Head Losses in Pipes, Bends and Fittings Notes For Mechanical Engineering - ESE & GATE ME

2/7/2021 Head Losses in Pipes, Bends and Fittings Notes for Mechanical Engineering : ESE & GATE ME
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Head Losses in Pipes, Bends and Fittings Notes for Mechanical

Engineering
Akhil Gupta
311 upvotes 24 comments Updated : July 28th, 2020
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Energy loss is categorized as:
14-Head-losses (1)
sudden expansion of pipe

sudden contraction of pipe
bend in pipe
any obstruction in pipe
Major Loss: It is calculated by Darcy Weisbach formulas
Loss of head due to friction:
where:
L = Length of pipe
V = Mean velocity of ow
d = Diameter of pipe
f = friction factor
friction factor (f) = 4 ×coef cient of friction (f')
For Laminar ow: and coef cient of friction: .
For turbulent ow, coef cient of friction:
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Chezy’s Formula: In uid dynamics, Chezy’s formula describes the mean ow velocity of
steady, turbulent open channel ow.
Average velocity V is given by:
Where:
i = Loss of head per unit length of pipe 14-Head-losses (8) (hydraulic slope tan θ)
Relation between Coef cient of Friction and Shear Stress:
14-Head-losses (11)
where: f = Coef cient of friction
τ0 = Shear stress
Minor Loss: The another type of head loss in minor loss is induced due to following reasons
Loss due to Sudden Enlargement:
Head loss: 14-Head-losses (12)
Loss due to Sudden Contraction:
Remember v1 is velocity at point which lies in contracted section.

Loss of Head at Entrance to Pipe:
Loss at Exit from Pipe
Note: In case 1 and 2, ow occurs between pipe to pipe, while in case 3 and 4, ow occurs
between tank and pipe. We are taking entry or exit w.r.t. pipe. So, be careful.
Combination of Pipes: Pipes may be connected in series, parallel or in both. Let see their
combinations.
Pipe in Series: As pipes are in series, the discharge through each pipe will be same.
In series pipes:
(i). Q = A1v1 = A2v2 = A3v3
(ii). The total head loss will be the sum of the head losses of each individual pipe.
Major loss = Head loss
Due to friction in each pipe:
While, minor loss = Entrance loss + Expansion loss + Contraction loss + Exit loss
If minor loss are neglected then:
Pipes in Parallel: In this discharge in main pipe is equal to sum of discharge in each of
parallel pipes.
For Parallel pipes:
(i). Total discharge: Q = Q1 + Q2
(ii). Loss of head in each parallel pipe is same.
i.e. Loss of head for branch pipe 1 = Loss of head for branch pipe 2
where: hf,1 and hf,2 are head loss at 1 and 2 respectively.
Equivalent Pipe: A compound pipe which consists of several pipes of different lengths and
diameters to be replaced by a pipe having uniform diameter and the same length as that of
compound pipe is called as equivalent pipe.
(i). Series connection:
(where: L = L1 + L2 + L3)
If f = f1 = f2 = f3
Then:
(ii). Equivalent length for parallel connection:

Hydraulic Gradient Line (HGL) and Total Energy Line (TEL):
HGL → It joins piezometric head at various points.
TEL → It joins total energy head at various points
14-Head-losses (31)
Note:
1. HGL is always parallel but lower than TEL by velocity head.
2. For stationary bodies such as reservoirs or lakes, the EGL and HGL coincide with the free
surface of the liquid.
3. A steep jump or droop occurs in EGL and HGL whenever mechanical energy is added to
the uid (by a pump or mechanical energy is removed from the uid (by a turbine)
respectively.
Power Transmission through Pipe (P):
Pideal = ρQgH
Pideal = ρQg(H-hf)
hf = head loss
For maximum ef ciency:
Power delivered by a given pipe line is maximum when the ow is such that one third of
static head is consumed in pipe friction. Thus, ef ciency is limited to only 66.66%
Maximum ef ciency, 14-Head-losses (34)
Water Hammer: When a liquid is owing through a long pipe tted with a vale at the end of
the pipe and the valve is closed suddenly a pressure wave of high intensity is produced
behind the valve. This pressure wave of high intensity is having the effect of hammering
action on the walls of the pipe. This phenomenon is known as water hammer.
Intensity of pressure rise due to water hammer,

14-Head-losses (35)
When valve is closed gradually when valve closed suddenly with rigid pipe
14-Head-losses (36)
When valve closed suddenly with plastic pipe
14-Head-losses (37)
If the time required to close the valve
14-Head-losses (38) Valve closure is said to be gradual.
14-Head-losses (39) The valve closure is said to be sudden.
Where, L = Length of pipe
D = Diameter of pipe
C = Velocity of pressure wave produced due to water hammer 14-Head-losses (40)
v = Velocity of ow
K = Bulk modulus of water
E = Modulus of elasticity for pipe material.
t = Time required to choose the valve.
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Akhil Gupta
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