Subject name and code: POD (22321) Academic Year: 2022-23

Couse Name: IF3T Semester: Third

A STUDY ON
Hierarchical, Network and Relational Model
MICRO PROJECT REPORT
Submitted in December 2022 by the group of 3 students
Sr. Roll No. Full Name of Students Enrollment Seat No.
No. ( sem-3) No. (semester-3)
1 DSD6 PINIL BABURAV CHAKAR 2209350316 131583
2 DSD12 ROHIT RAJENDRA SONAWANE 2209350328 131595
3 DSD17 SURAJ GURUNATH RAUT 2209350324 131591

Under the Guidance of

PROF. MS. SHEETAL DESHMUKH
In
Diploma Board of Technical Education,
ISO 9001:2008 (ISO/IEC-27001:201
SHIVAJIRAO S. JONDHALE POLYTECHNIC, ASANGOAN
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION,
MUMBAI

CERTIFICATES
AS
This is to certify that Mr. PINIL BABURAV CHAKAR
Roll No: DSD6 of Third Semester of Information Technology Programme in
Engineering & Technology at Shivajirao. S Jondhale Polytechnic Asangaon
(EAST) Shahapur 421601 has completed the Micro Project Satisfactorily in
Subject: POD
In the academic Year 2022 as prescribed curriculum of I Scheme.

Place: ASANGOAN Enrollment No: 2209350316

Date: / /2022 Exam Seat No: 131583

Project Guide Heat of Department Principal

Seal of
institute
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION,
MUMBAI

CERTIFICATES

This is to certify that Mr. ROHIT RAJENDRA SONAWANE

Roll No: DSD12 of Third Semester of Information Technology Programme in
Engineering & Technology at Shivajirao. S Jondhale Polytechnic Asangaon
(EAST) Shahapur 421601 has completed the Micro Project Satisfactorily in
Subject: POD
In the academic Year 2022 as prescribed curriculum of I Scheme.

Place: ASANGOAN Enrollment No: 2209350328

Date: / /2022 Exam Seat No: 131595

Project Guide Heat of Department Principal

Seal of
institute
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION,
MUMBAI

CERTIFICATES

This is to certify that Mr. SURAJ GURUNATH RAUT

Roll No: DSD17 of Third Semester of Information Technology Programme in
Engineering & Technology at Shivajirao. S Jondhale Polytechnic Asangaon
(EAST) Shahapur 421601 has completed the Micro Project Satisfactorily in
Subject: POD
In the academic Year 2022 as prescribed curriculum of I Scheme.

Place: ASANGOAN Enrollment No: 2209350324

Date: / /2022 Exam Seat No: 131591

Project Guide Heat of Department Principal

Seal of
institute

-:Index:-
1) Introduction

2) Abstract

3) Advantages

4) Disadvantages

5) Features

6) Screenshot 3

7) Examples

8) Conclusion

9) reference

-:Introduction:-
The process of defining the conceptual design of data elements and
their inter-relationships is called data modeling. The traditional
applications approach to data organisation built different models for each
data file.

In the network model of database, there are no levels and a record can
have any number of owners and also can have ownership of several
records. Thus, the problem raised above in the sales order processing
will not arise in the network model.

The most recent and popular model of database design is the relational
database model. This model was developed to overcome the problems
of complexity and inflexibility of the earlier two models in handling
databases with many-to-many relationships between entities.

Abstract
Artificial general intelligence is not well defined, but attempts such as the
recent list of “Ingredients for building machines that think and learn like
humans” are a starting point for building a system considered as such
[1]. Numenta is attempting to lead the new era of machine intelligence
with their research to re-engineer principles of the neocortex. However,
they also reveal the infancy of the algorithms, not capable of learning
dynamic complex problems, and that much future research is needed to
explore if they can create scalable solutions towards a more general
intelligent system.

Advantages
 As the database is based on this architecture the relationships
between various layers are logically simple so, it has a very simple
hierarchical database structure.
 This model is capable of handling multiple types of relationships
which can help in modeling real-life applications, for example, 1: 1,
1: M, M: N relationships.
 Categorizing data. Database administrators can easily categorize
and store data in a relational database that can then be queried
and filtered to extract information for reports
 The main benefits of using relational databases are that they can
be easily queried, allow for the use of stored procedures to
manipulate data, and provide a consistent database design.

Disadvantages

 Even though this model is conceptually simple and easy to design

at the same time it is quite complex to implement.
 The schema or the structure of this database is very complex in
nature as all the records are maintained by the use of pointers.
 There’s an existence of operational anomalies as there is a use of
pointers for navigation which further leads to complex
implementation.
 Large organizations tends to use more number of number of
database systems with more tables. These information can be
used to be transferred from one system to another. This could
pose a risk of data loss.

Features
 Parent-Child Relationship. A parent node exists for each child
node.
 One-to-many Relationship. The data is organised in a tree-like
form, with the datatypes having a one-to-many relationship. ...
 Deletion Problem. When a parent node is removed, the child node
is removed as well.
 Multiple Paths. There may be several paths to the same record
due to the increased number of relationships.
 The Ability to Merge More Relationships. Data is more connected
in this model since there are more relationships.
 Atomicity. Atomicity keeps data accurate.
 Consistency. The state of the database must remain consistent
throughout the transaction.

Screenshot 3
Examples
1) . Consider the below Student database system hierarchical model.

In the above-given figure, we have few students and few course-enroll

and a course can be assigned to a single student only, but a student can
enroll in any number of courses and with this the relationship becomes
one-to-many. We can represent the given hierarchical model like the
below relational tables:

2. Example : Network model for a Finance Department.

So, In A Network Model, A One-To-Many (1: N) Relationship Has A Link

Between Two Record Types. Now, In The Above Figure, SALES-MAN,
CUSTOMER, PRODUCT, INVOICE, PAYMENT, INVOICE-LINE Are
The Types Of Records For The Sales Of A Company. Now, As You Can
See In The Given Figure, INVOICE-LINE Is Owned By PRODUCT &
INVOICE. INVOICE Has Also Two Owners SALES-MAN &
CUSTOMER.
3) The relational model in DBMS has several features that make it well
suited for storing data: atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability, data
consistency, data working together, data flexibility, and lookup
relationships.

Conclusion
Database models help to arrange data in the databases of DBMS. The
main difference between hierarchical network and relational database
model is that hierarchical model organizes data in a tree-like structure
while network model arranges data in a graph structure and relational
database model organizes data in tables.Relations, Attributes and
Tuples, Degree and Cardinality, Relational Schema and Relation
instance, and Relation Keys are some important components of the
Relational Model.

:- refrence:-
http://www.google.com

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org
https://www.studytonight.com

thank you !!!