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LTE-ADVANCED AND BEYOND

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 LTE-ADVANCED AND BEYOND
Egena Onu
Computer Network and Telecommunications Research Centre
Salford, United Kingdom
o.egena@edu.salford.ac.uk
Abstract — The implementation of the IMT-
Advanced specification has been largely carried out
on the Long Term Evolution (LTE/LTE-Advanced).
However, data usage continues to grow across the
board and the need for efficient technology to
manage this order of growth would mean the
continuous evolution of the network system. This
implies that we would soon be hearing about the 5G
in the near future. LTE-Advanced has so far met the
requirements and its optimization promises more.
This paper describes the future and role of the LTE-
Advanced in the evolution process that would follow.
Keywords:4G;LTE-Advanced; Beyond LTE-
Advanced; 5G; HetNet; Coordination
I. INTRODUCTION
Cellular network by natural succession has continued to
evolve over the last three decades and been fully
deployed commercially every 10years since when the 1G
analog cellular network was commercially launched in
1981. Over this period until date, we have had different
standards deployed every 10years. This period covered
the era of the 2G (GSM-FDMA/TDMA), the 3G
(UMTS-WCDMA) and the 4G (LTE/LTE-Advanced-
OFDMA/SC-FDMA). Though there are two major
contenders to the 4G network in worldwide
interoperability for microwave access and long term
evolution-advanced (WiMAX and LTE-Advanced), the
LTE-Advanced became highly favored for deployment
due to industrial support and existing infrastructure
investment. The LTE-Advanced is a standard defined by
the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) as the
radio network for the 4G network based on the IMT-
Advanced specification. Whilst the WiMAX is defined
by the IEEE based on the same specification, to a greater
extent, the LTE-Advanced performs much better, even
surpassing the IMT-Advanced specifications especially
on the side of the spectra efficiency on offer [1-6].
ISBN: 978-1-902560-27-4 © 2013 PGNet
Omar Alani
School of Compuing, Science and Engineering
Salford, United Kingdom
o.y.k.alani@salford.ac.uk
Advancements in mobile networks have been
necessitated by the exponential increase in the mobile
data usage which grows higher as more subscribers join
the network and many online applications are built. It is
estimated that by the year 2020, close to 13billion
devices would be connected by cellular networks around
the globe and data usage growth would be in the order of
1000th. The need for mobile transmission is therefore on
the increase daily. In order to achieve this, industry
player have defined several requirement to be met by the
4G networks in LTE-Advanced. The requirements are
basically centered on capacity and coverage which are
amongst the basics for guaranteeing cellular network
quality of services (QoS) [7, 8]. Considering the
evolutionary trend in cellular networks, the LTE-
Advanced will continue to make great impact on
communication and access to the internet till the next
decade which is about 2020. LTE-Advanced, in order to
meet the growing demands for data usage defines a set
of technologies referred to as the LTE-Advanced tool
box. Because a lot of optimizations are on-going in this
technology, a peculiar question that is been asked around
is “do we need 5G when the 4G is still undergoing
candid enhancement and is delivering exceptional high
data rate?” This paper gives more insight on the possible
contribution of the LTE-Advanced to the 5G or if it is
going to be totally left out of the way. The rest of the
paper is organized as; ii identifies the problems of the
LTE-Advanced. iii discourses the LTE-Advanced tool
box. iv defines possible novel technologies in the 5G. v
elaborates on the contributions the LTE-advanced tool
box would make in the 5G and vi concludes the
discussion.
II. PROBLEMS IN THE LTE-ADVANCED
A major problem of the LTE-Advanced network has
been identified as the inter-cell interference which
severely degrades the total system performance. Inter-
cell interference in LTE-Advanced occurs because the
system is designed based on a frequency reuse ratio of 1;
just like the WCDMA system. Only difference is that the
WCDMA system employs macro diversity to overcome
inter-cell interference. In LTE-Advanced, the
transmission power is constant on all the subcarriers
through the cell which implies the cell-edge users suffer
from severe interference from neighboring cells thus
reducing their throughput such that high data rate
transmission is achievable only at the center of the cell.
To improve this, the LTE-Advanced defines a set of new
techniques in its tool box to handle the situations. It also
utilizes fractional power control (FPC), fractional
frequency reuse (FFR) and interference rejection
combining (IRC) to manage cell-edge throughput but
none of these last three is as powerful as the ones
defined in the tool box. Capacity and coverage due to
growth in mobile data transmission is of great challenge
to the LTE-Advanced and some of these challenges are
generally imposed by interference in the system which
say, a well-managed interference is an improvement on
the total system performance. Due to the multi-cell
deployment LTE-Advanced later referred to as the
Heterogeneous Network (HetNet) which we would later
see in the Tool Box. The system also has problem with
load balancing which is a means of enhancing the total
system capacity by offloading macro users onto the
smaller cells controlled by, for example, a layer three
Relay Station (RS). Spectra efficiency amongst the many
problems is also considered heavy on the mind of LTE-
Advanced engineers. If the system must meet the
growing demands of the users, then there is need for it to
meet the high spectra efficiency defined by the IMT-
Advanced specification. SINR also presents its
challenges which may be carried onto to the 5G network
except good amount of work is done in optimization of
the LTE-Advanced.
III. LTE-ADVANCED TOOL BOX
In order for the LTE-Advanced to meet the system
requirement, some new techniques are defined that
allows its implementation to meet these requirements.
These techniques are Heterogeneous Networks (HetNet),
Relaying, Coordinated Multi-Point
Transmission/Reception (CoMP), Carrier Aggregation
(CA), enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination
(eICIC),Cell Range Expansion (CRE), Advanced MIMO
schemes and Self Optimizing Networks (SON). These
techniques are further elaborated on as follows:
a. Heterogeneous Network (HetNet)
HetNet is one of the new technologies defined by the
3GPP in Release 10 to enhance the LTE-Advanced
network performance. It involves the deployment of the
macro cell along with other smaller cells such as the
pico-cell, femto-cells, remote radio heads and relay
stations which appear to the UEs as different cells. The
objectives of a HetNet is to improve the overall capacity
as well as a cost-effective coverage extension and green
radio solution by deploying additional network nodes
within the local area range [9].
HetNet offers an economically viable way to improve
cellular network capacity. A femto-cell serves as a low
power, short range data access point providing in-
building coverage to home users and transports their
traffic over internet based backhaul such as DSL and
cable modems. Femto-cell radio ranges from 10 to 50m
in diameter while macro cell ranges from 300 to 2000m
therefore increasing the SINR tus bringing the network
closer to the user. The performance of the Relay Stations
(RS) is similar to the Femtos only differing in the
backhaul connection. A micro-cell overlay allows the
operator to handoff and load balance users between each
tier in response to changing traffic conditions [10].
HetNets are characterized by harsh inter-cell interference
between the macro cell and the smaller cells on the
access link due to difference in power transmission. The
interference effect is even more detrimental when the
effective cell size of the smaller cells is expanded to
balance the traffic load between the macro and low
power node cell, so User Equipment (UEs) may be
associated with a cell that does not provide the strongest
received power [11]. Some of the barriers in HetNet also
include cross tier interference and traffic load variability
[12].
b. Relaying
Relaying is a promising enhancement to current radio
access networks. This is expected to fulfill the
demanding coverage and capacity requirements of the
LTE-Advanced in a cost efficient way. The relay stations
operate at low power which consequently reduces their
coverage area. To this effect, load balancing improves
the performance of relay networks. Relay stations do not
have strict installation guidelines with respect to
radiation and planning regulation which therefore
involves low OPEX and faster network upgrade when
there is need to improve QoS [13]. The relay stations
(RS) come in different types I and II. Type I RSs are
layer three RSs and are in full control of their own cell.
Therefore a Type I RS has its own physical cell ID and
includes functionalities such as radio resource
management (RRM), scheduling and hybrid automatic
request (HARQ) retransmission. In line with the LTE-
Advanced context, cell selection can be done
conventionally according to the received signal power in
the DL. The lower transmit power of the RS renders a
smaller coverage area relative to that of an eNodeB and
hence, a lower cell load. Thus, the available resources in
the RS cell might not be fully exploited whereas in the
eNodeB cell, the competition for the resources is still
high. [13] propose a combination of reduction in
eNodeB transmit power, biasing in cell selection and
handover decisions to balance the loads between RS and
eNodeB. Wireless relays reduce coverage holes, enhance
throughput and provide group mobility [14].
RSs provide high capacity and QoS all over the cell area.
They are linked to the macro cell by a wireless link
which replaces the wired backhaul. The relay link uses
the same radio resources as the users’ link therefore
defining the access link and the relay link (relay
backhaul). This backhaul defines the Un interface which
is a new interface defined in the LTE-Advanced for
relaying. The Un interface is a logical interface that
connects the RS to the core network (EPC) via the
logical/virtual S1 interfaces for the user and control
planes respectively. By reason of this interface, the Type
I RS is almost transparent to the donor eNodeB (DeNB).
Radio resources have to be shared between eNodeB-RS
link and eNodeB-, RS-user link. The resource allocation
which maximizes the system capacity depends on
system parameters such as traffic and RS placement. The
radio resource in the OFDMA/SC-FDMA is the
Resource Block (RB) which transmits both control and
user traffic. The resource block consists of 12 OFDM
sub-carriers and 7 OFDM symbols [15], [16, 17]. Two
RBs represent a sub frame that last 1ms and referred to
as the transmission time interval (TTI).
With RSs, the quality of wireless channels can be
significantly improved not only by replacing one long
distance low-rate link with multiple short-distance high-
rate links , but also due to the ability to circumventing
any obstacles between subscriber stations and base
station that may impair channel quality. RS placement
jobs may be triggered by
i. The need to boosting wireless network capacity
and/or extending mobile service coverage.
For instance, low SNR at cell edge is
expected to be improved to achieve the
ubiquitous mobile broadband access, and
subscribers in densely populated area may
have higher traffic demand and different
QoS requirements
ii. The change of wireless network environment.
Typically, new shopping centres and
communities may lead to new hot spots or
new (micro-) cell sites; newly constructed
buildings may change the multipath
environments of the existing
telecommunication systems, possibly
resulting in “black holes” in the coverage
area due to shadowing effect.
iii. Stringent traffic demands. For instance,
spontaneous events, such as large
conferences, sport meetings, fairs, disasters,
and wireless system hardware failures.
A poor relay station placement may lead to the
diminishment of the expected benefits of adopting RSs
as well as a waste of the invested capital expenditures
[18].
Mobile multi-hop relay extends the service area for radio
networks and also improves the channel quality and
hence the transmission rate for users experiencing
shadowing while communicating with the base station.
The IEEE 802.16j standard specification defines the
PHY and MAC layer for these techniques. The LTE-
Advanced does not however support multi-hop relaying
thus, this may be passed as an emerging 5G LTE-
Advanced technology or optimized as to accommodate
the feat as a 4G LTE-Advanced technology.
c. Coordinated MultiPoint
Transmission/Reeception ( CoMP)
CoMP is the key technique in LTE advanced to improve
the cell edge throughput and the system throughput.
There are two types of CoMP under evaluation for LTE-
Advanced system; these are joint processing and (JP)
and coordinated scheduling/beamforming. JP provides
multiple data transmission points among multiple
cooperated eNodeBs for each UE while CS/CB supports
single data transmission point with UE
scheduling/beamforming decisions made with
coordination among cells for each UE [19]. The basic
idea of CoMP is to eliminate ICI through cooperation
between neighbor cells and turn interference from
neighbor cells into useful signal [20].
CoMP is a tool for improving the coverage of high data
rates, cell-edge throughput and the system throughput as
well-when necessary. It allows more than one eNodeB to
transmit data to a single UE simultaneously. CoMP
requires a high speed backhaul enabling information
(data, control/synchronization, and channel state)
exchange between eNodeBs. It also requires a further
channel state information at the eNodeBs to calculate the
transmit filters. Because of the data transmission
requirement to support the growing user base, it is
important that a network utilizing the CoMP technique
needs to keep the transmission of the CoMP signals at its
lowest.
CoMP is also an important way of mitigating
interference and improving spectra efficiency for cell
edge users. Studies recently focus on joint transmission
(JT), dynamic point selection (DPS) and coordinated
scheduling/beamforming (CS/CB) all of which are in the
close-loop transmission category. These three techniques
all rely on precoding matrix indicator (PMI) feedback.
High mobility users are however in the open-loop which
makes these techniques ineffective for them [12].
d. Carrier Aggregation (CA)
LTE-Advanced adopts the concept of carrier aggregation
to achieve a transmission bandwidth up to 100MHz. in
carrier aggregation, the entire transmission bandwidth
comprises multiple frequency block called component
carriers (CC). The bandwidth of a CC corresponds to the
transmission bandwidth of the system bandwidth
specified in LTE R8 to enable the radio link connection
for R8 UE within same spectrum. To achieve flexible
spectrum utilization, carrier aggregation supports
contiguous and non-contiguous spectra. The peak data
rate increases by increasing the number of CC and that
of the transmitter or receiver in MIMO multiplexing
[21].
Carrier aggregation enables both bandwidth extension
and backward compatibility by combining several
20Mhz or narrower component carriers (CCs). There are
three types of carrier aggregation: intra-band contiguous,
intra-band non-contiguous and inter-band non-
contiguous carries aggregation respectively. Inter-band
non-contiguous aggregation is the most attractive to
operators since it allows combining CCs distributed
across different bands [14]. Carrier aggregation is an
enabler of simple, yet effective frequency domain
interference management schemes that offer protection
to both data and control channels [22]. In carrier
aggregation, there is the issue of component carrier (CC)
selection. An eNodeB may operate on any subset of the
carriers. Each eNodeB may select one carrier as a
primary CC (PCC) which provides complete coverage. It
may further select secondary CCs (SCC) depending on
the offered traffic and interference couplings with the
surrounding cells. PCC selection problem is directly
related to frequency assignment problem. Carrier
aggregation implies the aggregation of multiple carrier
frequency to increase the overall bandwidth and hence
the date rate. The carrier frequencies are the component
carriers.
Carrier aggregation is a feature of LTE-Advanced that
enables UE to connect to several carriers simultaneously.
Apart from resource allocation across carriers, it also
allows scheduler based fast switching between carriers
without time consuming handover. The primary CC
(PCC) is the cell that provides the control information to
the UEs, whereas this control illustrates the PDCCH,
PCFICH, and PHICH at the beginning of a subframe. By
assigning this to different frequencies, interference on
control channels like PDCCH, PCFICH, PHICH and
also BCH or RACH between network layers (HetNet)
can be avoided. Through cross carrier scheduling, each
network layer can still schedule UEs on a secondary CC.
Carrier aggregation allows the concurrent utilization of
different frequency carrier that therefore efficiently
increasing the bandwidth that can be allocated to users
[23].
e. eICIC
Inter-cell interference is one of the main capacity
limiting factors in the OFDMA physical layer and it
poses serious threat to efficient network operations. One
way to control inter-cell interference is to impose certain
frequency-time restrictions or transmit power limits on
the radio resources used by each BS. For instance, by
forbidding a cell from using a set of resource block or
restricting the maximum transmit power in them, inter-
cell interference in these RBs can be mitigated. This
means that the eICIC is divided into three categories of
techniques which are the time-domain, frequency
domain and the power control techniques respectively.
Allocating less transmit power to users that have lower
throughput requirements or favorable channel conditions
helps to reduce inter-cell interference and generate new
scheduling opportunities in neighboring cells, thereby
improving spatial reuse and network capacity. When
there’s no interference coordination where CRE is used,
there is greater DL interference for UEs from the macro
cell [23].
f. CRE
Cell Range Extension enhances the offloading gain for
macro users, thereby improving overall bit rates in the
system. Range extension with offset beyond 6db
degrades system capacity as well as bit rates; due to
increased imbalance in downlink. received powers,
higher protocol related latency in time-multiplexed
multi-hop transmission etc. CRE is a load balancing
technique. Because the Rx power of an RS is originally
low, the SINR of the UE connected to it is low therefore
making it difficult to achieve sufficient throughput and
these UE suffers severe interference from the macro BS.
The parameter values for CRE and TD-ICIC depend on
data traffic distribution and volume of data traffic [24].
g. Advanced MIMO
MIMO refers to communication system that is equipped
with multiple antenna at both receiver and transmitter
end. LTE-Advanced requires maximum spectra
efficiency of 30b/s/Hz which translates to the use of 8x8
MIMO spatial multiplexing. To realize this
configuration, LTE-Advanced adopts a closed loop pre-
coding. This pre-coding requires codebook design for its
operation. LTE-Advanced codebook has been designed
based on the assumption of cross polarized antenna
configuration. The resulting codebook can be
represented by a product of two matrices:
W1 W2 =
bi is the ith column vector of the extended Fourier
transform matrix, ej is the 4x1 selection vector ie., only
the jth element is equal to 1, all other elements are zero;
α is the phase difference between horizontal antenna
group and vertical antenna group of the cross polarized
antenna; W1 is the wideband and long-term channel
characteristics; and W2 is the frequency selective and
short-term channel characteristics [14]. Multi antenna
technique can significantly increase the data rates and
reliability of a wireless communication system [25].
h. Self Optimizing Network (SON)
Release 10 introduces SON with autonomic mechanisms
such as self-healing, self-configuration and self-
optimization. These mechanisms aim at simplifying
network management, reducing cost of operation and
increasing performance. Autonomous resource
management in HetNet is among the important and
challenging research avenues in SON for next generation
RAN, encompassing load balancing, ICIC, mobility
management and self-optimizing resource allocation
mechanisms [15].
IV. TECHNOLOGIES IN 5G
Though the idea of 5G has not been conceptualized as
the deployment of the 4G is just in the earliest stage,
many suggestions have begun to fly around that may
look like an improvement on the LTE-Advanced or a
total deviation from the status and specification. These
improvements or rather novel technologies have been
presented by [26-28]. Some of these technologies that
would influence the 5G are itemized as follows:
 Small Base Stations engineered by
nanotechnology
 Multicarrier Modulation Scheme
 Centralized Radio Access Technology (RAT)
 End of Cell Concept
(Coordination/Collaboration)
 Spectra Fragmentation
 Cloud Computing
 Nanotechnology
 Versatile Low Latency Frame Structure
 Spectrum pooling/cognition
V. LTE-ADVANCED TOOL BOX AND THE 5G
The components of the LTE-Advanced network are
considered as an enabler in realizing the possible
requirements of the 5G and what technology may be
defined along with it. The OFDMA/SC-FDMA used as
the access technology in the LTE-Advanced is still
expected to perform very in realizing the 5G dream. This
is due to its robustness in data delivery which means no
radical change is expected to be made as to how the
radio network is accessed by the users. However, to
further reduce latency, [26, 28] argue that the frame
structure of these radio access technologies would need
to be enhanced.
VI. CONCLUSION
This paper thus far has given us a peep into the future of
the LTE-Advanced and what may be on offer in the 5G
network. As for now, no official moves have been made
towards the evolution but at the right time, this move is
certain. No matter when, we do hope that the LTE-
Advanced would stay longer in the field to make
reasonable contribution to the evolution path.
Also, to further contribute to the development of the
LTE-Advanced towards 5G, our future work is focused
on developing collaborative techniques that would
further enable the idea of liquid capacity through the
process of collaboration.
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