1.

1 Shape of microwave sensor

Microstrip patches have various types of shapes. Before designing, the shape of antenna

should be determined first. In this project, rectangular shape has been chosen as final design

because from simulations the return loss of rectangular is higher than circle and hexagon shape.

The comparison of return loss has been shown in figure 3.9

(a)

1.1.1 Simulation of three different shapes

In this project, a rectangular shape has been chosen as final design because from the

simulations the return loss of rectangular is higher than circle and hexagon that shows in figure

3.8. During simulations, all this design has been optimized to achieve the specification of

microwave sensor design. So, based on the simulations hexagon and circle shape are quite

difficult to reach the specifications and from that, rectangular shape was proposed to design the

microwave sensor.
 Figure 3. 1: Comparison of three different shapes

Table 3. 1 : Comparison return loss of three different shapes.

Shape Return loss (dB)

Rectangular -10.027

Circle -5.513

Hexagon -5.493

1.2 Theoretical calculation

The value of width and length of antenna should be calculated by using equation (3.1) and

equation (3.3). But, before the length of the patch has been calculated, the effective dielectric

constant in equation (3.2) should be determined first because it is related with the patch length’s

formula. Based on the theoretical calculation, there is some different value compared to

simulation results. To obtain the operating frequency 2.4 GHz, the value of patch width and

patch length should be optimized until S11 results achieved the frequency.
 √ √
8
C 2 ¿ 3 X 10 2
¿ 38.39 mm
Patch width , W =
2 fr Ԑr +1 2 ( 2.4 GHz ) 4.3+ 1

(3.1)

4.3+1 4.3−1 1
Ԑr+ 1 Ԑr −1 1 ¿ +

√
Effective dielectric constant , Ԑeff = + 2 2 1.6 ¿ 3.99
2 2 √¿ ¿ ¿ [1+12 ]
38.39

(3.2)

∆ L=0.412 h
( w
( Ԑeff +0.3 )
h
+ 0.624 )
¿ 0.412 h
( 3.99+ 0.3 ) (
38.39
1.6
+ 0.624 )
¿ 0.76 mm
( Ԑeff −0.258 ) ( +0.8 ) ( 3.99−0.258 ) ( +0.8 )
w 38.39
h 1.6

8
C 3 X 10
Patch length , L= −2 ∆ L¿ −0.76¿ 29.769 mm(3.3)
2 fr √ Ԑeff 2 ( 2.4 GHz ) √ 3.99
1.3 Comparison of rectangular design with DGS and without DGS

This part will discuss simple rectangular with DGS or without DGS. There is some difference

in graph simulation if DGS method is applied on the sensor. Every time the design of sensor is

changed, the frequency also changes. Because of that, the design must be optimized to achieve

the target frequency. Parameter sweep option in CST software is very helpful to analyze the

frequency shift and from that parametric study can be observed. Figure 3.11 shows comparison

of design using DGS or without using DGS technique while figure 3.12 shows the optimization

process.

(a) Front view (b) back view

Figure 3. 2: Rectangular patch without DGS

 Figure 3. 3 : Optimization process

Next, figure 3.13 shows the design of rectangular patch with DGS method. The DGS method

is applied on this sensor because it wants to increase the quality factor of microwave sensor.

(a) Front view (b) back view

Figure 3. 4 : Rectangular patch with DGS

1.3.1 Simulation of rectangular design with and without using DGS method

Based on the simulations, it’s proved that DGS technique can increase the returns loss and

improve quality factor. But, for this simple design still cannot achieve a narrow bandwidth.
Figure 3. 5 : Simulation of rectangular patch with and without DGS
1.4 Comparison of rectangular design with inset feed and DGS method

This part will discuss the inset feed with DGS or without DGS technique that will be use in

this project. There is some difference in graph simulation if DGS method is applied on the

sensor. Every time the design of sensor is changed, the frequency also changes. Because of that,

the design must be optimized to achieve the target frequency. Figure 3.12 shows inset feed

without DGS method.

(a) Front view (b) back view

Figure 3. 6 : Rectangular design with inset feed and without DGS method

Based on the parametric study shown in table 3.4 if the sensor wants to achieve 2.4 GHz with

the same dimension of patch width and length likes before inset feed, the value width of inset

feed will be too small. So, by increasing the value of patch length to 29.56 mm and at the same

time also increasing the value of inset feed width to 7.7 mm the frequency can be reached.
 Table 3.4: parametric study of inset feed without DGS method

Inset feed Inset feed Patch width Patch length Frequency (GHz)
width length

2 5 43.5 28.57 2.4272

6 8 43.5 28.57 2.481

2 6 43.5 28.57 2.4298

1 6 43.5 28.57 2.4247

7.7 6 43.5 29.56 2.407

7.7 4 43.5 29.56 2.4028

Next, figure 3.16 shows the design of sensor with inset feed and DGS technique. The DGS

method is applied on this sensor because it wants to increase the quality factor of microwave

sensor. In this design the dimension of inset feed is not changed, only the dimensions of ground

plane would be modified to achieve the target frequency 2.4GHz. The final dimension width and

length of ground plane are 38.8mm and 100mm.

(a) Front view (b) back view

Figure 3. 7 : Rectangular design with inset feed and DGS method

1.4.1 Simulation of rectangular design with and without using DGS method

Based on the simulations when the sensor applying DGS method the bandwidth will become

narrow. In theory, if the return loss is more than -30dB so the microwave sensor will be a good

match. Quality factor is very important because it is a key parameter that describes the

performance of sensor.

Figure 3. 8: Simulation of rectangular patch with inset feed

1.5 Parameters of microwave sensor

Microwave sensor designs have their own parameters such as frequency, patch length, patch

width and other dimensions. The dielectric constant of the material should be considered.

Table 3. 2 : Parameters of microwave sensor

Parameter Values

Frequency 2.4 GHz

Patch length 28.57mm

Patch width 43.5mm

Return loss (Not finalized)