Q.1 Discuss the influence of agencies of social change on the society.

ANSWER:
Agencies of social change refer to the various entities, organizations, and movements that
contribute to altering the structure, norms, values, and institutions within a society. These
agencies play a crucial role in shaping the trajectory of societal development. Here's a discussion
on the influence of different agencies of social change:
Government Institutions: Governments often serve as significant agents of social change through
policy-making, legislation, and implementation. Laws and regulations enacted by governments
can influence social behavior, norms, and values. For instance, civil rights legislation in many
countries has helped to promote equality and combat discrimination.
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs): NGOs are instrumental in addressing social issues and
driving change at various levels. They often focus on specific causes such as environmental
conservation, human rights, healthcare, education, and poverty alleviation. NGOs work through
advocacy, grassroots mobilization, and direct service provision, contributing to social
transformation.
Activist Groups and Social Movements: Activist groups and social movements are catalysts for
social change by raising awareness, mobilizing public opinion, and challenging existing power
structures and norms. Movements like the civil rights movement, women's rights movement,
LGBTQ+ rights movement, and environmental movements have brought about significant social
transformations through collective action and advocacy.
Media and Communication: Media plays a crucial role in shaping public opinion, disseminating
information, and influencing social norms and values. Through journalism, entertainment, social
media, and other platforms, the media can highlight social issues, challenge stereotypes, and
promote dialogue, thus contributing to societal change.
Educational Institutions: Schools, colleges, and universities are important agents of social change
as they shape attitudes, beliefs, and values of individuals. Educational institutions can promote
critical thinking, tolerance, and social awareness, fostering a culture conducive to positive
change. Curricular reforms and educational initiatives can address social issues and promote
social justice.
Religious Institutions: Religious organizations have historically played a significant role in driving
social change through moral teachings, community engagement, and advocacy for social justice.
Religious leaders and institutions often advocate for humanitarian causes, promote ethical
values, and mobilize resources for addressing social problems.
Technology and Innovation: Technological advancements and innovation have the potential to
catalyze social change by enabling new forms of communication, organizing, and problem-
solving. Technologies such as the internet, social media, and mobile phones have facilitated
grassroots activism, information dissemination, and networking among social change agents.
Corporate Sector: Businesses and corporations can also influence social change through
corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives, ethical business practices, and advocacy for social
causes. Corporate entities have the resources and influence to address social issues such as
environmental sustainability, labor rights, and community development.
Overall, agencies of social change operate through diverse mechanisms and approaches, but they
share a common goal of promoting positive societal transformation and addressing pressing
social issues. Their influence is pervasive and essential for fostering a more equitable, just, and
sustainable society.

Q.2 Explain the relationship between school and society. How they strengthen one another?
Discuss.
ANSWER:
The relationship between schools and society is intricate and mutually influential. Schools are
vital institutions within society that play a significant role in shaping individuals, transmitting
culture, fostering socialization, and contributing to the overall development and functioning of
society. Likewise, society exerts a profound influence on schools, shaping their goals, values,
curriculum, and organizational structures. Here's how schools and society strengthen one
another:
Transmission of Cultural Values and Norms:
Schools serve as important agents for transmitting cultural values, beliefs, and norms from one
generation to the next. They reinforce societal expectations and norms through formal
curriculum, extracurricular activities, and interactions among students and educators.
Society, in turn, influences schools by defining what knowledge, skills, and values are deemed
essential for individuals to function effectively within that society. This influence is reflected in
educational standards, policies, and expectations.
Socialization and Identity Formation:
Schools are crucial sites for socialization, where students learn to interact with others, develop
social skills, and form their identities. Through interactions with peers, teachers, and the
curriculum, students acquire social norms, values, and behaviors that shape their understanding
of themselves and their roles in society.
Society influences schools by providing the cultural context within which socialization occurs.
Societal norms, expectations, and cultural practices influence the content and methods of
education, as well as the values and behaviors promoted within school settings.
Preparation for Citizenship and Participation:
Schools play a vital role in preparing individuals for active citizenship and participation in society.
They provide knowledge about governance, democracy, rights, and responsibilities, fostering
informed and engaged citizens.
Society influences schools by setting expectations for the type of citizens it seeks to cultivate.
Educational policies and initiatives often reflect societal goals for citizenship, such as promoting
civic engagement, social justice, and community involvement.
Economic Development and Social Mobility:
Schools contribute to economic development by providing individuals with the knowledge, skills,
and credentials needed to participate in the workforce and contribute to the economy. Education
enhances individuals' opportunities for employment, economic mobility, and social
advancement.
Society shapes educational opportunities and outcomes through factors such as funding
mechanisms, access to resources, and social inequalities. Socioeconomic factors, cultural values,
and government policies influence educational access, equity, and outcomes.
Cultural Innovation and Social Change:
Schools serve as sites of cultural innovation and social change, where new ideas, values, and
perspectives are introduced, debated, and disseminated. Educational institutions can challenge
existing norms, promote critical thinking, and foster social transformation.
Society influences schools by shaping the prevailing ideologies, values, and priorities that inform
educational practices and policies. Societal changes, such as technological advancements,
demographic shifts, and ideological shifts, impact the content, methods, and goals of education.
Q.3 Write note on:
a. Motivation
b. Effective classroom
ANSWER:
a. Motivation
Motivation is a fundamental concept in psychology and human behavior, referring to the driving
force behind an individual's actions, goals, and behaviors. It is what compels people to initiate,
sustain, and direct their efforts towards achieving specific objectives. Motivation plays a crucial
role in influencing behavior, performance, and overall well-being. Here are key points to consider
when discussing motivation:
Types of Motivation:
Intrinsic Motivation: Intrinsic motivation stems from internal desires, interests, and enjoyment
derived from engaging in an activity. People are intrinsically motivated when they find an activity
inherently satisfying or fulfilling, regardless of external rewards or consequences.
Extrinsic Motivation: Extrinsic motivation arises from external factors such as rewards,
punishments, or social approval. Individuals are extrinsically motivated when they engage in
activities to obtain external rewards or avoid negative outcomes.
Theories of Motivation:
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Maslow proposed a hierarchy of human needs, suggesting that
individuals are motivated to fulfill basic physiological needs (e.g., food, water), safety needs,
social needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs in that order.
Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory: Herzberg distinguished between motivator factors (e.g.,
recognition, achievement) and hygiene factors (e.g., salary, working conditions), suggesting that
motivator factors lead to job satisfaction and intrinsic motivation, while hygiene factors prevent
dissatisfaction but do not necessarily motivate.
Expectancy Theory: Expectancy theory posits that individuals are motivated to act based on their
belief that their efforts will lead to desired outcomes (expectancy), the value they place on those
outcomes (valence), and their belief that they can achieve desired outcomes (instrumentality).
Factors Influencing Motivation:
Individual Differences: Motivation can vary greatly among individuals due to factors such as
personality traits, goals, values, and past experiences.
Environmental Factors: The context in which individuals operate, including organizational
culture, social norms, rewards, and feedback, can influence motivation.
Goal Setting: Setting specific, challenging, and attainable goals can enhance motivation by
providing individuals with a clear direction and purpose for their actions.
Feedback and Recognition: Positive feedback, recognition, and reinforcement can boost
motivation by validating individuals' efforts and achievements.
Self-Efficacy: Self-efficacy, or one's belief in their ability to accomplish tasks and achieve goals,
plays a crucial role in motivation. High self-efficacy is associated with greater motivation and
persistence.
Applications of Motivation:
In Education: Motivation is key to promoting student engagement, learning, and academic
achievement. Educators can enhance motivation by providing meaningful learning experiences,
setting clear goals, and offering constructive feedback.
In the Workplace: Motivated employees are more productive, committed, and satisfied with their
jobs. Organizations can foster motivation through fair compensation, opportunities for
advancement, a positive work environment, and recognition of employees' contributions.
In Sports and Fitness: Motivation is essential for athletes and individuals pursuing fitness goals.
Coaches and trainers can enhance motivation by setting challenging yet achievable goals,
providing feedback, and fostering a supportive team environment.

b. Effective classroom
An effective classroom is one where teaching and learning take place in an environment that
promotes student engagement, participation, and academic achievement. It's a space where
students feel supported, motivated, and empowered to succeed. Several key components
contribute to creating an effective classroom environment:
Clear Learning Objectives: Effective classrooms have clear, measurable learning objectives that
guide instruction and provide students with a sense of purpose and direction. Learning objectives
should be communicated to students at the beginning of each lesson or unit, helping them
understand what they are expected to learn and achieve.
Positive Classroom Climate: A positive classroom climate is characterized by mutual respect,
trust, and support among students and between students and teachers. Teachers create a
welcoming and inclusive environment where all students feel valued, safe, and accepted. Positive
relationships fostered in the classroom contribute to a sense of belonging and enhance student
engagement and motivation.
Engaging Instructional Strategies: Effective teachers employ a variety of engaging instructional
strategies to cater to diverse learning styles and preferences. These may include active learning,
cooperative learning, project-based learning, inquiry-based learning, and technology integration.
Engaging instruction promotes student involvement, critical thinking, and deeper understanding
of content.
Differentiated Instruction: Recognizing that students have different learning needs, interests, and
abilities, effective teachers implement differentiated instruction to meet individual student
needs. They adapt teaching methods, materials, and assessments to accommodate diverse
learners, providing additional support or enrichment as needed to ensure all students can
succeed.
Effective Classroom Management: Strong classroom management skills are essential for
maintaining a productive and orderly learning environment. Effective teachers establish clear
expectations for behavior, routines, and procedures, and consistently enforce them. They use
positive reinforcement, proactive strategies, and conflict resolution techniques to address
behavior issues and create a conducive learning atmosphere.
Assessment and Feedback: Assessment is an integral part of the learning process in effective
classrooms. Teachers use a variety of formative and summative assessment methods to monitor
student progress, identify areas of strength and weakness, and provide timely feedback.
Feedback should be specific, constructive, and actionable, helping students understand their
performance and how to improve.
Promotion of Student Agency: Effective classrooms empower students to take ownership of their
learning and become active participants in the educational process. Teachers encourage student
autonomy, initiative, and self-regulation, fostering skills such as goal-setting, problem-solving,
and metacognition. Students are given opportunities to make choices, pursue interests, and
engage in meaningful learning experiences.
Continuous Professional Growth: Effective teachers are committed to ongoing professional
development and reflective practice. They seek out opportunities for learning, collaborate with
colleagues, and stay informed about current research and best practices in education.
Continuous improvement allows teachers to refine their instructional techniques, respond to
changing student needs, and enhance classroom effectiveness over time.
By incorporating these elements into their practice, educators can create and sustain effective
classrooms that foster student success, engagement, and lifelong learning. A positive and
supportive classroom environment lays the foundation for academic achievement, personal
growth, and positive social-emotional development.
Q.4 Describe technological advancement and discuss how it affects the society.

ANSWER:
Technological Advancement
Technological advancement refers to the continuous improvement and innovation in tools,
systems, and processes aimed at solving problems, improving efficiency, and enhancing human
capabilities. It encompasses a wide range of developments across various fields, including
information technology, biotechnology, nanotechnology, robotics, and renewable energy.
Technological advancement has transformed the way we live, work, communicate, and interact
with the world around us.
Effects of Technological Advancement on Society:
Increased Connectivity and Communication:
Technology has revolutionized communication, enabling instant and global connectivity through
the internet, social media, email, and mobile devices. People can now communicate and
collaborate across vast distances, fostering global networks and communities.
Access to Information and Education:
The internet has democratized access to information and education, empowering individuals
with knowledge and resources previously unavailable to them. Online learning platforms, digital
libraries, and educational apps provide opportunities for lifelong learning and skill development.
Automation and Job Displacement:
Technological advancements in automation, robotics, and artificial intelligence have led to
increased efficiency and productivity in many industries. However, they have also resulted in job
displacement and changes in the labor market, requiring workers to adapt to new roles and skill
requirements.
Economic Impact:
Technology drives economic growth and innovation, creating new industries, markets, and
opportunities for entrepreneurship. It fosters competitiveness and efficiency in business
operations, leading to increased productivity and economic prosperity.
Healthcare Advancements:
Technological advancements in healthcare, such as medical imaging, telemedicine, genetic
engineering, and wearable devices, have improved diagnosis, treatment, and patient care. They
have led to better health outcomes, increased life expectancy, and enhanced quality of life for
many people.
Environmental Sustainability:
Technology plays a crucial role in addressing environmental challenges by enabling the
development of clean energy sources, sustainable infrastructure, and eco-friendly solutions.
Innovations in renewable energy, waste management, and conservation contribute to mitigating
climate change and preserving natural resources.
Social Impact and Relationships:
Technology has reshaped social interactions and relationships, influencing how people
communicate, connect, and form communities. While it facilitates social networking and virtual
connections, it can also lead to social isolation, digital addiction, and privacy concerns.
Ethical and Societal Challenges:
Technological advancements raise ethical and societal questions regarding privacy, security, data
ethics, and the equitable distribution of benefits. Issues such as digital divide, algorithmic bias,
and cybersecurity require careful consideration and regulation to ensure that technology serves
the common good.
Overall, technological advancement has profound and far-reaching effects on society, influencing
nearly every aspect of human life. While it offers tremendous opportunities for progress and
innovation, it also presents challenges and risks that must be addressed responsibly to harness
its full potential for the benefit of humanity.

Q.5 Elucidate the norms in a community and how these norms shape the society? Discuss.
ANSWER:
Norms in a Community and Their Influence on Society
Norms in a community refer to the shared expectations, rules, and standards of behavior that
guide the actions and interactions of individuals within that community. These norms serve as
informal guidelines for what is considered acceptable, appropriate, or desirable behavior in
various social contexts. Norms can encompass a wide range of behaviors, attitudes, and values,
and they play a crucial role in shaping the dynamics and functioning of society. Here's how norms
in a community influence and shape society:
Social Order and Stability:
Norms establish a sense of social order and cohesion by defining acceptable behaviors and
regulating social interactions. They provide predictability and consistency in social relationships,
contributing to stability and harmony within communities.
Socialization and Cultural Transmission:
Norms play a key role in socialization, the process by which individuals learn and internalize the
values, beliefs, and behaviors of their culture or society. Through socialization, norms are
transmitted from one generation to the next, shaping individuals' identities, attitudes, and
worldview.
Regulation of Behavior:
Norms serve as informal social controls that guide and regulate individual behavior. They
influence how people act in various situations and provide guidelines for resolving conflicts,
making decisions, and interacting with others.
Promotion of Cooperation and Trust:
Norms encourage cooperation, reciprocity, and trust among members of a community. By
adhering to shared norms, individuals demonstrate their commitment to collective goals and
mutual well-being, fostering social cohesion and solidarity.
Enforcement of Social Norms:
Norms are reinforced through social sanctions, both positive and negative, that reward
conformity and punish deviance. Positive sanctions may include praise, approval, or rewards for
adhering to norms, while negative sanctions may involve social disapproval, stigma, or ostracism
for violating norms.
Cultural Identity and Group Membership:
Norms contribute to the formation of cultural identity and group membership, defining the
boundaries of social groups and distinguishing insiders from outsiders. Conformity to group
norms reinforces a sense of belonging and solidarity among group members.
Adaptation to Change:
While norms provide stability and continuity in society, they are also dynamic and subject to
change over time. As societies evolve and face new challenges, norms may adapt to reflect
changing social values, attitudes, and circumstances.
Challenges to Social Norms:
Norms may be challenged or contested by individuals or groups who seek to change existing
social practices or challenge dominant cultural norms. Social movements, activism, and cultural
shifts can lead to the emergence of new norms or the transformation of existing ones.
In conclusion, norms in a community are powerful forces that shape social behavior,
relationships, and cultural identity. They establish expectations for how individuals should act,
interact, and relate to one another, contributing to the maintenance of social order, cohesion,
and stability in society. Understanding the role of norms in shaping society is essential for
promoting social harmony, cooperation, and collective well-being.