Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Dr Tahir Nawaz
Website: https://www.tahirnawaz.com
Email: tahir.nawaz@ceme.nust.edu.pk
Image enhancement
g(x,y) = T [f(x,y)]
– Contrast stretching
– Intensity-level slicing
Basic gray-level transformations
• Piecewise-Linear
Transformations
– Contrast stretching
• Increase the dynamic
range of the gray levels
for low contrast images
• Rather than using a well
defined mathematical
function, we divide it
into piecewise linear
segments
Basic gray-level transformations
• Piecewise-Linear Transformations
– Contrast stretching
Basic gray-level transformations
• Piecewise-Linear Transformations
– Gray-level slicing
• It involves highlighting or enhancing a specific range of gray levels
Basic gray-level transformations
• Piecewise-Linear Transformations
– Gray-level slicing
Histogram processing
• Let I be a grayscale image
• Histogram, hI, of I:
– a 256-element array, hI
– hI (g) = number of pixels in I that have the value g
– where g = 0,1, 2, 3, …, 255
Histogram processing
• More formally, we can define histogram in the form of a
discrete function as follows:
h(rk)=nk,
where rk is the kth gray level value and nk is the number
of pixels having gray level value rk in the image
Histogram processing
• Actually we can have exactly the same histogram of two
different images too!
Histogram processing
• Histogram of a grayscale image
Histogram processing
• Histogram of a grayscale image
Histogram processing
• Histogram of a colored image
– In the case of colored image, I has got three channels
183
Histogram equalization
• Example
Histogram equalization
• Example
Histogram equalization
• Example
Histogram equalization
• Example
Acknowledgement/References
• Digital Image Processing”, Rafael C. Gonzalez & Richard E. Woods,
Addison-Wesley, 2002
• Statistical Pattern Recognition: A Review – A.K Jain et al., PAMI (22)
2000
• Pattern Recognition and Analysis Course – A.K. Jain, MSU
• “Pattern Classification” by Duda et al., John Wiley & Sons.
• “Machine Vision: Automated Visual Inspection and Robot Vision”,
David Vernon, Prentice Hall, 1991
• www.eu.aibo.com/
• Advances in Human Computer Interaction, Shane Pinder, InTech,
Austria, October 2008
• https://www.cs.nmt.edu/~ip/lectures.html
• https://web.stanford.edu/class/ee368/handouts.html