Graphical Analysis

© 2010 ASQ. All Rights Reserved.

v 8.0

About This Module…

We will learn Minitab’s

Minitab s Graphical Analysis techniques to
portray data and identify the root causes of problems.

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 2
 What Will We Learn?

1. The some of the analysis techniques

commonly used by Black Belts to “mine data”
2. How to create graphs and analyze data using
Minitab
3. How to transfer graphs to PowerPoint for
presentations
4 The editing techniques shown in this module
4.
can be used on virtually all Minitab graphs

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 3

We Will Create...

‹Histograms ‹Dot plots

‹Marginal plots ‹ Box plots

‹ Run charts ‹Scatter plots

‹Matrix plots

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 4
The Shampoo Factory
• The Shampoo factory has been experiencing problems with one of
their machines that fills shampoo bottles.
• This machine has two fillers with six filler heads each that are
supposed to fill each bottle with 220 + or - 10 milliliters of
shampoo.
• Customers have been complaining that some shampoo bottles are
not full.
• Factory Managers are complaining that some bottles audited prior
to shipment have too much shampoo.
• Supervisors are complaining that the machine overfills some
bottles to the point of overflow and there is a mess on the floor.
• As
A a Black
Bl k B Belt,
lt you are assigned
i d tto d
determine
t i what
h t iis really
ll
happening!

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 5

Capability Analysis

• First sketch the process as you have been told it is.

• What distribution would you expect this the output of
this process to follow?
• Perform a capability analysis in Minitab.
• When the data is not normal what is our first step?
Reminder: see the non-normal module.

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 6
Normality Plots: Shampoo
\DataFile\Shampoo.mtw
Stat>Basic Stat>Normality test select Shampoo

Probability Plot of Shampoo

Normal
‹ Ho (the null hypothesis) is that 99.99
Mean 220.9
the data is normal StDev 3.621
N 240
99 AD 3.322
P-Value <0.005
‹ P is the probability the data is 95

normal 80

Percent
50

‹ We reject Ho (treat the data 20

5
as non-normal) when P < .05
1

210 215 220 225 230 235 240

Shampoo

The first step when dealing with non-normal data is to see if it is

stratified. Questioning the operators revealed that the data is kept by:
Filler, Shift, Hour and Head. Let’s see if any of these make a
difference.
© 2008 ASQ
Slide 7

Shampoo Sketch

First stratify the data

Filler 1

by filler. We will use

several graphs to
illustrate the concept.
Head 1 Head 2 Head 3 Head 4 Head 5 Head 6

Filler 2

Head 1 Head 2 Head 3 Head 4 Head 5 Head 6

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 8
Narrowing the Field
Let’s start with a Main Effects Plot
Stat>ANOVA>Main Effects Plot

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 9

The Main Effects Plots

Main Effects Plot for Shampoo
Data Means
Filler Shift

223
222
221
220
219
Mean

1 2 1 2
Study hour Head

223
222
221
220
219
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 4 1 5 1 6 17 18 19 20 1
Because
2 3
the4 other
5
factors
6
are
nested within filler first let’s see
Worksheet: Shampoo.MTW
if the fillers are different.

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 10
 Box Plots Show the Difference

Boxplot of Shampoo
240

235

230

Shampoo
225

220

215

210

1 2
Filler
Worksheet: Shampoo.MTW

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 11

Interval Plots

Interval Plot of Shampoo

95% CI for the Mean

223

222

These graphs
Shampoo

221
indicate the fillers
are different.
different
S

220

Split the
worksheet. 219

218
1 2
Filler
Worksheet: Shampoo.MTW

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 12
 Split the Worksheet
This command yields two new
worksheets one for each filler.

>Data >Split Worksheet

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 13

Prepare Box Plots of Each Filler

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 14
Filler 1 Box Plot by Head
Boxplot of Shampoo
226

224

222

220
Shampoo

218

216

214
Filler 3 appears to
212 under fill and have
210
excess variation.
Let’s see if that is the
1 2 3 4source of5 the 6
Head
problem with filler 1.
Worksheet: Shampoo.MTW(Filler = 1)

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 15

Subset the Worksheet

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 16
Now the Data is Normal
Probability Plot of Shampoo
Normal
99.9
Mean 219.8
StDev 2.099
2 099
99
N 100
AD 0.190
95
P-Value 0.897
90
80
70
Percent

60
50
40
30
20
10
5

0.1
212 214 216 218 220 222 224 226 228
Shampoo

Worksheet: Subset of Shampoo.MTW(Filler = 1)

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 17

Process Capability

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 18
 Capability Analysis
Process Capability of Shampoo

LSL Target USL

LSL
Process Data
210
Within
Target 220 Overall
USL 230
Sample Mean 219.766 Potential (Within) Capability
Sample N 100 Z.Bench 4.65
StDev(Within) 2.07283 Z.LSL 4.71
StDev(Overall) 2.09942 Z.USL 4.94
Cpk 1.57
Overall Capability
Z.Bench 4.59
Z.LSL 4.65
Z.USL 4.87
Ppk 1.55
Cpm 1.58

210 213 216 219 222 225 228

Observed Performance Exp. Within Performance Exp. Overall Performance When head three is
% < LSL 0.00 % < LSL 0.00 % < LSL 0.00
% > USL 0.00 % > USL 0.00 % > USL 0.00 eliminated from filler 1
% Total 0.00 % Total 0.00 % Total 0.00
the process capability is
Worksheet: Subset of Shampoo.MTW(Filler = 1) adequate.

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 19

Process Capability
Process Capability Analysis of Shampoo
LSL=210 USL=230
P rocess D ata P otential C apability
LS L 210.00000 Z.Bench 4.65
Target * Z.LS L 4.71
USL 230.00000 Z.U S L 4.94
S ample M ean 219.76570 C pk 1.57
S ample N 100 C C pk 1.61
S tD ev (Within) 2.07283
S tD ev (O v erall) 2.10473 O v erall C apability
Z.Bench 4.58
Z.LS L 4.64
Z.U S L 4.86
P pk 1.55
C pm *

210 213 216 219 222 225 228 231

O bserv ed P erformance E xp. Within P erformance E xp. O v erall P erformance
% < LS L 0.00 % < LS L 0.00 % < LS L 0.00
% > U S L 0.00 % > U S L 0.00 % > U S L 0.00
% Total 0.00 % Total 0.00 % Total 0.00

Now we have a good process, head 3 must be fixed.

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 20
 Exercise 1
Analyze the data for filler 2 and make recommendatons.

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 21

Another Approach
Create separate columns for each filler
Data>Unstack columns

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 22
 Create Histograms

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 23

Histograms
Histogram of Shampoo_1, Shampoo_2
208 212 216 220 224 228 232 236
Shampoo_1 Shampoo_2

40

30
Frequency

20

10

0
208 212 216 220 224 228 232 236

What can we learn from these graphs?

Remember the spec limits are 220 + or - 10
© 2008 ASQ
Slide 24
 Editing a Histogram
Histogram of Shampoo_1, Shampoo_2
208 212 216 220 224 228 232 236
Shampoo_1 Shampoo_2

40

Right click
30 anywhere on
Frequency

the graph and

select Panel
20

10

0
208 212 216 220 224 228 232 236

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 25

Editing the Panel

Note: these are only a few of the available editing selections,

experiment to find the styles that best suit your needs.

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 26
 Edited Graph
Histogram of Shampoo
Normal

Filler = 1 Filler = 2 Filler = 1

Mean 219.1
40 StDev 2.697
2 697
N 120
Filler = 2
30 Mean 222.6
StDev 3.591
Frequency

N 120

20

10

0
208 212 216 220 224 228 232 236 208 212 216 220 224 228 232 236
Shampoo
Worksheet: Shampoo.MTW

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 27

Marginal Plot
Graph>Marginal plot

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 28
 Marginal Plot
Marginal Plot of Shampoo_1 vs Head_1

230

225
Shampoo_1

220

215

210
1 2 3 4 5 6
Head_1

Note: Specification lines created manually

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 29

Matrix Plot
Graph>Matrix Plot

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 30
 Matrix Plot
Look for patterns

Matrix Plot of Shampoo, Filler, Shift, Study hour, Head

1.0 1.5 2.0 0 10 20

230

220 Shampoo

210
2.0

1.5
Filler

1.0
2.0

1.5
Shift

1.0
20

Study hour 10

0
6

4
Head
2

210 220 230 1.0 1.5 2.0 2 4 6

Worksheet: Shampoo.MTW Just what we would

have expected!
© 2008 ASQ
Slide 31

Try a Time Series Analysis

Graph>Time Series Plot

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 32
Run Charts

Right Click on the

graph then brush these Time Series Plot of Shampoo_2
d t points.
data i t
235
Note that points 3, 15
and 27 change color
and a box appears in 230

Shampoo_2
the upper left corner to
identify the location of
the points in the 225

worksheet.
Note also that the work 220

sheet rows are marked

with a dot.
215
Is there a pattern to the 1 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120
Index
brushed points?

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 33

Other Brush Options

With the brush selected, click on the editor menu

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 34
Time Series Chart

Hover your mouse over any point –

the data will be shown

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 35

Selecting Elements and Data Points

First create a new graph to use to practice selections

Double click on any feature to select it
Start with the Y Axis to edit the scale

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 36
Selecting Data Points
Time Series Plot of Shampoo_1, Shampoo_2
240
Variable
Shampoo_1
235
Shampoo 2
Shampoo_2
230
1. Click once on a data
Data

225 point selects all data

points, click a second
220
time (slowly) selects
215
the group, click a third
time selects the single
210 data point.
1 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120
Index 2. Once a group or point
Worksheet: Worksheet 4 is selected a quick
double click will bring
up the edit dialog box.
© 2008 ASQ
Slide 37

Editing the Scale

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 38
 Edited Y Axis
Time Series Plot of Shampoo_1, Shampoo_2

250 Variable
Shampoo_1
p _
240 Shampoo_2

230
Data

220

210

200

1 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120
Index
Worksheet: Worksheet 4

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 39

Dot Plot by Variable

Graph>Dotplot

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 40
Dot Plots
Dotplot of Shampoo
Filler Head

1 1
2
3
4

6
2 1
2
3
4

5
6
212 216 220 224 228 232 236
Shampoo

Worksheet: Shampoo.MTW
What do these
charts tell us?
© 2008 ASQ
Slide 41

Box Plots
Graph>Box Plot

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 42
Box Plots
Boxplot of Shampoo
240

235

230
Shampoo

225

220

215

210

Head 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
Filler 1 2
Worksheet: Shampoo.MTW

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 43

Shampoo Summary
1. Several graphical approaches could have been used
2. There is little if any shift effect on Filler 1
3. There is a large shift effect on Filler 2
4. Filler 1 Head 3 appears to be under-filling the bottles
5. Filler 2 Head 6 appears to be over-filling the bottles

These analysis should help point us the the next steps to enable us
to investigate and correct the differences observed. This should
cause the p
process to operate
p at entitlement.
Will this be good enough?

Now let’s look at several more of the commonly used Minitab graphs.

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 44
Multi-Vari Analysis
‹ A way to visually evaluate many sources of variation in graphical
form; a “visual” analysis of variance (ANOVA)
‹ A pre-experimental method to find major sources of variation:
– Positional - within part
– Cyclical - part to part
– Temporal - changes over time
‹ A way to “mine” information from historical data

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 45

Multi-Vari Analysis Uses

A Multi-Vari Analysis can help classify variation and independent
variables. It can be the starting point of further analyses.

Multi-Vari Analysis
y can be used to:

• Graphically analyze historical data

• Identify the source of special cause events

• Provide direction for additional analysis

• Identify the relationship between Xs and Ys

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 46
 Multi-Vari “Purity of Product”
A two-shift operation repackages bulk chemical products into one of
two containers. Purity of the product is checked at four locations
within each of the containers.

Analyze this data for the three types of possible variations in a Multi-
Vari study:
‹ Within piece
‹ Piece to piece
‹ Shift to shift

\DataFile\Purity.MTW

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 47

Set Up the Analysis

Stat>Quality Tools>Multi-Vari Chart

Note: changing the order of the factors changes the relation of the
charts. There is no “one right way” experiment with different views
for the one that provides the best insight into the process.

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 48
Multi-Vari Chart
Multi-Vari Chart for %Purity by Shift - Position
1 2 1 2
1 2 3 4
100
Shift
1
99 2
98
%Purity

97

96

95

94

1 2
There
1
appears
2
to be an interaction
Container
between container and position. Change
Panel variable: Position
the order of the factors and recreate the
Worksheet: Purity.MTW
chart.

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 49

A Different View
Multi-Vari Chart for %Purity by Shift - Position
1 2 1 2
1 2 3 4
100
Shift
1
99 2
98
%Purity

97

96

95

94 There does appear to be a

1 2
significant
1
difference
2
between the
containers and a possible
Container

Panel variable: Position interaction with position. This will

Worksheet: Purity.MTW be tested using ANOVA in the
analyze phase.
© 2008 ASQ
Slide 50
Multi-Vari Analysis Summary
‹ A way to visually evaluate many sources of variation in graphical
form
‹ A method to find major sources of variation:
– Positional - within part
– Cyclical - part to part
– Temporal - changes over time
‹ A way to “mine” information from historical data
‹ Multi Vari analysis should always be followed up with the
Multi-Vari
appropriate test for statistical significance.

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 51

Other Minitab Graphic Capabilities

Open file Pulse.MTW

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 52
Scatter Plot

Scatterplot of Pulse1 vs Pulse2

Ran
100
1
2

90

80
Pulse1

70

60

50

50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140

Pulse2
Worksheet: Pulse.MTW

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 53

Scatter Plot Offers Many Features

Right click
Scatterplot of Pulse1 vs Pulse2
anywhere on Ran
100
the graph and 1
2

90 select Add
80
Pulse1

70

60

50

50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140

Pulse2
Worksheet: Pulse.MTW

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 54
Scatter Plot of Pulse 1 and Pulse 2 Vs
Weight

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 55

Create Separate Scales

Double click onof Pulse1, Pulse2 vs Weight
Scatterplot
the scale to edit it Variable
140
Pulse1
130 Pulse2

120
110

100
Y-Data

90
80

70
60

50

100 120 140 160 180 200 220

Weight
Worksheet: Pulse.MTW

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 56
 Secondary Scale Added
Scatterplot of Pulse1, Pulse2 vs Weight
Variable
100 140
Pulse1
130 Pulse2

90
120

110
80
100
Pulse1

Pulse2
70 90
80
60 70
60
50
50

100 120 140 160 180 200 220

Weight
Worksheet: Pulse.MTW

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 57

Exercise
• Create any four graphs that you would use to present
the data in Pulse.mtw
• Do not close the best four as theyy will be used in the
next exercise.

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 58
The Layout Function

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 59

The Layout Tool

1. Select a graph from the list, it appears

in the bottom left panel.
2. Press the > to move the graph to the
right.
3. The graph positions may be changed by
dragging and dropping.
4. When satisfied click Finish.

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 60
 The Layout Tool Result
Dotplot of Pulse1, Pulse2 vs Sex Scatterplot of Pulse1 vs Pulse2

100
Sex Smokes = 1

Pulse1 1
2

Pulse1
Pulse2 1
2 75
Sex Smokes = 2

Pulse1 1
2

Pulse2 1
50
2
56 70 84 98 112 126 140
Data 50 75 100 125 150
Pulse2
Worksheet: Pulse.MTW Worksheet: Pulse.MTW

Scatterplot of Height vs Weight Histogram of Pulse1, Pulse2

Normal
76 Sex
1
Pulse1, Sex = 1 Pulse1, Sex = 2 Pulse1, Sex = 1
2 16 Mean 70. 42
StDev 9. 948
72 N 57
8 Pulse1, Sex = 2
Mean 76. 86
StDev 11. 62
Height

Frequency
N 35
68 0
50 60 70 80 90 100 50 60 70 80 90 100 Pulse2, Sex = 1
Mean 75. 88
Pulse2, Sex = 1 Pulse2, Sex = 2 StDev 13. 10
N 57
64 10
Pulse2, Sex = 2
Mean 86. 71
StDev 20. 61
5 N 35
60
100 125 150 175 200 0
Weight 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 45 60 75 90 105 120 135
Worksheet: Pulse.MTW Worksheet: Pulse.MTW

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 61

Graphs May Also Be Tiled

1. Click on the 2. Select the 3. Right click in

Graph Manager graphs to tile the blue area then
icon using the shift select tile.
and/or control
keys to select
multiple graphs.

Note: Print
graphs on one
page or separate
pages could have
been chosen
from this menu.

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 62
Tiled Graphs

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 63

Multi-level Pareto

Stat > Quality Tools >

Pareto Chart

/Datafile/Pulse.mtw

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 64
 Multi-Level Pareto
Pareto Chart of Flaws by Period
Peel Scratch Other Smudge
Period = Day Period = Evening
8 Flaws
Peel
6
Scratch
4
Other
2 Smudge
Count

0
Period = Night Period = Weekend
8

0
Peel Scratch Other Smudge
Flaws

Worksheet: Pareto.MTW

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 65

Bar Charts
Analyze the same data using a bar chart
Graph>Bar Chart

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 66
Bar Chart
Chart of Flaws, Period
9
8
7
6
Count

5
4
3
2
1
0
Period y g ht d y g ht d y g ht d y g ht d
Da nin Nig k en Da nin Nig k en Da nin N ig k en Da nin Nig k en
e e e e
Ev ee Ev ee Ev ee Ev ee
W W W W
Flaws
he
r el tc
h ge
Ot Pe ra ud
Sc Sm
Worksheet: Pareto.MTW

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 67

Is This Graph Up to Date?

A green + indicates the A yellow circle indicates
chart is up to date the graph is out of date

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 68
 Graphic Update Status Symbols

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 69

What Did We Learn?

1. The some of the analysis techniques

commonly used by Black Belts to “mine data”
2. How to do analysis and create graphs using
Minitab
3. How to transfer graphs to PowerPoint for
presentations
4 The editing techniques shown in this module
4.
can be used on virtually all Minitab graphs

© 2008 ASQ
Slide 70