gmail.com Mumbai 49
3 Anna Hajare 3333 3@gmail.com Pune 45
4 Sharad Pawar 4444 4@gmail.com Baramati 55
5 Soniya Gandhi 5555 5@gmail.com Pune 49
Table Name- Register
ID FN LN Mob. No Email Id City Seats

1 Rahul Gandhi 1111 1@gmail.com Pune 45
2 Arvind Kejriwal 2222 2@gmail.com Mumbai 49
3 Anna Hajare 3333 3@gmail.com Pune 45
4 Sharad Pawar 4444 4@gmail.com Baramati 55
5 Soniya Gandhi 5555 5@gmail.com Pune 49
6 Sanjay Raut 66666 6@gmail.com Mumbai 53
7 Uddhav Thakre 7777 7@gmail.com Mumbai 54
8 Rohit Pawar 8888 8@gmail.com Baramati 56
9 Dhiraj Deshmukh 0000 9@gmail.com Latur 57
VCTC,Katraj,Pune
Syntax
SELECT column name FROM table name 1
UNION
SELECT column name FROM table name 2;
Example
SELECT LN FROM SignUp
UNION
SELECT LN FROM Register;
Output
LN
1 Deshmukh
2 Gandhi
3 Hajare
4 Kejriwal
5 Pawar
6 Raut
7 Thakre
Syntax
SELECT column name FROM table name 1
UNION ALL
SELECT column name FROM table name 2;
Example
SELECT LN FROM SignUp
UNION
VCTC,Katraj,Pune
SELECT LN FROM Register;
Output
LN
1 Deshmukh
2 Gandhi
3 Gandhi
4 Gandhi
5 Gandhi
6 Hajare
7 Hajare
8 Kejriwal
9 Kejriwal
10 Pawar
11 Pawar
12 Pawar
13 Raut
14 Thakre
==================================================================
VCTC,Katraj,Pune
CREATE TABLE
- The create table keyword is used to create a new table in a database
Syntax
CREATE TABLE table name
Column name 1 data type,
Nth
);
Example
CREATE TABLE SignUp
ID int,
FN varchar(255),
LN varchar(255),
Mob.No int,
Email Id varchar(255),
City varchar(255)
);
VCTC,Katraj,Pune
Output
Table SignUp created
SELECT * FROM SignUp;
DROP TABLE
- The drop table keyword is used to drop an existing table in a database

- It is used to drop/delete both structure and records present in the table
Syntax
DROP TABLE table name;
Example
DROP TABLE SignUp;
Output
SignUp table dropped
Delete both structure & records stored in the table- database
TURNCATE TABLE
- The truncate table keywords is used to delete the data inside a table but not the table
itself
- It is used to delete all the rows / records from the table
- It is used to delete all stored records in the table but the structure remains same
- Not delete the structure of the table
Syntax
TRUNCATE TABLE table name;

VCTC,Katraj,Pune
Example
TRUNCATE TABLE SignUp;
Output
Table SingU Truncated
DROP
1. Drop is a DDL command

2. We can not use where clause with drop
3. Drop statements used to drop table in the database
4. Drop faster than truncate and delete
5. It is not possible to rollback after using DROP Statements
ALTER TABLE
- The alter table is used to add column, drop column, & modify column in an existing
table
VCTC,Katraj,Pune
1. ALTER TABLE – ADD

- To add a new column in a table
Syntax
ALTER TABLE table name
ADD column name data type;
Example
ALTER TABLE SignUP
ADD Address varchar(255);
Output
Sign table altered
ID FN LN Mob. No Email Id City Address
2. ALTER TABLE – DROP COLUMN

- To delete a column in a table
Syntax
DROP COLUMN column name;
Example
ALTER TABLE SignUp
DROP COLUMN Address;

VCTC,Katraj,Pune
Output
SignUp table altered

3. ALTER TABLE – ALTER COLUMN / MODIFY COLUMN / MODIFY

- To change the data type of column in a table
SQL Server / MS access – Database
Syntax
ALTER COLUMN column name datatype;
MySQL/ Oracle (Prior version 10g)
Syntax
MODIFY COLUMN column name datatype;
Oracle 11g & later
Syntax
MODIFY column name datatype;

VCTC,Katraj,Pune
Example
ALTER TABLE SignUp
MODIFY FN char(10);
Output
SignUp table altered
FN data type = varchar(255) change to char (10)
=======================================================================
Constraints
Rules / regulation – limitation – to column – for data entered
- Constraints are the rules enforced on data column on table

- These are used to limit the type of data that can go into a table / column
- SQL constraints are used to specify rules for the data in a table
- Constraints are used to limit the type of data that can go into a table
Syntax
CREATE TABLE table name
Column name 1 data type constraints,
Nth
);
VCTC,Katraj,Pune
There are different type of constraints
- NULL
- NOT NULL
- UNIQUE KEY
- PRIMARY KEY
- FOREGIN KEY
- CHECK
- DEFAULT
Example
Example
CREATE TABLE SignUp
ID int NOT NULL, UNIQUE KEY,
FN varchar(255) NOT NULL,
LN varchar(255) NOT NULL,
Mob.No int NOT NULL, UNIQUE KEY,
Email Id varchar(255) NOT NULL, UNIQUE KEY,
City varchar(255) NOT NULL, DEFAULT=’Pune’,
Age int NOT NULL, CHECK (Age)>=22,
PRIMARY KEY (ID)
);
Constraints Types-
NULL
- Ensure that column can accept NULL value

VCTC,Katraj,Pune
NOT NULL
- Ensure that column can not accept NULL value

- NULL is not allowed for that column
CREATE TABLE SignUp
ID int NOT NULL,
FN varchar(255) NOT NULL,
LN varchar(255) NOT NULL,
Mob.No int NOT NULL,
Email Id varchar(255) NOT NULL,
City varchar(255) NOT NULL,
Age int NOT NULL,
);
UNIQUE KEY
- Ensure that All values in a column are unique / different

- Ensure that UNIQUE KEY constraints allows only one NULL value
- Each table have more than one unique key
Example
CREATE TABLE SignUp
ID int UNIQUE KEY,
FN varchar(255),
LN varchar(255),
Mob.No int UNIQUE KEY,

VCTC,Katraj,Pune
Email Id varchar(255) UNIQUE KEY,
City varchar(255),
Age int,
);
Primary Key
- A PK constraints -uniquely identified each records in a table

- Primary key must contains unique values
- A primary key column can not allowed NULL value
- A table can have only one primary key
Note- When multiple filed are used a primary key, they are called a Composite key
CREATE TABLE SignUp
ID int ,
FN varchar(255) ,
LN varchar(255) ,
Mob.No int ,
Email Id varchar(255) ,
City varchar(255) ,
Age int ,
PRIMARY KEY (ID)
);
Foreign KEY
- A foreign key is a SQL constraints used to link two or more table

- Foreign key can accept multiple NULL value
- A table have more than one foreign key
VCTC,Katraj,Pune
- It is also called as referencing key
Example
CREATE TABLE UIDAI
AADHAR NO int(25),
FIRSTNAME varchar(256) NOT NULL,
LASTNAME varchar(256),
MOBILE int(20) UNIQUE,
EMAIL ID varchar(256) UNIQUE,
PAN CARD varchar(25) UNIQUE,
CITY varchar(25),
PRIMARY KEY (AADHAR NO)
CREATE TABLE ICICI
FIRSTNAME varchar(256),
LASTNAME varchar(256),
BALANCE int (20),
ACCOUNT NO int (20),
AADHAR NO int (20),
FOREIGN KEY (AADHAR NO) REFERENCE UIDAI (AADHAR NO)

VCTC,Katraj,Pune
CREATE TABLE IDBI
AADHAR NO. int (20),
BALANCE int (20),
FOREIGN KEY (AADHAR NO) REFERENCE UIDAI (AADHAR NO)
Notice that the "AADHAR NO" column in the "ICICI", "AADHAR NO" column in the "IDBI"
table points to the "AADHAR NO" column in the "UIDAI" table.
The "AADHAR NO" column in the "UIDAI" table is the PRIMARY KEY in the "UIDAI" table.
The "AADHAR NO" column in the "ICICI" table is a FOREIGN KEY in the "ICICI" table.
The "AADHAR NO" column in the "IDBI" table is a FOREIGN KEY in the "IDBI" table.
Default
- Set a default value for a column if not value is specified

- The default constraints provides a default value to a column when insert into statements
does not provide a specific value
CREATE TABLE SignUp
ID int ,
FN varchar(255) ,
LN varchar(255) ,
Mob.No int ,
VCTC,Katraj,Pune
City varchar(255) DEFAULT ’Pune’,
Age int ,
);
Check
- Ensure that the value in a column satisfies a specific condition

- To check constraints is used to limit the value that can be entered in a column
CREATE TABLE SignUp
ID int ,
FN varchar(255) ,
LN varchar(255) ,
Mob.No int ,
City varchar(255) ,
Age int CHECK (Age)>=22,
);
What is constraints?
What are different types of constraints?
What is difference between unique key, primary key & foreign key?
What is default constraints?
What is check constraints?

VCTC,Katraj,Pune
Difference between Primary key, Foreign key & Unique Key
Primary Key Foreign Key Unique Key

The PRIMARY KEY A FOREIGN KEY is a key used to The UNIQUE
constraint uniquely link two tables together. A FOREIGN constraint ensures
identifies each record in a KEY is a field (or collection of fields) that all values in a
table. Primary keys must in one table that refers to the column are different.
contain UNIQUE values PRIMARY KEY in another table.
Primary key cannot have a Foreign key can accept multiple Unique Constraint
NULL value. NULL value. may have a NULL
value.
Each table can have only We can have more than one foreign Each table can have
one primary key. key in a table. more than one
Unique Constraint.
Difference between- NULL, Blank space, Zero?
=======================================================================
JOINS
- JOIN is used to join two or more table on primary key & foreign key
- JOIN is a SQL statements it is used to join two or more table based on the basic
relationship between primary key & foreign key
- The SQL joins is used to combine records from two or more tables in a database
- A JOIN means combining fields from two tables by using values common to each
There are different types of JOIN
1. INNER JOIN
2. LEFT JOIN
3. RIGHT JOIN
4. FULL JOIN
VCTC,Katraj,Pune
INNER JOIN
- Returns records when there is a match in both tables

- Select/ Returns records that have matching values in both tables
LEFT JOIN
- Return all records from the left table & the matching records from both table / right
table
RIGHT JOIN
- Return all records from the right table & the matching records from both table / left
table
FULL JOIN
VCTC,Katraj,Pune
- Return all records from the left table & right table & the matching records from both
table
=======================================================================
Aggregate Functions
Group By
Having
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7th Jan 2023 - Database Testing - Mangesh Sir

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Backend coverage testing / Database testing –

FN/LN/Mob.No/DoB/Email Id/ Pan No/ Aadhar No

After filling form we click on submit button

Submit – message – front end – register successfully

Database – storage location – no of tables – no of rows & columns

Table name – Register

FN LN Mob.No DoB Email Id Pan No Addhar No

ABC XYZ 123 123 A@gmail.com 123 456

Language – SQL – Structured Query Language

SQL there are different commands – to fetch data

SELECT * FROM table name;

SELECT * FROM Register;

FN LN Mob.No DoB Email Id Pan No AddharNo

ABC XYZ 123 123 A@gmail.com 123 456

Data is a row fact which describe the attribute of an entity/object.

Mangesh Department Data

Processed data is called Information

Data is classified in to 2 types

Ex. Data stored in a table

Column / Field / Attributes

Data which is not arranged in specific structure

1. A database is an organized collection of data that is structured into tables, rows,

2. It helps the user to find the relevant information frequently.

The following are the common features of a database:

o Manages large amounts of data

What is meant by DBMS?

1. DBMS stands for Database Management System.

The following are the components of a DBMS:

What are the different types of database management systems?

o Hierarchical databases (HDBMS)

1. RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management System.

2. It is a database management system based on a relational model. It facilitates you to

4. Examples of relational database management systems are Microsoft Access, MySQL,

DBMS there are basic 4 types

1. Flat File database

Here data will be stored in the form of files and folders

Advantage- retrieval data easy

4. Relational databases (RDBMS)

Data Types – Refer Data Type Pdf – cover later

1. SQL stands for Structured Query Language.

2. It is designed for managing data in a relational database management system

3. It is pronounced as S-Q-L or sometime See-Qwell.

Why SQL is required?

1. To create new databases, tables and views

2. To insert records in a database

3. To update records in a database

4. To delete records from a database

5. To retrieve data from a database

What SQL does?

o It allows the user to describe the data.

o It allows the user to create and drop database and table.

o It allows the user to create a view, stored procedure, function in a database.

o It allows the user to set permission on tables, procedures, and views.

Example of SQL statement:

1. SELECT "column_name" FROM "table_name";

Why semicolon is used after SQL statements:

These are the some important SQL command:

o SELECT: it extracts data from a database.

o UPDATE: it updates data in database.

o DELETE: it deletes data from database.

o CREATE TABLE: it creates a new table.