Absolute C++ 5Th Edition Savitch Solutions Manual Full Chapter PDF

Savitch, Absolute C++ 5/e: Chapter 9, Instructor’s Manual
Absolute C++ 5th Edition Savitch

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Chapter 9
Strings
Key Terms
null character, ‘\0’
C-string
C-string variables
C-string variables vs. arrays of characters
initializing C-string variables
indexed variables for C-string variables
Do not destroy the ‘\0’
assigning a C-string value
testing C-strings for equality
lexicographic order
getline
input/output with files
cin.get
reading blanks and’\n’
detecting the end of an input line
put
putback
peek
ignore
whitespace
+ does concatenation
constructors
converting C-string constants to the type string
getline
length
c_str()
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

Brief Outline
9.1 An Array Type for Strings
C-string values and C-string variables
Other Functions in <cstring>
C-string input and output
Command Line Arguments
9.2 Character Manipulation
Character I/O
The Member Functions get and put
The putback, peek, and ignore Member Functions
Character-Manipulating Functions
9.3 The Standard class string
Introduction to the Standard class string
I/O with the class string
string processing with class string
Converting Between string objects and C-strings
1. Introduction and Teaching Suggestions

C-strings are the kind of strings C++ gets from its C language heritage. A C-string is an ordinary
array of char with the additional termination requirement. The last character position used in the
array must be indicated by a null character (‘\0’) in the next position.
The Standard C++ library provides the class string. This class is defined in the header <string>.
This class has many useful member functions and overloaded operators that make string
processing easier and more intuitive. This class is not properly part of the Standard Template
Library. Nevertheless, the development of the STL influenced the design of the string class as it
appears in the ANSI/ISO C++ Standard and in implementations provided by compiler
developers.
We will call the type of string C++ inherits from C, C-strings. We will call a C++ Standard string
class object simply a “string”.
2. Key Points
Escape Sequences. The text's discussion of cstring variables points out that the null character '\0'
is the terminator for cstring variables. The text points out that the library functions that process
cstrings (including the iostream functions) use the null character as a sentinel indicating the last
character of the cstring. The backslash (\) signals that the next character to be dealt with in a way
different than it would be handled without the backslash. The backslash is called the 'escape
character' because it escapes the normal meaning of certain characters, allowing them to have
special meaning. (And it removes or escapes special meaning of characters that have special

meaning, such as the backslash itself. To print a backslash, use two backslashes \\ in the cstring
literal. Here the first backslash escapes the special meaning of the second backslash, which is
inserted in the output stream.)
If we just put a ‘0’ into some position in a cstring, the encoding for 0, 48 decimal, or 30
hexadecimal, is stored at that character position. (See Appendix 3 for the decimal encoding of
the printing ASCII characters.) To cause the null character to be stored, we use the \ before the 0
to escape the usual meaning of 0. This tells the compiler that we want the numeric value of the
null character to be embedded in the cstring. (The value of the null character really is zero, not
the normal encoding of the character 0.)
C-string values and C-string variables. A c-string is a sequence of characters terminated by a

null symbol. It is the default type for literal strings using "".
Character Manipulation with get and put. The get and put functions allow your program to
read in one character of input or store one character at a time. It is interesting to note that
cin.get() returns an int. The put member takes a char argument which causes the int to be
converted to a char. Casts may be required depending on your use.
The putback, peek, and ignore Member Functions. The putback function returns the
argument character to the input stream then decrements the next-character pointer. The
declaration of the putback member istream function is
istream& putback(char c);
The precondition for this function is that the char argument be the last character extracted, or if
the istream state is not good, this function calls setstate(failbit) which may throw the exception,
ios_base::failure, and return. If we ignore exceptions, the program will just terminate. We won’t
discuss exceptions until Chapter 18. The instructor needs to be aware of this because inevitably
some student will run into a situation where her program terminates inexplicably.
The peek function allows us to examine a not-yet-read char from the input.
This istream function has declaration
int peek();
The function peek returns an EOF if at end of file, or if the function ios::good() returns false.
Being able to examine a character prior to reading it is desirable, particularly when we want
robust input that allows for human error at the keyboard.
The ignore function extracts and discards a number of characters equal to the first argument or
characters up to a character equal to the second argument. The declaration for this istream
member is
istream& ignore(streamsize n = 1, int delim = EOF);
The type streamsize is an unsigned integral type. In most implementations, this is unsigned int.
Character Manipulation Functions. Many functions in <cctype> exist to manipulate

characters, such as converting between upper and lower case. Note that toupper and tolower
return the int representation of the corresponding letter.

The Standard Class string. The string class overloads many operators: + and += for
concatenation, = for assignment, <, <=, >, and >=, for string comparison use lexicographic
ordering, and the indexing operation, [i], for access to characters in the string. There is no range
checking for indexing on string objects. If range checking is needed, there is a string member
function called at() that is range checked. It provides many member functions that provide useful
functionality.
I/O with the class string. The insertion, <<,and extraction, >>, operators are overloaded for
string objects. By default, extraction to a string object
string s;
cin >> s;
ignores initial whitespace, just at extraction to a C-string. This operation then extracts the next
sequence of nonwhite characters, and stops input at the next white space.
There is a version of getline defined specifically for string objects. The syntax is
string s;
getline(cin, s);
This version of getline is necessarily a stand-alone function. The committee of authors of the
string library had two choices. They could have rewritten the iostream library to add a getline
member function, or they could have written a stand-alone getline function. The iostream library
was already written and stable. Just as you have to write a stand-alone overloading of the output
operator for your classes, these authors chose to write a stand-alone overloaded version of getline
for this pair of arguments.
The getline function extracts from the input stream characters up to the delimiter character. The
characters from the start to the delimiter are placed in the string variable, and the termination
character is discarded. The delimiter character defaults to the newline character, ‘\n’. By
supplying a third argument, the default termination character can be changed. It is a bad practice
to mix cin >> x style input and getline.
Converting Between string objects and C-strings. Several functions require C-string values as
arguments. The c_str() member can be used to retrieve a null terminated C-string r-value from a
string object.
3. Tips
Lack of null termination in a C-String. The following declarations are not equivalent:
char shortStringA[] = {'a', 'b', 'c'};
and
char shortStringB[] = "abc";
The first is not null-terminated, while the second is. A quick way to convince the student that
these are not equivalent is to put these declarations in a program and send them to the screen.
You should get: "abc" from the first output statement, then "abc" followed by several ugly
characters from memory locations following the array, up to the next ‘\0’ (or the next memory
location that is protected, resulting in a segmentations violation).

C-string input and output. Suppose non-digit input is received by the first loop in the
following:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int x;
cout << "enter some int values: \n";
while( cin >> x ) //intVariable )

{
cout << "You pressed " << x << "\n";
}
cout << "finished" << endl;
cout << "enter some more int values: \n";

{
}
return 0;
}
The first loop terminates when non-digit input is encountered. The input stream is set to stream
state of bad, and any later input attempt fails. By convention, all input functionality is disabled
with the stream state is set to other than a good state.
We sometimes need to be able to restore the i/o state to good. To do this, we must reset the i/o
state to goodbit and remove the offending characters. The iostream library has two member
functions to change the stream state explicitly. Here the prototype of the first one.
void clear(iostate state = goodbit);
This function sets the state of the stream to the argument, where the function has a default
argument of goodbit. Thus if you issue the call
istreamObject.clear();
then the state flags are set to goodbit.
A second function has prototype
void setstate(iostate addstate);
This function sets the state to whatever the state of the stream was prior to the call, (let’s call this
oldStreamState) to oldStreamState | addstate
In this expression, the | is the bitwise OR operator.
For example, you can reset the state of the input stream by:
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
int x;
cout << "enter some int values: \n";

if(cin.bad())
{
cout << "unrecoverable error\n";
exit(1);
}
else if(cin.fail())
{
cout << "cin.fail() returned true.\n";
char discard;
cin.clear(); // We must clear the stream flags first.
cin >> discard; // The offending input is a char. It
// remains on input queue and must be
// removed and discarded before
// continuing with input operations
cout << "discarded bad char: " << discard << endl;
}
cout << "enter some more int values: \n";

return 0;
}
4. Pitfalls
Dangers in Using functions defined in <cstring>. A danger in using functions from <cstring>
lies in using arrays of char without a null terminator as the preconditions prescribe. Each of the
functions strcpy, strcat and strcmp depend on the terminating null character for their action.
Improper use of these functions can result in crashed programs or even worse, security breaches.
In addition, the iostream output function expects there to be a terminating null character.
Otherwise, as we note elsewhere in this IRM, the output routine will run on until either we
encounter a null character or protected memory. The strncpy, strncat, and strncmp functions are
slightly safer as they take a third argument that specifies how many characters to process.
Not leaving enough space for the null terminator. Please be certain the student is aware of the
necessity for providing space for the null terminator when using getline as well as in other C++
string uses. A typical call might look like this
cin.getline(stringVariable, MAX_CHARACTERS + 1);
The getline member function overwrites the first argument (let's call it arg1) with the smaller of
strlen(arg1) characters (including the null terminator) and MAX_CHARACTERS. A null
character is always appended after the MAX_CHARACTERS number of characters. This
caution is expressed in the text’s getline sidebar. It bears emphasis.

Using = and == with C-Strings. Since c-strings are pointers to arrays of chars, = simply copies
the pointer and == compares pointer addresses. Instead the strcpy or strcmp routines should be
used and adequate space must exist in the target prior to use of strcpy.
Unexpected \n in Input. When reading input you must account for every character, including
the newline character. To clear the input stream of any leftover newlines, use the ignore
function.
Mixing cin >> variable; and getline. When using cin >> n, the newline is left in the input
stream. This is not a problem if all input is done this way, as the newline will be skipped on the
next input since all whitespace is skipped. However, if getline is used in combination with cin
>> n, then the getline call may read the newline and exit. Use the
cin.ignore(1000,’\n’) function to ignore any remaining newlines.
5. Programming Projects Answers

1. Format a Sentence.
While it may be cleaner to use C++ Standard class string to do this problem, I chose to use
only the features of <cstring> to do this problem. Students need to be able to use both
<string> and <cstring> facilities.
This program is to read in a (single) sentence (defined as a sequence of words terminated by a

period (.). The sentence is to be formatted and written to the output. Formatting consists of
capitalizing first words in a sentence and compressing all multiple blanks to single blanks. For
this purpose, a line-break is a blank. No other capital letters are to be included in the output. A
sentence is assumed end with a period and there are no other periods.
Input:
Get a 100 character line. The period is the terminating sentinel.
Process: scan the line, capitalizing the first letter in the string, looking for multiple blanks which
it eats, except for one, and newline == blank.
Some questions asked during design:

Do I replace new-lines with blanks?
Answer: Defer this question until later. (Answered later: yes)
What do I do with sentences that are longer than my line width on my output device?
Answer: Scan for and replace new-lines with blanks before replacing multiple blanks with one
blank, and allow wraps on output.
Output:

Copy the modified string to the output.

This solution uses only the C style string (C-string) features.
The input is taken character by character. If a period (.) is encountered, the loop terminates.
Process:
First, any new-line characters are replaced by blanks.
Next, all characters are made lower case.
There is a one-time switch to capitalize the first non-blank.
There is a state machine for compressing multiple blanks to single blanks:
If we have a blank and haven't seen one since the last non-blank, set a variable, haveBlank.
Next if we see a blank and haveBlank is already set, cause overwriting the current blank with
the new one by backing up the index to the sentence array by one. Once we read a non-blank, if
the haveBlank note is set to true, turn it off.
These pieces, along with replacing the newlines with blanks, serve to compress each sequence of
blanks and newlines to one blank.
Finally, there is the matter of putting in a null character if the string is shorter than the limit, and
putting in a period and null if the string is too long.
Note:
An alternative solution is to use a loop around cin >> word, where word is a C-string
variable. This ignores blanks and newlines. Then process the words much as I have processed the
characters here. Then output the words with a single blank between.
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
#include <cctype>
void getSentence(char sentence[], int& size);

// fetches characters for sentence until a period. The period is
// put at the end of characters fetched. size is set to number of
// characters fetched, including the period.
void process(char str[], int size);

// replaces newline by blanks, compresses multiple blanks to one
// capitalizes the first letter of the first word, lower cases rest.
int main()
{
char sentence[100];

int size;
cout << "Enter one sentence. The period is the sentinel to quit."
<< endl;
getSentence(sentence, size);
cout << endl;
cout << sentence << endl;
}
void getSentence(char sentence[], int& size)

{
int haveBlank = false;
int isFirstLetter = true;
for(int i = 0; '.' != (sentence[i] = cin.get()) && i < 100; i++)

{
if('\n' == sentence[i])
sentence[i] = ' ';
sentence[i] = tolower(sentence[i]);
if(isFirstLetter && isalpha(sentence[i]))
{
isFirstLetter = false;
sentence[i] = toupper(sentence[i]);
}
if(' ' == sentence[i] && !haveBlank)

haveBlank = true;
else if(' ' == sentence[i] && haveBlank)
i--;
else if(' ' != sentence[i] && haveBlank)
haveBlank = false;
}
if(i < 99)
sentence[i+1] = '\0';
else
{
sentence[98] = '.';
sentence[99] = '\0';
}
size = i;
}
A typical run follows:

Input:
noW iS thE TiMe fOr aLl

gOOD MEN TO ComE TO tHe
aId
oF
ThE CounTRY.
Output:
Enter one sentence. The period is the sentinel to quit.

Now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of the country.
2. Count words and letters

This program reads in a line of text, counts and outputs the number of words in the line and the
number of occurrences of each letter.
Define a word to be a string of letters delimited by white space (blank, newline, tab), a comma,
or a period. Assume that the input consists only of characters and these delimiters.
For purposes of counting letters, case is immaterial.
Output letters in alphabetic order and only output those letters that occur.
Algorithm development:
The word count is carried out with a state machine.
We enter with our state variable, inWord set to false, and our word count set to 0.
while(input characters is successful)

if we have encountered a blank, newline or a tab,
we set state to false
else if inWord is false,
set state to true
increment word count
lowCase = tolower(inChar);
charCount[int(lowCase) - int('a')]++;
cout << wordCount << " " words" << endl;

for(i = 0; i < 25; i++)
if(charCount[i] != 0)
cout << charCount[i] << " " << char(i + 'a')<< endl;
Comments on the letter count code:

We run tolower() on all characters entered. The data structure for the letter count is a 26-
letter int array with indices in the range 0-25, calculated by
index = int(character) - int('a')
as each letter is read in, increment the appropriate array element.
Output of the letter count is a loop running from 0-25, with an if statement that allows output
if the array entry isn't zero.
The word counting results of this agree with the Unix wc utility, and agree with hand counted
simple files.

#include <iostream>
#include <cctype>
// character and word count.
int main()
{
int inWord = false;
int wordCount = 0;
char ch;
char lowCase;
int charCount[26];
int i; //i is declared outside for to avoid warnings about
//differences between new and old binding rules for the
//for loop variable.
for(i = 0; i < 26; i++)

charCount[i] = 0;
while('\n' !=(ch = cin.get()))

{
if(' ' == ch || '\n' == ch || '\t' == ch)
inWord = false;
else if(inWord == false)
{
inWord = true;
wordCount++;
}
lowCase = tolower(ch);
charCount[int(lowCase) - int('a')]++;
}
cout << wordCount << " words" << endl;

for(i = 0; i < 25; i++)
if(charCount[i] != 0)
cout << charCount[i] << " " << char(i + 'a')
<< endl;
return 0;
}
3 First, Middle and Last Names

Only notes are provided for this problem.
Problem Statement:
This program is supposed to accept first name, middle name or initial, then last name. Even if
the middle name is only an initial, an initial followed by a comma, the output should be
lastName, firstName, middleInitial. (period after middle
initial)

If the middle name is missing altogether the output should be

lastName, firstName
Notes:
This is easy if there is at least a middle initial. Using three variables,
char firstName[20], middleName[20], lastName[20];
This works well for most names. The input is:
cin >> firstName >> middleName >> lastName;
and for output:
cout << lastName << ", " << firstName
<< middleName[0] << '.' << endl;
If the middle name is missing, the program must detect this (strlen), copy the middle name
to the last name, and set the middle name to an empty string (or just arrange not to print the
middle name).
Or you can use <string> functions.
4 Text replacement
This program accepts a line of text. It replaces all four-letter words in the string with "love". If
the four-letter word is capitalized, the word love should be also. Only capitalize the first letter of
the word.
If the length is 4, call output(char firstLetter) that outputs Love or love depending
on whether the firstLetter is uppercase or lower case.
A Simple Minded “Almost Solution”:

In developing this, we first present a very simple minded solution that almost meets the
requirements of the problem.
Caveat: This solution collapses all blanks to one blank, and requires that one must enter the end-
of-file character to terminate the input, rather than "accepting a line of text."
But it is a simple solution:
#include <iostream>
#include <cctype>
void outputLove( char firstLetter );

// word has 4 letters, if firstLetter is uppercase, output Love
// else output love

int main()
{
char word[81];
while ( cin >> word )
{
if ( strlen(word) == 4 )
outputLove( word[0] );
else
cout << word;
cout << " ";
}
cout << endl;
}
void outputLove( char firstLetter )

{
if ( isupper( firstLetter ) )
cout << "Love" ;
else
cout << "love";
}
A “Better” Solution
(Is it better? - It is certainly a more complicated solution. It does meet the requirements of the
problem exactly.)
The following solution accepts a line of input. It uses cin member getline to fetch a line of
input. A function, breakUp, separates the non-alphabetic and alphabetic substrings of the input
line into an array of strings. The main function then examines the strings one at a time and if
alphabetic and of length 4, prints 'love' or 'Love' depending on case of the string being
replaced. The main part prints the string intact if it is of length not equal to 4 or it is non-
alphabetic.
Note that there is a stub included. It was well worth the trouble to create it to properly debug the
main part of the program first. This allows confident debugging of the breakUp function.
// File: ch10prg5.cc
// Text Replacement
#include <iostream>
#include <cctype>
void breakUp ( char line[], char list[][80], int & n );

// accepts line of up to 79 characters
// returns in list the succession of null terminated words
// and non-alpha character strings between them null terminated.
// returns number of words in list in parameter n
int main()
{


char line[80];
char list[80][80]; // ample space for 80 words of max length 79
int n;
cin.getline(line, 80);
breakUp( line, list, n);
int i = 0;
while ( i < n )
{
if ( 4 == strlen( list[i] ) && isalpha(list[i][0] ))
{
if ( isupper(list[i][0]) )
cout << "Love";
else if ( islower( list[i][0] ) )
cout << "love";
}
else
cout << list[i];
i++;
}
cout << endl;
}
void breakUp ( char line[], char list[][80], int & number )

{
// separator is anything not alpha
int i = 0, k = 0, wordNumber = 0;
while( i < strlen( line ) )

{
k = 0;
// after the start of the line, line[i] is non-alpha
// extract the next non-alphabetic substring
while ( !isalpha(line[i]) )
{
list[wordNumber][k] = line[i];
i++; k++;
}
list[wordNumber][k] = '\0';
wordNumber++;
k = 0;
// line[i] is an alphabetic character.
// extract the next alphabetic substring
while ( isalpha (line[i]) )
{
list[wordNumber][k] = line[i];
i++; k++;
}
list[wordNumber][k] = '\0';
wordNumber++;
}
number = wordNumber;
}
/* STUB * STUB *STUB *STUB *STUB *STUB *STUB *STUB *

// It is WELL WORTH the trouble to create this to get the rest of the

// program running correctly.

// Note that array initializers would have been better than this long
// drawn out collection of assignments.
void breakUp ( char line[], char list[][80], int & n)
{
list[0][0] = ' ';
list[0][1] = ' ';
list[0][2] = ' ';
list[0][3] = ' ';
list[0][4] = '\0';
list[1][0] = 'n';
list[1][1] = 'o';
list[1][2] = 'w';
list[1][3] = '\0';
list[2][0] = ' ';

list[2][1] = '\0';
list[3][0] = 'i';
list[3][1] = 's';
list[3][2] = '\0';
list[4][0] = ' ';

list[4][1] = '\0';
list[5][0] = 'a';
list[5][1] = '\0';
list[6][0] = ' ';

list[6][1] = '\0';
list[7][0] = 'G';
list[7][1] = 'o';
list[7][2] = 'o';
list[7][3] = 'd';
list[7][4] = '\0';
list[8][0] = ' ';

list[8][1] = '\0';
list[9][0] = 't';
list[9][1] = 'i';
list[9][2] = 'm';
list[9][3] = 'e';
list[9][4] = '\0';
list[10][0] = ' ';

list[10][1] = ' ';
list[10][2] = ' ';
list[10][3] = ' ';
list[10][4] = '\0';
n = 11;
}
*/

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no related content on Scribd:
I was fortunate enough to get some interesting sketches of the cavalry crossing
the river under fire (see page 238)
To face page 246
It was just the sort of night to engender depth of thought, and we

were both in poetic vein, and soliloquizing on the iniquity of warfare
while nature was always so beautiful, when the loud report of a gun
rang out in the stillness of the night and brought us back to stern
reality. It was so close that had it not been for the wall in front of us
we could have seen where it came from.
There were a few seconds of dead silence, and then there broke
out the most terrific fusillade it would be possible to imagine;
machine gun and rifle fire mixed up in one long hellish tatoo; whilst,
as though to punctuate the unearthly music, at intervals one heard
the isolated bang of trench mortars and the sharp detonation of
hand-grenades.
The extraordinary suddenness of it all was so remarkable that it
was as if it had been timed to commence at a certain minute.
All quietude was now at an end, and although the firing varied in
intensity it never ceased. At moments there would be a lull, and it
appeared as though about to die out, and then it would recommence
with renewed violence.
It could certainly not have been more than a few hundred yards
away, so near in fact that now and again one heard shouts and yells,
and several stray bullets actually struck the upper part of the hotel.
The fighting was still continuing when our companions returned.
They told us that they had found out that this was the
commencement of the expected counter-attack, but that so far it was
not developing to any serious extent, though what the night might
bring forth might alter matters considerably; anyhow, the Italians
were not being taken unawares as the Austrians were discovering.
This was interesting news, and made one feel that we were not
spending the night in Gorizia for nothing, and that we might have an
exciting time before the morning. For the moment, however, since
there was nothing to be seen, we thought the best thing to do was to
lie down and have a rest for an hour or so.
Our companions had had an extra bit of luck whilst they were out,
in the shape of a whole candle which had been given them, so we
ran no further risk of being left in darkness.
Of course we all lay down in our clothes, boots and all, ready for
any emergency; when big “counter-attacks” are on the tapis it is as
well to take no chances.
The beds looked very comfortable, and had clean sheets and
pillow cases, but although I was very tired, I could not somehow get
to sleep for a long while. I felt a sensation of discomfort which was
almost unbearable, and had it not been that I did not wish to disturb
my companions, I should have got up and walked about the room.
It is not pleasant lying on a soft bed with all your clothes on,
including field boots, on a hot night, and I put my restlessness down
to this. However, I managed to doze off fitfully after a while, though
for what appeared to be hours I was being continually woke up by
what I took to be the noise made by men wearing heavy boots
running down the stone stairs and slamming the street door.
This at last woke me completely, when I realized that the noise
came from the trenches, and was caused by the rattle of machine
guns and rifles and the booming of mortars. I managed to get to
sleep after this; the monotony of the noise ended by exercising a
sedative effect on my nerves.
When I awoke it was quite early, but to my surprise I had the
rooms to myself, my companions having already gone out. I found
them downstairs, and learned that they had passed the night seated
in the car; they had decided that anything was preferable to the
“comfortable” beds of the hotel.
I then comprehended the cause of my “restlessness.” It was a
striking instance of “Where ignorance is bliss,” etc., for I had
managed to have a good sleep in spite of it all.
Gorizia, in the early morning sunshine, looked delightful, and
everybody we met seemed bright and cheerful like the weather; and
quite indifferent to the bombardment which still continued at
intervals. An officer told me that one often ended by trying mentally
to calculate what all this senseless waste of ammunition was costing
per hour.
Nothing had come of the counter-attack, except to give the Italians
a chance of further consolidating their front here, and as there
appeared no likelihood of anything important happening that day we
arranged to return to Udine forthwith.
Instead, however, of going via Grafenberg, we took the road which
follows the left bank of the Isonzo and goes through Savogna,
Sdraussina, and Sagrado, as Bacci was anxious to shake hands with
a doctor friend of his who was with a field hospital somewhere this
way.
This gave us an opportunity of seeing the wonderful cantonments
of the troops waiting to advance on the Carso.
From Savogna right on to Sagrado, a distance of, roughly
speaking, six miles, was one continuous encampment on either side
of the road. A whole army corps must have been gathered here,
cavalry, artillery, infantry, motor transport, cyclists and motor
ambulances, in endless encampments.
It was as interesting a panorama of military activity as I had seen
anywhere on the Italian Front, and was alone worth coming here to
see. The troops were fully protected from shell fire, as the road all
the way is sheltered by Monte San Michele and the adjacent hills,
which tower above the route, so it was possible to construct
permanent huts on the slopes of the hill, and also to take advantage
of the many caves which are a feature of this region, to quarter the
men in.
Monte San Michele, as I shall describe in my next chapter, was
captured simultaneously with Gorizia, and one saw from here the
formidable series of trenches the Italians, with a courage which will
pass into history, constructed and gradually pushed forward up the
hill, under the fire of the Austrian guns, until the final assault, when
the whole position was taken.
Unless this operation had been successful, no troops would have
been here now, as this road was, prior to the victory, a “No man’s
land.”
One saw every phase of soldier life along this interesting road, and
one could not fail to be deeply impressed by the extraordinary
“completeness,” I can think of no other word, of the arrangements on
all sides, and the business-like air of readiness to go anywhere at a
moment’s notice of every unit. Certain it is that the Austrians had no
conception of what was ready for them behind these hills.
It was like looking for a needle in a bundle of hay to find any
particular field ambulance amongst such a multitude, and the more
specially as these ambulance stations are continually being shifted
as necessity arises. So, after trying for some time and going
backwards and forwards up and down the road in the vicinity of
Sdraussina, where we hoped to come across it, we had to give it up
as a bad job.
A somewhat striking feature of this vast camping area were the
military cemeteries, where hundreds of soldiers’ graves were
crowded together in serried lines. Of course there is no sentiment in
warfare, and soldiers live in the midst of death, but it struck me as
somewhat unnecessary putting this burial ground alongside a road
so frequently traversed by the troops when there is so much space
elsewhere.
The Isonzo, which here is a broad, pelucid and swiftly running
stream much divided up with gravel islets, presented a scene of
much animation; hundreds of soldiers were taking advantage of a
few hours peaceful interregnum to have a bath and do a day’s
washing.
We continued on past Sagrado, crossing the river lower down by a
newly-placed pontoon bridge below San Pietro dell Isonzo. Here
there was no regular road, but merely a rough track leading to the
river, and it was only by the skilfulness of our chauffeur friend that
the car was got through at all without accident.
Round about here were many Austrian trenches that had been
hastily abandoned, so we had a good opportunity for examining
them.
They struck me as being constructed on the most approved
principles, and were finished in elaborate style with wicker work
lining to the walls and along the floors. None of these trenches,
however, had ever been used, so it was only possible to hazard
conjectures as to their utility.
Just here we met the cavalry division advancing dismounted in
Indian file. A fine lot of well-equipped men with very serviceable
looking horses.
It may be of interest to mention here that most of the Italian
cavalry officers who, as is well known, are magnificent horsemen,
ride thoroughbreds of Irish descent.
When we got back to Udine we learned that Gorizia was being
heavily shelled from Monte Santo, so it looked as if the Austrians
were attempting to destroy it by degrees, as the Huns are doing with
Rheims in revenge for losing it.
CHAPTER XVIII
Big operations on the Carso—General optimism—No risks taken—

Great changes brought about by the victory—A trip to the new lines
—Gradisca and Sagrado—A walk round Gradisca—Monte San
Michele—Sagrado—Disappearance of Austrian aeroplanes and
observation balloons—Position of Italian “drachen” as compared with
French—On the road to Doberdo—Moral of troops—Like at a picnic
—A regiment on its way to the trenches—The Italian a “thinker”—
Noticeable absence of smoking—My first impression of the Carso—
Nature in its most savage mood—The Brighton downs covered with
rocks—Incessant thunder of guns—Doberdo hottest corner of the
Carso—No troops—Stroll through ruins of street—Ready to make a
bolt—A fine view—The Austrian trenches—Shallow furrows—Awful
condition of trenches—Grim and barbarous devices—Austrian
infamies—Iron-topped bludgeons, poisoned cigarettes, etc.—Under
fire—A dash for a dug-out—The imperturbable Carabinieri—Like a
thunderbolt—A little incident—Brilliant wit—The limit of patience—
The Italian batteries open fire—No liberties to be taken—On the way
back—Effect of the heavy firing—Motor ambulances—Magnified
effect of shell fire on Carso—Rock splinters—Terrible wounds.
CHAPTER XVIII
All the big operations were now taking place on the Carso, and
scarcely a day passed without news of progress in that direction.
The official communiqués were, therefore, of the most cheery
description, and their cheerfulness was reflected all over the town.
Everybody was optimistic, and one was continually hearing
rumours of the surprises in store for the Austrians during the next
few weeks.
That many of these rumours materialised was undeniable, but it
was soon realised that the conquest of the Carso is a very tough job,
and will require a lot of patience and necessitate much hard fighting
for every yard of ground; which obviously also meant much great
sacrifice of gallant lives unless the advance is carried out
methodically and without undue haste. In this respect General
Cadorna may be relied on, and also to take no risks of failure.
The Carso, therefore, presented the chief point of interest after the
fall of Gorizia, as every advance there means progress towards the
main objective, Trieste. Scarcely a day passed now without a car
from the Censorship going in the direction of the fighting line. I was
therefore constantly able to make excursions, and was gradually
filling up my sketch book with interesting subjects.
I may mention that no difficulty whatever was put in my way, and
so long as I could find a car to take me, I was at liberty to go where I
chose and stay away as long as I liked; it would have been
impossible to have been treated with greater courtesy and regard,
and I shall never be sufficiently grateful for it.
The changes brought about by the victory and the brilliant strategy
of General Cadorna were so widespread that they would have been
unbelievable if one had not seen it all for oneself a few days after the
battle. In fact, it was almost at once that the results were
discernable. You realized it yourself as soon as you reached certain
well-known points which had hitherto been inside the danger zone.
The sense of relief at being able to move about freely and without
having to keep your ears cocked all the time, listening for shells
coming over, was very pleasant.
With a little party of confrères I motored out to the new Italian lines
within a few hours of their re-adjustment.
Most of the places we went through in order to get close up to the
fighting had only become accessible since the fall of Gorizia, whilst
others, as for instance Sagrado, and Gradisca, were now almost
peaceful after months of constant bombardment.
Gradisca interested me very particularly, as I had lively
recollections of the flying visit I had paid to it the preceding year
when, as I have described in a previous chapter, our cars to get
there had to run the gauntlet of the fire of the batteries on Monte San
Michele.
Now the Austrian guns were well out of range, and the little town
was quite delightfully peaceful in comparison, and you could wander
as you pleased under the big trees in the park, round the bandstand,
and fancy you were waiting for the music to commence; or through
the grass-grown, deserted streets and take note of the wanton
damage done by the Austrians to their own property.
Monte San Michele, at the back of the town, was now but a very
ordinary and unpicturesque hill in the distance, and from the military
standpoint no longer of any importance whatever.
The town itself was rapidly being occupied, and inhabited; several
of the big buildings were being transformed into first line hospitals,
and the General of the division had already fixed up his
headquarters here.
All these changes conveyed more to me than any communiqués
had done; I saw for myself what had been accomplished since I was
last there, and there was no doubting the evidence of my own eyes.
At Sagrado, on the lower Isonzo, a similar condition of affairs
existed; but here it was my first visit, as it was inaccessible the
previous year. A one-time beautiful little town, I should say, typically
Austrian, it is true, but nevertheless from all accounts a very pleasant
place to live in.
All the river frontage at the present time is nothing but a shapeless
heap of ruins; the magnificent bridge and the elaborate system of
locks are irreparably damaged.
Fortunately a considerable portion of the town escaped damage
by the shells, and this was now crowded with troops. Yet, barely a
week before, it was practically uninhabitable except at enormous
risk.
Not the least significant of changes one noticed on the way to the
lines was the complete disappearance of Austrian aeroplanes. There
had been a few over Gorizia on the great day, but here there
appeared to be none at all, and the “Caproni” now held undisputed
sway in the air.
As to the observation balloons, the “Drachen,” they had all along
been noticeable by their absence; as a matter of fact, I don’t recollect
ever seeing any of these aerial look-outs over the Austrian lines at
any time, the reason for this deficiency being perhaps that they were
not found to sufficiently fulfil their purpose.
The Italians evidently thought differently, and their “drachen” were
to be seen everywhere, and along this front in particular.
In this connection I could not fail to note how much further behind
the lines they are stationed here as compared with their usual
position on the French Front. There may be some very simple
explanation of this, but it appeared to me as a layman that they lost a
lot of their utility by being always so distant from the Austrian lines.
We were bound for Doberdo, the village on the Carso that was
being mentioned every day in the communiqués. From Sagrado we
went by way of Fogliano, the road skirting the railway most of the
way. We were now on the confines of a region of universal havoc
and desolation.
War had swept across the country-side with the devastating effect
of a prairie fire. Nothing had escaped it. All the villages we passed
through were only names now, and nothing remained but ruins to
indicate where they had been; of inhabitants, of course, there was
not so much as a trace.
In spite, however, of the general devastation, troops were to be
seen everywhere, and numbers were camping even among the ruins
with the utmost unconcern; in fact, you couldn’t fail to notice that the
moral of the men was wonderful, and that they seemed as cheerful
as if at a picnic.
The Italian soldier struck me as having a happy faculty for making
the best of everything, so hardships do not seem to trouble him, and
the equivalent of “grousing” is, as I have already stated, an unknown
word in his vocabulary.
This was particularly observable here, though, of course, the
glorious weather may have had some thing to do with it; but the fact
remained that they were supporting exceptional hardships with a
stoicism that was quite remarkable, I thought.
The only difficulty the officers experienced was in getting them to advance with
caution (see page 273)
To face page 258
Along the road at one place we passed a regiment halted on its

way to the trenches. The men, all apparently very young, were sitting
or lying about on either side of the road. We had to slow down in
order to get past, so I had an opportunity to take a mental note of the
scene.
It was the more interesting to me as I knew that these men were
fully aware that in a couple of hours or so they would be in the thick
of the hottest fighting. Nevertheless, I could see no trace of any
nervous excitement, though the guns were booming in the distance;
they might have all been case-hardened old warriors, so far as you
could outwardly judge from their stolid demeanour.
Many were taking advantage of the halt to snatch a few minutes
sleep, whilst others were writing letters. There was very little of the
grouping together or chatting one would have expected to see. The
Italian of to-day is becoming a “thinker.”
But what struck me perhaps most of all was the quite noticeable
absence of smoking. Probably every other man in an English or
French regiment under the circumstances would have had a pipe or
a cigarette in his mouth, and would have considered the hardships
increased tenfold if he hadn’t been able to enjoy a smoke. Here the
men in the field don’t seem to look upon tobacco as an absolute
necessity; so far as I could judge; and one seldom sees them
smoking on the march, like the French poilu, or the English Tommy.
About a mile and a half past Fogliano we took a road that went by
an archway under the railway embankment, and brought us a few
hundred yards on to a heap of rubble that had once been a little
village named Redipuglia, if I remember rightly.
On our right was the much talked of Monte Cosich, a hill that had
been the scene of innumerable desperate fights, and facing us was
the commencement of the Carso.
I shall never forget my first impression of this shell-swept waste;
for what I had already seen of it was only from a distance, and
though through powerful binoculars, one was not really able to form
any conception of what it is like in reality. I had been prepared to see
Nature in its most savage mood, but the scene before me was so
terrible in its utter desolation as to inspire a sense of awe.
Imagine the Brighton downs covered from end to end with
colourless stones and rock instead of turf; no sign of vegetation
anywhere; ribbed in every direction with trenches protected by low,
sand-bagged walls; bristling with wire entanglements, and
everywhere pitted with huge shell-craters.
Even then you have only a faint conception of what war means on
the Carso, and the awful character of the task the Italians have had
before them for the past eighteen months.
There is certainly nothing to compare with it on any of the other
Fronts; for here nature appears to have connived at the efforts of
man, and every hollow and every hummock form as it were potential
bastions. The incessant thunder of the guns in the distance seemed,
as it were, to be in keeping with the utter desolation of the scene.
The road gradually ascended for about a couple of miles, till we at
last arrived on the plateau of Doberdo, and close to all that remains
of the village.
Fighting was going on only a short distance away in the direction
of Nova Vas, so we were under fire here, as shrapnel was bursting
all round the village, and at times in amongst the ruins as well.
Doberdo was then reputed to be the hottest corner of the Carso,
and one literally took one’s life into one’s hands when going there.
But it was, nevertheless, so absorbingly interesting that it
compensated for the risk one was taking, and there was a weird sort
of fascination in listening to the booming of the guns and watching
the shells bursting.
There were no troops here, only some officers and a few soldiers,
for the village was far too much exposed for actual occupation; but it
was on the road to the trenches, so it was to a certain extent
“occupied” for the moment. There was also a Field Dressing Station,
where a few devoted Red Cross men were working under conditions
of ever-present peril.
Every yard almost of the ground had been shelled, and it was
pock-marked with craters of all sizes. In fact, the wonder was that
even a particle of the village was left standing.
We left the car under the shelter of the remnant of a wall, and
strolled along what had evidently been the main street; but it was not
altogether what one would term a pleasant stroll, for the stench of
unburied dead was in the air, and horrible sights faced you on all
sides.
We proceeded very gingerly and ready to make a bolt for cover
whenever we heard the warning screech of an approaching shell.
There was really not more to see at one end of the street than the
other, but one feels just a little bit restless standing still under fire, so
we started off on a look round.
At the end of the village there was a fine view looking towards
Oppachiasella on the left, and Monte Cosich and the road by which
we had come up on the right. One was, therefore, able to judge for
oneself what fighting in this arid wilderness means.
You had the impression of gazing on the scene of an earthquake,
so little semblance to anything recognizable was there in sight. Here
and there a black and gaping hole on the hillside indicated the
entrance to one of the famous Carso caves, which are so
characteristic a feature of the region.
What was left of the Austrian trenches after the Italian artillery had
done with them was sufficient to convey an idea of the awful time
their occupants must have passed through; you had the idea that
any human beings who survived after being in such an inferno
deserved peace and quietude to the end of their days.
In many cases these trenches were only a few yards apart, so the
courage necessary to take them by direct assault must have been
extraordinary. One could see the dead lying in between them. The
peculiar rock formation of the whole area precludes any making of
actual trenches except with enormous labour; to obviate this shallow
furrows are formed and protected with stone parapets, finished with
sand-bags (or rather bags of small stones, as, of course, there is no
sand here).
The condition of these parapets and “trenches” after continual
pounding with high explosives may be left to the imagination. A
gruesome detail must be mentioned: so difficult is it to excavate the
ground here that the dead are not being “buried” but simply covered
over with stones.
Many grim and barbarous devices for causing death in the most
horrible and unexpected form were discovered in the Austrian
trenches here on the Doberdo plateau, and the mere sight of them
was often sufficient to rouse the Italian soldiers to a pitch of frenzy.
One is apt to forget at times that the Austrian is by nature quite as
callous and inhuman a creature as the Hun, but here one had ample
reminder of what he is capable of when he realises that he is up
against a better man than himself.
It is of historic interest in this connection to recount a few of the
new infamies these apt disciples of the Hun have introduced: the
poisoned cigarettes and shaving brushes left in the trenches; the
bombs under dead bodies; explosive bullets; baccilli of typhoid
dropped from aeroplanes; and the iron-topped bludgeons.
The latter instrument of torture, for it is nothing less, is quite one of
the latest devices of Austrian “Kultur” for putting a wounded
adversary to death. The iron head is studded with jagged nails, and
has a long spike let into the end. No South Sea cannibal ever
devised a more awful weapon.
I was lucky enough to get one and brought it back to London,
where it makes a fitting pendant in my studio to another barbaric
“souvenir” of the war, one of the Hun “proclamations” put on the
walls in Rheims before the battle of the Marne.
However, to revert to Doberdo. We stood for some little while at
the end of the village endeavouring to grasp the import of the various
strategic points we could discern from here, when all of a sudden the
Austrian batteries started a furious bombardment in our direction
with apparently no object whatever, except perhaps that our car had
been seen, and they hoped to stop any further movement on the
road.
We could see shell after shell bursting with wonderful precision on
either side, and in the centre, of the road. Then they must have
spotted our little group, for the range was shortened and we found
ourselves apparently receiving the polite attention of all the guns.
My two companions made a dash for a sort of dug-out which was
close by, and I was about to follow them when I happened to glance
round and saw a carabinieri standing right out in the road a few
yards away, as imperturbably as though it was a slight shower of rain
passing over. He was looking in my direction, and I fancied I caught
a twinkle of amusement in his eyes at my hurry.
In an instant the thought flashed through my mind: if it doesn’t
matter to him remaining in the open why should it to me? So I
climbed back on to the road, trying the while to appear as though I
had never really intended to take shelter.
I had scarcely regained my feet when I heard the wail of an
approaching shell, and then the peculiar and unmistakable sound of
a big shrapnel about to burst overhead.
I only just had time to put my arm up to protect my eyes when it
exploded. It was like a thunderbolt, and so close that I heard pieces
of metal strike the ground all round me.
A moment elapsed and footsteps approached. Turning round I saw
a soldier I had not noticed before; he was fumbling with something in
his hands which appeared too hot to hold easily.
Then to my astonishment he said to me with a laugh, and in
perfect English: “I think this was addressed to you, Sir,” at the same
time handing me a jagged little piece of shell.
I was so taken aback at hearing English spoken just at that
particular moment that all I found to say to him in reply to his brilliant
wit was the idiotic commonplace “Thanks very much,” as I took the
interesting fragment.
It occurred to me afterwards that he must have thought me a very
taciturn and phlegmatic Englishman, but I had just had a very narrow
escape and felt a bit shaken up, as may be imagined, so was
scarcely in the mood for conversational effort.
We had hoped to have a look at the trenches round the lake of
Doberdo, about three-quarters of a mile away from the village, but
with the firing so intense and showing every sign of increasing rather
than diminishing, it would have been madness to have attempted to
get there, as it was right out in the open. In fact, there was
considerable doubt as to the advisability of starting on the return
journey yet, as the road was in the thick of it.
We had only just been remarking on the extraordinary quiescence
of the Italian guns which had not fired a shot since we had been up
here, when scarcely were the words out of our mouths than
suddenly, as though the limit of patience had been reached, with a
terrifying crash, all the batteries near us opened fire.
The result was positively magnificent, and roused one to the pitch
of enthusiasm. We could see the shells bursting along the crest of a
hill some two thousand yards away with such accuracy of aim that in
a few moments there was probably not a yard of the ground that had
not been plastered with high explosives; and anything living that was
there must have been battered out of existence.
The Italian Commander had no intention of wasting ammunition,
however; he only wished to show he was allowing no liberties to be
taken with him; for in less than a quarter of an hour the Italian fire
ceased with the same suddenness it had started, and
notwithstanding that the Austrian guns were still going it as hard as
ever.
There was no use waiting indefinitely for the chance of getting
away in quietude, so we started off on our return to Sagrado. We
had extra passengers in the car now, three officers having asked us
to give them a lift part of the way. One could not very well refuse, but
it made it a very tight fit.
The road was downhill all the way, and there were one or two
awkward turns. The effect of the heavy firing was visible all the way.
There were big shell-holes and stones everywhere, so it was
impossible to go at any speed, much as we should have liked it.
The only thing to do, therefore, was to sit still and trust to luck.
One or two shells burst quite close by us, but we managed to get out
of range safely.
We passed some motor ambulances full of serious casualties from
the plateau round Doberdo. Even when there was no actual battle
proceeding never a day passed I learned without a constant stream
of wounded coming down. The promiscuous shell fire of the
Austrians continually taking toll somewhere and helping to keep the
ambulances busy and the hospitals full.
I was told in Udine that the wounded coming in from the Carso are
usually found to be more seriously injured than those from any other
Front; the explanation of this being that owing to the peculiar
character of the rocky surface the effect of a shell exploding is, as it
were, magnified several times.
Wounds, therefore, are caused as often by the splinters of rock
flying upwards, and ricochets, as from the actual fragments of the
projectile itself. It is certain that the majority of the terrible facial
injuries are more frequently caused by re-percussion than by direct
hits.
As will have been gathered, therefore, the soldiers of Italy in this
region of desolation are fighting against two enemies, the Austrians
and the Carso.
CHAPTER XIX
Difficulties Italians have still to contend with on way to Trieste—

Italian superior in fighting quality—Dash and reckless courage—
Success reckoned by yards—Total number of prisoners taken—A
huge seine net—The “call of the wild”—A visit to San Martino del
Carso—My companion—Our route—The attraction of the road—
Early morning motoring—On our own—The unconventional quarters
of the divisional general—The Rubbia-Savogna railway station.—
The signalman’s cabin—An interesting chat with the General—At our
own risk—The big camp on Monte San Michele—The desolate
waste of the Carso—An incident—Nothing to sketch—“Ecco San
Martino del Carso”—Shapeless dust-covered rubble—The Austrian
trenches amongst the ruins—Under fire—Back to Udine—A pleasant
little episode—Déjeuner to Colonel Barbarich at Grado—A “day’s
outing”—The little “Human” touch—The “funk-holes” in the dining
room—A trip in a submarine chaser—Things quiet in Udine—A
period of comparative inactivity.

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Savitch, Absolute C++ 5/e: Chapter 9, Instructor’s Manual

Absolute C++ 5th Edition Savitch

Test bank: https://testbankpack.com/p/test-bank-for-absolute-c-5th-

Solution manual: https://testbankpack.com/p/solution-manual-for-

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1. Introduction and Teaching Suggestions

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C-string values and C-string variables. A c-string is a sequence of characters terminated by a

Character Manipulation Functions. Many functions in <cctype> exist to manipulate

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while( cin >> x ) //intVariable )

cout << "finished" << endl;

cout << "enter some more int values: \n";

while( cin >> x ) //intVariable )

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cout << "You pressed " << x << "\n";

cout << "finished" << endl;

cout << "enter some more int values: \n";

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5. Programming Projects Answers

This program is to read in a (single) sentence (defined as a sequence of words terminated by a

Some questions asked during design:

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Copy the modified string to the output.

There is a one-time switch to capitalize the first non-blank.

There is a state machine for compressing multiple blanks to single blanks:

void getSentence(char sentence[], int& size);

void process(char str[], int size);

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void getSentence(char sentence[], int& size)

for(int i = 0; '.' != (sentence[i] = cin.get()) && i < 100; i++)

if(' ' == sentence[i] && !haveBlank)

A typical run follows:

noW iS thE TiMe fOr aLl

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2. Count words and letters

For purposes of counting letters, case is immaterial.

while(input characters is successful)

cout << wordCount << " " words" << endl;

Comments on the letter count code:

index = int(character) - int('a')

as each letter is read in, increment the appropriate array element.

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// character and word count.

for(i = 0; i < 26; i++)

while('\n' !=(ch = cin.get()))

cout << wordCount << " words" << endl;

3 First, Middle and Last Names

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If the middle name is missing altogether the output should be

Or you can use <string> functions.

A Simple Minded “Almost Solution”:

void outputLove( char firstLetter );

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void outputLove( char firstLetter )

void breakUp ( char line[], char list[][80], int & n );

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

using namespace std;

void breakUp ( char line[], char list[][80], int & number )

while( i < strlen( line ) )

/* STUB * STUB *STUB *STUB *STUB *STUB *STUB *STUB *

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

/* STUB * STUB STUB STUB STUB STUB STUB STUB *