Rational Extensions of Non-central potentials

K. Haritha2 , Yuganand Nellambakam, Bindu Madhavi and K.V.S.Shiv Chaitanya 1⇤

1
Department of Physics, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar,
Shamirpet Mandal, Hyderabad, India 500 078. and
2
Department of Physics, Government Degree College,
Alair, Yadadri Bhuvanagiri Dist, Telangana 508101

Abstract

This paper presents the derivation of exceptional potentials for the Coulomb potential with the novel angle depen-
dent part. The paper also describes the process of obtaining both radial and angular solutions by utilizing exceptional
polynomials.

I. INTRODUCTION

Ring shaped molecules such as benzene demand the incorporation of non-central potentials. Noncentral potentials
have been extensively studied in the fields of nuclear physics and quantum chemistry due to their relevance to the
interactions between deformed nuclei and ring-shaped molecules such as benzene [1–3].
In the reference [4], the Nikiforov-Uvarov method is employed to derive general solutions of the Schrodinger equation
for non-central potentials. The Schrodinger equation is first separated into its radial and angular components, allowing
for the analytical derivation of energy eigenvalues and eigenfunctions for these potentials. Through the use of specific
selections, the non-central potential is reduced to the Coulomb and Hartmann potentials. The obtained solutions
are then compared with those of the Coulomb and Hartmann ring-shaped potentials found in existing literature.
Theoretical investigations of non-central potentials often involve solving the Schrödinger, Klein-Gordon, and Dirac
equations. Analytical solutions for noncentral potentials are not always available, and numerical methods are often
used to obtain solutions [5, 6]. One common example of a noncentral potential is the quadrupole-quadrupole interaction
potential, which arises from the interaction between two quadrupole moments[7]. This potential has been studied
extensively in the context of nuclear physics, where it plays a significant role in the description of nuclear shapes
and deformations. The relativistic e↵ects of a moving particle in the field of a pseudoharmonic oscillatory ring-
shaped potential under the spin and pseudospin symmetric Dirac wave equation is examined and the bound-state
energy eigenvalue equation and the corresponding two-components spinor wave functions are obtained by using the
supersymmetric quantum mechanics (SUSYQM) [8].
In the article [9], the application of operator methods from supersymmetric quantum mechanics is explored and
the concept of shape invariance to derive properties of spherical harmonics. The bound state spectra of an electron

⇤ chaitanya@hyderabad.bits-pilani.ac.in
 2

subject to a Coulomb potential and an Aharonov-Bohm field, as well as the magnetic field of a Dirac monopole is
investigated.
Another important class of noncentral potentials is the spin-orbit interaction potential [10], which arises from the
coupling of the electron spin and orbital angular momentum. This potential is important in the study of atomic and
molecular systems, where it a↵ects the energy levels and spectroscopic properties.
The discovery of a new set of orthogonal polynomials known as exceptional polynomials by David Gómez-Ullate et
al [11, 12] has led to the development of numerous new exactly solvable potentials. These new potentials are referred
to as rational extensions and are related to the existing potentials by an intertwining operator in supersymmetric
quantum mechanics[13–17]. These rational extensions have given rise to a rich mathematical structure that includes
a state missing between the old and new Hamiltonians. The study of this structure has provided new insights into
the theory of exactly solvable potentials and supersymmetric quantum mechanics, and has opened up new avenues of
research in the field.
According to the article [18], any quantum mechanical problem that has classical Laguerre/Jacobi polynomials as
solutions for the Schrödinger equation will also have exceptional Laguerre/Jacobi polynomials as solutions. These
exceptional polynomials will have the same eigenvalues as the classical polynomials, but with the ground state missing
after a modification of the potential.
In their previous work, two of the authors developed exceptional polynomials by solving the Dirac equation while
accounting for two non-central potentials: the Hartmann potential and the ring-shaped oscillator potential. The
Hartmann potential is formed by adding a potential to the Coulomb potential, while the ring-shaped oscillator
potential replaces the Coulomb part of the Hartmann potential with a harmonic oscillator term [19]. These potentials
are particularly useful in describing the structural properties of ring-shaped molecules such as benzene.
Hamzavi and Razabi [20] solved the Schrödinger equation using a Novel Angle Dependent (NAD) Coulomb potential.
They employed the generalized parametric Nikiforov-Uvarov (NU) method, a powerful mathematical technique used
to solve a wide range of di↵erential equations, to solve the equation and investigated the impact of the angle-dependent
component on the radial solution.The Schrödinger equation with the NAD Coulomb potential.

A h2 V2✓ (✓)
V (r, ✓) = (1)
r 2µ r2

A h2 + cos2 ✓ + ⌘cos4 ✓
V (r, ✓) = (2)
r 2µ r2 cos2 ✓sin2 ✓
e2
where A = Z↵ and ↵ = hc is the fine structure constant and µ is the reduced mass. The Schrödinger wave equation
with non-central potential is written in spherical coordinates and separated into radial and angular variables. The
article is arranged as follows: in section II, we derive the exceptional polynomial solutions for the radial part of the
NAD potential eqn.8. In section III, we establish the exceptional polynomial solutions for the polar angle part of the
non-central potentials. In section IV, we sum up the key insights and emphasize the role of exceptional potential on
the
 ✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
~2 1 @ 2 @ 1 @ @ 1 @2
2
r + 2
sin ✓ + 2 2 (r, ✓, ) + V (r, ✓, ) (r, ✓, ) = E (r, ✓, ) (3)
2µ r @r @r r sin ✓ @✓ @✓ r sin ✓ @ 2
 3

(~r) = u(r) · Y (✓, ) = u(r) · H(✓) · ( ) (4)

The radial equation:

✓ ◆
d2 u(r) 2µ A ( + 1)
+ 2 E u(r) = 0 (5)
dr2 ~ r r2
The polar equation:
✓ ◆ 
1 d dH(✓) m2
sin ✓ + ( + 1) sin2 ✓ + cos(2✓) + cos2 ✓ + ⌘ cos4 ✓ H(✓) = 0 (6)
sin ✓ d✓ d✓ sin2 ✓
The azimuthal equation:
d2 ( )
+ m2 ( ) = 0 (7)
d 2
where and m2 are separation constants. We derive the exceptional generalized Laguerre polynomial solution for the
radial part of the NAD potential making use of the theorem presented by the article [18]

II. EXCEPTIONAL POLYNOMIAL SOLUTIONS FOR THE RADIAL PART OF THE NON-CENTRAL
POTENTIAL

Hamzavi and Razabi [20] have derived the solutions for the radial part of the non-central potentials by applying
the Nikiforov Uvarov method [21]. The method involves transforming the Schrödinger equation into a form that can
be solved using hypergeometric functions. This is achieved by making a suitable change of variables, followed by a
separation of variables. The resulting di↵erential equation can then be solved using standard techniques.
In this section, we construct the exceptional Laguerre polynomials for the radial part of the NAD poential, given
by
✓ ◆
d2 u(r) 2µ A
+ 2 E+ u(r) = 0 (8)
dr2 ~ r r2
The solution of the radial equation
p p p
+ 14 + 14
u(r) = r1/2+ e ✏r
L (2 ✏r) (9)

d2 u(r) 1
+ 2 ( ✏r2 + A0 r )u(r) = 0 (10)
dr2 r
where
2µ 2µ
✏= E, A0 = A
~2 ~2
Substituting in the above equation

r r
00 1 p 1 0 1 p 1 A0
L + [1 + 2 + 2 ✏]r L +[ + (1 + 2 + )( ✏)r +✏ ✏+ L=0 (11)
4 r2 4 r r2
p p p d
1 2 ✏ d
Applying the change of variable 2 ✏r = x leads to r = x and dr = 2 ✏ dx
d2 d2

dr 2 = 4✏ dx 2
 4

x
Multiplying throughout with r= 2p ✏
r r
00 1 0
p 1
rL + [2 + +1 r]L + [ 2✏ 2 + + A0 ]L = 0 (12)
4 4

This is an associated Laguerre Di↵erential equation of the form

xy 00 + (m + 1 x)y 0 + y = 0 (13)

Here, we make use of the theorem by Shivchaitanya et al [18] to derive exceptional Laguerre polynomials as solutions
to the radial part, we add an extra potential Ve to the di↵erential equation
r
00 1
rL + [1 + 2 + r]L0 + (n + Ve )L = 0 (14)
4
q
We define m = 2 + 14 on demanding that L(r) = H(r)
r+m is the solution of eqn.(14) to obtain
 
2H(r) 2H 0 (r) H 00 (r) H(r) H 0 (r) H(r)
r + + (m + 1 r) + +[ 1 + Ve (r)] . (15)
(r + m)3 (r + m) 2 (r + m) (r + m) 2 r+m r+m

1 2m
Ve (x, m) = (16)
x+m (x + m)2

q
1 ( + 14 )
4
Ve (x, m) = p q p q (17)
2 ✏r + 2 ( + 14 ) (2 ✏r + 2 ( + 14 ))2

To derive exceptional Laguerre polynomials as solutions to the non-central potentials, we add an extra potential Ve
to the di↵erential equation II

rH 00 (r) + (m + 1 r)H 0 (r) + ( + Ve )H(r) = 0 (18)

L(r)
We demand H(r) = r+m to be the solution, so that
 
2L(r) L0 (r) L00 (r) L(r) L0 (r) L(r)
r 2 + + (m + 1 r) + +[ 1 + Ve (r, m)] =0 (19)
(r + m)3 (r + m) 2 r+m (r + m) 2 r+m r+m

1 2m
Ve (x, m) = (20)
x+m (x + m)2

III. EXCEPTIONAL POLYNOMIAL SOLUTION FOR THE POLAR ANGLE PART

The equation for the angular part is given by

✓ ◆ 
1 d d m2 + cos2 ✓ + ⌘ cos4 ✓
sin ✓ H(✓) + + H(✓) = 0 (21)
sin ✓ d✓ d✓ sin2 ✓ cos2 ✓sin2 ✓
 5

Using transformation s = cos2 ✓, we have

d2 H(s) 1 3s dH(s) 1 m2 + + ⌘ +
2
+ + [ +⌘ ]H(s) = 0 (22)
ds 2s(1 s) ds 4s(1 s) 1 s s
Then taking

H(s) = s (1 s)⌫ P (s) (23)

The equation (48) should reduce to

d2 H(s) 1 3s dH(s)
4s(1 s) +4 + H(s) = 0 (24)
ds2 2 ds
1 1
this implies coefficient of P(s) 1 s and s should be zero, this gives

r
1
↵= 4(m2 + + + ⌘) (25)
4

r
1
= 4 (26)
4

↵0 + 0
+1
(27)
2
2 2
d d d d
change of variable from s to x leads to 1 2s = x, ds = 2 dx ds2 = 4 dx2

(1 x2 )H 00 (x) + [ ↵ (↵ + + 2)x]H 0 (x) + H(x) = 0 (28)

On suitable modification of the weight function of the Jacobi equation, we can get the extra terms of the exceptional
potential. The exceptional Jacobi di↵erential equation is given by

2a(1 bx)
(x2 1)f 00 (x) + [(x c)f 0 (x) f (x)] = 0 (29)
b x
H(x)
We demand that L(x) = x b be the solution for the equation

dL(x) 1 H(x)
= H 0 (x) (30)
dx x b (x b)2

d2 L(x) 1 H 0 (x) H(x)

= H 00 (x) 2 2 (31)
dx2 x b (x b)2 (x b)3


H 00 (x) H 0 (x) H(x) H 0 (x)H(x)
4[(1 x2 ) 2 2 ] + ( 2)(3x 1)( ) (32)
x b (x b)2 (x b)3 x b (x b)2
H(x)
+( + Ve ) =0
x b
 6

The resulting exceptional Laguerre di↵erential equation

(1 x2 )H 00 (x) + [ ↵ (↵ + + 2)x]H 0 (x) + ( + Ve (x))H(x) = 0 (33)

where
" r # r !
1 2 p 1 1
= 4(n + ) + 2(2n + 1) m2 + + +⌘+ + +2 (m2 + + + ⌘)( + ) + m2 + 2 + (34)
2 4 4

1
= 4(n + )2 + 2(2n + 1)[↵ + + 2↵ ) + m2 + 2 + (35)
2

The derivation of the exceptional Jacobi di↵erential equation and its solution is presented in the appendix.

2 2 2b2
Ve = (36)
x b (x b)2

The exceptional polynomial solutions are obtained by employing the theorem defined by [18] The theorem states that
if an additional term,Ve (x), is added to the Laguerre or Jacobi di↵erential equation and the solutions are required to
f (x) f (x)
be of the form g(x) = (x+m) and g(x) = (x b) , respectively, where f(x) satisfies the exceptional di↵erential equation
X1 for the Laguerre and Jacobi functions, then the function Ve (x, m) can be uniquely determined.
In simpler terms, this means that by adding a specific term to the Laguerre or Jacobi di↵erential equation and
requiring the solutions to have a certain form, one can determine a function that characterizes the system in question.

IV. CONCLUSION

In conclusion, we can say that the discovery of rational extensions has important implications for the study of
quantum mechanics and mathematical physics and quantum field theory. The construction of exceptional polynomial
potentials for NAD potential is a promising approach to enhance our understanding of this important system of
exceptional polynomials. Our research has demonstrated the e↵ectiveness of this method. By leveraging the power
of exceptional polynomial potentials, we have been able to achieve unprecedented accuracy, which can be useful for
the study of ring shaped molecules. We are confident that our findings will inspire new directions for research.

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V. APPENDIX

The equation for the angular part is given by

✓ ◆ 
1 d d m2 + cos2 ✓ + ⌘ cos4 ✓
sin ✓ H(✓) + + H(✓) = 0 (37)
sin ✓ d✓ d✓ sin2 ✓ cos2 ✓sin2 ✓

✓ ◆ 
1 d d m2 ⌘ cos2 ✓
sin ✓ H(✓) + H(✓) = 0 (38)
sin ✓ d✓ d✓ sin2 ✓ cos2 ✓ sin2 ✓ sin2 ✓ sin2 ✓

✓ ◆ 
1 d d m2 + + ⌘ ⌘sin2 ✓
sin ✓ H(✓) + H(✓) = 0 (39)
sin ✓ d✓ d✓ sin2 ✓ cos2 ✓ sin2 ✓

✓ ◆ 
1 d d m2 + + + ⌘
sin ✓ H(✓) + +⌘ H(✓) = 0 (40)
sin ✓ d✓ d✓ sin2 ✓ cos2 ✓

✓ ◆ 
1 d d 0 m2 + + + ⌘
sin ✓ H(✓) + H(✓) = 0 (41)
sin ✓ d✓ d✓ sin2 ✓ cos2 ✓

d2 H(s) 1 3s dH(s) 1
+ + 2 ( s(1 s) m2 s s ⌘s2 )H(s) = 0 (42)
ds2 2s(1 s) ds 4s (1 s)2

d2 H(s) 1 3s dH(s) 1 m2 s s ⌘s2

+ + [ ]H(s) = 0 (43)
ds2 2s(1 s) ds 4s(1 s) s(1 s) s(1 s) s(1 s) s(1 s)

d2 H(s) 1 3s dH(s) 1 m2 + ⌘s
+ + [ ]H(s) = 0 (44)
ds2 2s(1 s) ds 4s(1 s) (1 s) s(1 s) s(1 s)
 8

d2 H(s) 1 3s dH(s) 1 m2 + ⌘(1 s) ⌘

+ + [ + ]H(s) = 0 (45)
ds2 2s(1 s) ds 4s(1 s) 1 s 1 s s(1 s)

d2 H(s) 1 3s dH(s) 1 m2 + + ⌘
+ + [ +⌘ ]H(s) = 0 (46)
ds2 2s(1 s) ds 4s(1 s) 1 s s(1 s)

d2 H(s) 1 3s dH(s) 1 m2 + + ⌘ +
+ + [ +⌘ ]H(s) = 0 (47)
ds2 2s(1 s) ds 4s(1 s) 1 s s

d2 H(s) 1 3s dH(s) 1 m2 + + ⌘ +
2
+ + [ +⌘ ]H(s) = 0 (48)
ds 2s(1 s) ds 4s(1 s) 1 s s

Then taking

H(s) = s (1 s)⌫ P (s) (49)

we have

dH(s)
= s 1
(1 s)⌫ P (s) s ⌫(1 s)⌫ 1
P (s) + s (1 s)⌫ P 0 (s) (50)
ds

and

d2 H(s)
= ( 1)s 2
(1 s)⌫ P (s) s 1
⌫(1 s)⌫ 1
P (s) + s 1
(1 s)⌫ P 0 (s) (51)
ds2
s 1
⌫(1 s)⌫ 1
P (s) + s ⌫(⌫ 1)(1 s)⌫ 2
P (s) s ⌫(1 s)⌫ 1
P 0 (s)

s( 1)
(1 s)⌫ P 0 (s) s ⌫(1 s)⌫ 1
P 0 (s) + s (1 s)⌫ P 00 (s)

Considering the coefficient of P(s)


( 1) 2 ⌫ (⌫(⌫ 1) 1 (1 3s) ⌫(1 3s) ⌫(3 3s 2)
+ + + (52)
s2 s(1 s) (1 s) 2 2s(1 s) s 1 s 1 s

on simplification

1 ( 1) (⌫(⌫ 1)s) 2⌫
[ 2 ⌫+ + 3 3⌫ + (53)
s(1 s) s 1 s s 1 s

adding the coefficient of P(s) (48) we get


1 ( 1) ⌫(⌫ 1) 2⌫
( 1) 2⌫ ⌫(⌫ 1) + + 3 3⌫ + (54)
s(1 s) s 1 s 2s 2(1 s)

1 m2 + + ⌘ + ⌫
+ +⌘
4s( 2) 1 s s
1 1
taking 1 s and s terms
0
4⌫ + 4⌫(⌫ 1) (m2 + + ⌘ + ⌫0) 4 ( 1) + 2 ⌫0
+ (55)
1 s s
 9

on simplifying
4⌫ 2 (m2 + 0 + ⌘ + ⌫ 0 ) 4 2
2 ⌫
+ (56)
1 s s
The equation (48) should reduce to

d2 H(s) 1 3s dH(s)
4s(1 s) +4 + H(s) = 0 (57)
ds2 2 ds
1 1
this implies coefficient of P(s) 1 s and s should be zero this gives

r
1
↵= 4(m2 + + + ⌘) (58)
4
r
1
= 4 (59)
4

↵0 + 0
+1
(60)
2
2 2
d d d d
change of variable from s to x leads to 1 2s = x, ds = 2 dx ds2 = 4 dx2 let

1 2s = x (61)
1 x
s=
2
1+x
1 s=
2

✓ ◆ 14 + ↵2 ✓ ◆2
1 x 1+x
H(x) = p↵, (x) (62)
2 2

 ✓ ◆✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
dH(x) 1 ↵ 1 1
= + + p(x) + p0 (x) (63)
dx 4 2 1 x 2 1+x

d2 H 1 1
= p00 (x) + [ (↵ + ) + ]P 0 (x) (64)
dx2 2 1 x 1+x
✓ ◆✓ ◆ ✓ ◆ ✓ ◆✓ ◆
1 ↵ ↵ 3 1 1 1 ↵ 1 1
+[ + + + ( )( 1) ]p(x)
4 2 2 4 (1 x)2 4 1+x 4 2 1 x2 2 2 2 (1 + x)2

(1 x2 )H 00 (x) + [ ↵ (↵ + + 2)x]H 0 (x) + H(x) = 0 (65)

On suitable modification of the weight function of the Jacobi equation, we can get the extra terms of the exceptional
potential. The exceptional Jacobi di↵erential equation is given by

2a(1 bx)
(x2 1)f 00 (x) + [(x c)f 0 (x) f (x)] = 0 (66)
b x
 10

H(x)
We demand that L(x) = x b be the solution for the equation

dL(x) 1 H(x)
= H 0 (x) (67)
dx x b (x b)2

d2 L(x) 1 H 0 (x) H(x)

= H 00 (x) 2 2 (68)
dx2 x b (x b)2 (x b)3


H 00 (x) H 0 (x) H(x) H 0 (x)
H(x)
4[(1 x2 ) 2 2 ] + ( 2)(3x 1)( ) (69)
x b (x b)2 (x b)3 x b (x b)2
H(x)
+( + Ve ) =0
x b

The exceptional polynomial

(1 x2 )H 00 (x) + [ ↵ (↵ + + 2)x]H 0 (x) + ( + Ve (x))H(x) = 0 (70)

where
" r # r !
1 2 p 1 1
= 4(n + ) + 2(2n + 1) m2 + + +⌘+ + +2 (m2 + + + ⌘)( + ) + m2 + 2 + (71)
2 4 4

1
= 4(n + )2 + 2(2n + 1)[↵ + + 2↵ ) + m2 + 2 + (72)
2

2 2 2b2
Ve = (73)
x b (x b)2