Topology of Metric

Spaces and Real

Analysis (Booklet)
Subject Name:- Topology of Metric Spaces and Real
Analysis
Subject Credit:-02
Subject Code:-USMT603
Class:- TYBSc
Semester:- VI
Prepared By:- Mr. Ravi Bari

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Contents
1. Syllabus
2. Question Bank
3. Question Paper
4. Solution Set
5. Reference Books

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Syllabus
Course: Topology of Metric Spaces and Real Analysis
Course Code: USMT603/ UAMT603

Unit I: Continuous functions on metric spaces: (15 Lectures)

Epsilon-delta definition of continuity at a point of a function from one metric space to another.
Characterization of continuity at a point in terms of sequences, open sets and closed sets and
examples, Algebra of continuous real valued functions on a metric space. Continuity of
composite continuous function. Continuous image of compact set is compact, Uniform
continuity in a metric space, definition and examples (emphasis on ℝ). Let and be
metric spaces and be continuous. If (X, d) is compact metric, then is
uniformly continuous. Contraction mapping and fixed point theorem, Applications.

Unit II: Connected sets: (15Lectures)

Separated sets- Definition and examples, disconnected sets, disconnected and connected
metric spaces, Connected subsets of a metric space, Connected subsets of ℝ. A subset of ℝ is
connected if and only if it is an interval. A continuous image of a connected set is connected.
Characterization of a connected space, viz. a metric space is connected if and only if every
continuous function from X to {1, −1} is a constant function. Path connectedness in Rn,
definition and examples. A path connected subset of ℝ is connected, convex sets are path
connected. Connected components. An example of a connected subset of ℝ which is not path
connected.

Unit III : Sequence and series of functions: (15 lectures)

Sequence of functions-pointwise and uniform convergence of sequences of real- valued
functions, examples. Uniform convergence implies pointwise convergence, example to show
converse not true, series of functions, convergence of series of functions, Weierstrass M-test.
Examples. Properties of uniform convergence: Continuity of the uniform limit of a sequence of
continuous function, conditions under which integral and the derivative of sequence of
functions converge to the integral and derivative of uniform limit on a closed and bounded
interval. Examples. Consequences of these properties for series of functions, term by term
differentiation and integration. Power series in ℝ centered at origin and at some point in ℝ ,
radius of convergence, region (interval) of convergence, uniform convergence, term by-term
differentiation and integration of power series, Examples. Uniqueness of series representation,
functions represented by power series, classical functions defined by power series such as
exponential, cosine and sine functions, the basic properties of these functions.

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Question Bank
Unit I: Continuous functions on metric spaces

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Unit II: Connected sets

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Unit III : Sequence and series of functions

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Page 7 of 17
 Model Question Paper
TYBCS Sem6 Model Question Paper
Topology of Metric Spaces and Real Analysis
Duration: 03:00 Hours Total Marks: 100

Q1 MCQs 20 Marks
1 Let ℝ bea usual metric space and ℝ and be the characteristics function,
; .
Then, is continuous if and only if,
a)A is open b)A is closed c) or ℝ d) None
2 Let ℝ be the usual metric space. . Then is_________________set.
a)infinite closed b)finite closed c)open d)None
3 Let ℝ ℝ be uniformly continuous. Then
a) and are uniformly continuous functions.
b) is uniformly continuous but may not be uniformly continuous
function.
c) Both functions and are not uniformly continuous.
d) None of the above.
4 Let A be a bounded but not closed subset of ℝ Then
a) Any continuous function from A to ℝ is bounded.
b) Any continuous function from A to ℝ is uniformly continuous.
c) Any continuous, bounded function from A to ℝ attains bound.
d) None of the above.
5 Let be a discrete metric space, then X is connected if and only if X is_______set.
a)infinite b)finite c)singleton d) None
6 If A and B are connected subsets of ℝ and then
a) and are not connected.
b) is connected but is not connected.
c) and are connected.
d) None
7 Let be a connected metric space and be continuous function. Then f is
a) onto b) one-one c) constant d) bijective
8 Let be sequence of differentiable functions. Let and pointwise. Then
a) If is differentiable the .
b) If converges uniformly to , then .
c) If the converges uniformly to .
d) None of the above.
9 Let be a sequence of continuous functions and pointwise. Then
a) is continuous.
b) is continuous if convergence is point-wise.
c) Can’t say about continuity of .
d) None of the above
10 Let be a series with radius of convergence r=1, then
a) The series converges at x=1 and x=-1.
b) The series converges at x=1 but not at x=-1
c) The series diverges at x=1 but converges at x=-1
d) None of the above
Q2 A) Attempt any ONE 8 Marks
1 Let and be a metric space. Show that is continuous function at
if and only if for each sequence in converging to , the sequence

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 converges to in .
2 Let be a complete metric space and be a contraction map. Show that
has a fixed point.
B) Attempt any TWO 12 Marks
1 Let and be metric spaces. Show that is continuous on if and only
if for each subset of X, ̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅.
2 Let be a finite set. Show that is continuous function where is any metric
space.
3 Let and be a metric spaces. If are continuous functions, then
show that is a closed subset of .
Q3 A) Attempt any ONE 8 Marks
1 Show that is connected subset of ℝ if and only if is an interval.
2 Let be a connected metric space and be any metric space. If be a
continuous function then prove that is a connected subset of .
B) Attempt any TWO 12 Marks
1 Show that a metric space is connected if and only if is a constant
function.
2 If and are connected subsets of a metric space , and , then show that
is connected. Give example to show that need not be connected.
3 Let and be metric spaces. If is path connected metric space and
be continuous function then show that is path connected.
Q4 A) Attempt any ONE 8 Marks
1 Let be a sequence of real valued functions on a non-empty subset of ℝ . Show that
converges uniformly to a function if and only if for given there exists a positive
integer such that , for and each .
2 If ∑ is a series of real valued functions on ℝ and ∑ is a convergent
series of real numbers such that I I for all and . Then ∑
converges uniformly if ∑ is convergent series.
B) Attempt any TWO 12 Marks
1 Let be a sequence of real valued bounded functions defined on a non empty subset
of ℝ . If converges uniformly to a function on , then show that is also bounded
function on .
2 Let be a sequence of real valued Riemann integrable functions defined on
[ ] ℝ . If the series ∑ of function converges uniformly to on [ ] then
show that is Riemann Integrable on [ ] and
∫ ∑ ∑ ∫
3 Let ∑ be a series of continuous real valued bounded function converging uniformly
to on . Show that is also bounded function on S.
Q5 Attempt any FOUR 20 Marks
1 Let ℝ ℝ be a continuous function. Show that ℝ ℝ defined by
is continuous.
2 Show that for ℝ is uniformly continuous on ℝ.
3 Show that the following set is Path Connected subset of ℝ :

4 Show that ; ℝ converges non uniformly.

5 Discuss the uniform convergence of ∑ where [ ].

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 Solution Set

TYBCS Sem6 Model Answer Paper

Topology of Metric Spaces and Real Analysis
Duration: 03:00 Hours Total Marks: 100

Q1 MCQs 20 Marks
1 Let ℝ bea usual metric space and ℝ and be the characteristics function,
; .
Then, is continuous if and only if,
a)A is open b)A is closed c) or ℝ d) None
2 Let ℝ be the usual metric space. ℝ . Then is_________________set.
a)infinite closed b)finite closed c)open d)None
3 Let ℝ ℝ be uniformly continuous. Then
e) and are uniformly continuous functions.
f) is uniformly continuous but may not be uniformly continuous
function.
g) Both functions and are not uniformly continuous.
h) None of the above.
4 Let A be a bounded but not closed subset of ℝ Then
e) Any continuous function from A to ℝ is bounded.
f) Any continuous function from A to ℝ is uniformly continuous.
g) Any continuous, bounded function from A to ℝ attains bound.
h) None of the above.
5 Let be a discrete metric space, then X is connected if and only if X is_______set.
a)infinite b)fini e c)singl ton d) None
6 If A and B are connected subsets of and then
e) and are not connected.
f) is connected but is not connected.
g) and are connected.
h) None
7 Let be a connected metric space and be continuous function. Then f is
a) onto b) one-one c) constant d) bijective
8 Let be sequence of differentiable functions. Let and pointwise. Then
e) If is differentiable the .
f) If converges uniformly to , then .
g) If the converges uniformly to .
h) None of the above.
9 Let be a sequence of continuous functions and pointwise. Then
e) is continuous.
f) is continuous if convergence is point-wise.
g) Can’t say about continuity of .
h) None of the above
10 Let be a series with radius of convergence r=1, then
e) The series converges at x=1 and x=-1.
f) The series converges at x=1 but not at x=-1
g) The series diverges at x=1 but converges at x=-1
h) None of the above
Q2 A) Attempt any ONE 8 Marks
1 Let and be a metric space. Show that is continuous function at

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 if and only if for each sequence in converging to , the sequence
converges to in .
Let and be metric spaces. Let f be a continuous function at the point
and let be any arbitrary sequence from such that . We want to show that
.
Let ϵ>0 be given. Since is continuous at then exists a such that if and
then .
Now since then for this there exists an such that if then
.
Therefore for we have that since and then
, in other words, for , converges to so .
Conversely, suppose for each sequence in converging to , the sequence
converges to in . We show that is a continuous function on .
Proof is by contradiction. Let be not continuous at point . Then for any , and
with . …..(discontinuity)
For , choose such that . Then by discontinuity, we have ,
. Which implies but . Which
is a contradiction.
2 Let be a complete metric space and T:X→Y be a contraction map. Show that T has
a fixed point.
Let be any two points. is a contraction mapping. By definition of
contraction mapping , there exists such that ( ) for all

Clearly is a continuous function as for ,

Choosing we get for any point .
( )
This implies is continuous at and is arbitrary point hence is continuous on .
Let be any point. We define a sequence in
By ,
,
…
,
We will show that this sequence is a Cauchy sequence.
( )
Now Let

Since, , Hence as .
Therefore, and we get that is a Cauchy sequence.
Note that is a sequence in real space which is complete. Hence , where is
any point real number.
By definition of , .
Applying limit both side we get, , hence is fixed point of .
This completes the proof.
B) Attempt any TWO 12 Marks
1 Let and be metric spaces. Show that is continuous on if and only
if for each subset of X, ̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅.
Let and be metric spaces. Suppose is a continuous function. Let

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 then .
Therefore, ̅̅̅̅̅̅ is a closed subset of Y.
By continuity of , we ̅̅̅̅̅̅ ) is closed set of X. …(i)
Further ̅̅̅̅̅̅,
This implies, ̅̅̅̅̅̅
This implies, ̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(̅̅̅̅̅̅) ̅̅̅̅̅̅ …. From (i)
This implies, ̅ (̅̅̅̅̅̅)
Conversley suppose for every , ̅ (̅̅̅̅̅̅). We will show that is a
continuous function.
Let be a closed subset of .
Clearly, is a closed subset of . Take .
Then and ̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅ as is closed….(ii)
Then by hypothesis, ̅ (̅̅̅̅̅̅).
From (ii), ̅ (̅̅̅̅̅̅) .
This implies, ̅ . But ̅ , as is closed.
Hence is closed set of .
Since was any arbitary closed subset of , and is a closed subset of .
Hence is a continuous function.
2 Let be a finite set. Show that is continuous function where is any metric
space.
Let be a finite metric space and be any metric space. We will prove that
function is a continuous function.
Since is a finite metric space, we can define .
Clearly .
Let Take . For this choose , then whenever, ,
( ) .
Hence is a continuous function.
3 Let and be a metric spaces. If are continuous functions, then
show that is a closed subset of .
Let and be a metric spaces. If are continuous functions, then we
show that is a closed subset of .
Note that, .
Note that if is empty then is it closed. Now we consider the case where F is not empty.
Let us consider a sequence in such that converges to some point . We will show
that which will complete the proof.
As is a continuous function and by algebra of continuity is a
continuous function defined on . As , we have .
i.e.
As , for all .
This implies, .
This implies, .
Hence is a closed set.
Q3 A) Attempt any ONE 8 Marks
1 Show that is connected subset of if and only if is an interval.
is said to be an interval if and and be any real number satisfying
then .
Let be connected subset of . We will show that is an interval.
We will contradiction to prove this statement. Suppose A is not an interval then we can
find and satisfying and
As , .
Take and . Then and .

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 Clearly, and are non-empty, disjoint open sets. Hence separation of .
This contradicts the fact that is connected.
Hence if is connected subset of then is an interval.
Conversely Suppose is an interval, we will show that is a connected subset of .
The proof is by contradiction. We assume that is not connected subset of .
Let and are non-empty, disjoint, closed subsets of , such that .
Let and . Clearly as and are disjoint subsets.
Now we define
(Such construction is possible as we are dealing with real numbers and real sets.)
As is a closed set, .
By the definition of supremum, for any , we can find such that .
This implies that is a limit point of . But is a closed set. Hence .
Which contradicts the fact that and are disjoint.
Hence if is an interval of then is connected.
2 Let be a connected metric space and be any metric space. If be a
continuous function then prove that is a connected subset of .
Let be a connected metric space and be any metric space. If be a
continuous function then we will prove that is a connected subset of .
We will prove this statement by contradiction. Suppose that is not connected.
Then we can find and H, such that both sets are non-empty, disjoint, open sets and
.
is continuous hence and is non-empty, open subsets of X.
Also . Which shows that, that X is a disconnected set. Which is a
contradiction.
Hence is a connected set.
B) Attempt any TWO 12 Marks
1 Let be a metric space and is a continuous function. Show that a metric space
is connected if and only if is a constant function.
Let be a connected metric space and be a continuous function. We
will show that is constant function.
Proof is by contradiction. Assume that is not a constant function. i.e.
.
Note that and are disjoint closed sets and is continuous function. Hence
. Therefore X is not connected, which is a contradiction.
Hence is is connected space and is continuous then is constant.
Conversely, suppose is constant function, we will show that is connected
space.
The proof is by contradiction. Suppose is disconnected set and and are non empty,
disjoint, closed sets such that .
Define by

Note that is continuous function as inverse image of are

respectively and they are closed.
But is not constant. Hence contradiction.
2 If and are connected subsets of a metric space , and , then show that
is connected. Give example to show that need not be connected.
Let and are connected subsets and . We will prove that is
connected.
Proof is by contradiction. Suppose is not connected. Then there exists and non
empty, disjoint closed sets such that .
Note that and are connected subsets. Therefore is either in or . Similarly is

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 either in or . Suppose both both are in a same set, say in . Then is empty as
and are disjoint. This is not true.
Hence both are in different set. Without loss of generality, assume that and
.
Note that and are separated. Hence and are separated. This implies that
.
3 Let and be metric spaces. If is path connected metric space and
be continuous function then show that is path connected.
Let and be metric spaces. If is path connected metric space and
be continuous function then show that is path connected.
Let be a path connected space and be any metric space such that is
a continuous function. We will show that is also path connected subset of .
Let . Then there exists such that and .
is a path connected set and . Therefore we can find a continuous path [ ]
such that and and lies in .
Note that [ ] is a continuous function with and
. Also as lies in , lies in .
Hence is a continuous function which lies in and joins and .
Hence is a path connected set.
Q4 A) Attempt any ONE 8 Marks
1 Let be a sequence of real valued functions on a non-empty subset of . Show that
converges uniformly to a function if and only if for given there exists a positive
integer such that , for and each .
Suppose be a uniformly convergent sequence on subset .
Let .
Then we can find and such that
for and for each .
And for and for each .
Choose .
Consider,

for and for each .

Conversely, suppose that for every , there exists such that
for all and for all .
Therefore, for every , is a Cauchy sequence in the and hence convergent
in .
Let ( ) .
Define by for all .
Clearly .
Now we will prove that this convergence is uniform.
Let . By hypothesis there exists such that for all
for each .
Let be fixed and . We allow to get
for all and for all .
This implies that converges uniformly on .
2 If ∑ is a series of real valued functions on and ∑ is a convergent
series of real numbers such that | | for all and . Then ∑
converges uniformly if ∑ is convergent series.
Let be partial sum of ∑ and
be partial sum of ∑ . Since ∑ is a convergent series
hence is a convergent sequence of real number. This implies is a Cauchy sequence.

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 Therefore for , we can find such that,

Consider, for each

Hence by Cauchy condition, is uniformly convergent.

B) Attempt any TWO 12 Marks
1 Let be a sequence of real valued bounded functions defined on a non-empty subset
of . If converges uniformly to a function on , then show that is also bounded
function on .
Let be a sequence of real valued bounded functions defined on a non-empty subset
of . If converges uniformly to a function on , then show that is also bounded
function on .
Let be a sequence of real valued function and for each , is a bounded
function. Then .
Suppose converges uniformly to a function defined on S. We will prove that
is bounded on .
For we can find , such that
…for and for each .
Consider, .
This implies that is bounded.
2 Let be a sequence of real valued Riemann integrable functions defined on
[ ] . If the series ∑ of function converges uniformly to on [ ] then
show that is Riemann Integrable on [ ] and
∫ ∑ ∑ ∫
Let be partial sum of ∑ .
is Riemann integrable function as each of is integrable function.
Also converges uniformly to hence is a Riemann Integrable function.
Now by uniform convergence of sequences of functions,
… (i)
We have ∑
This implies ∑ ….(ii)
Also,
[ ]
Hence ∑ …(iii)
From i, ii, and iii, we get,
∑ ∑
3 Let ∑ be a series of continuous real valued bounded function converging uniformly
to on . Show that is also bounded function on S.
Let be a partial sum of ∑ .
Then as each is bounded function, is also bounded and converges uniformly
to function . By uniform convergence of sequences is bounded function.
Hence the proof.
Q5 Attempt any FOUR 20 Marks
1 Let be a continuous function. Show that defined by
is continuous.
Let be a continuous function. We will show that defined by
is continuous.
Consider an arbitrary point in . Let then and .

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 By algebra of sequences, and .
By continuity of ,we have .
But by definition of , .
Therefore,
Hence, is continuous at . Hence it is continuous on .
2 Show that for is uniformly continuous on .
Clearly is a continuous function. Hence .
Note that therefore for all
Hence, .
This shows that is a Lipschitz function. Hence uniformly continuous.
3 Show that the following set is Path Connected:

Take any two points and in .

Then are points on circle centered at origin with
radius equals to 1.
Therefore can be written as
and .
Note that [ ] given by is
a continuous path and image set of this function is .
If we restrict this function to [ ] then restriction
will join the points and such that restriction lies in
.
Hence is a path connected set.
4 Show that ; ℝ converges non uniformly.
; ℝ has pointwise limit .
We define .
Take then .
Therefore, .
Hence does not converge to 0.
Hence the convergence is not uniform.
5 Discuss the uniform convergence of ∑ where [ ].
Note that
Here [ ] therefore, .
Therefore,
Take then
.
By Weirstrass test, ∑ converges uniformly if ∑ is convergent.
Note that ∑ ∑ ( ) is a p series with . Hence ∑ is convergent series.
Hence ∑ is a uniformly convergent series on [-1,1].

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Reference Books

1. S. Kumaresan, Topology of Metric spaces, Narosa.

2. W. Rudin, Principles of Mathematical Analysis, Tata McGraw- Hill Education in 2013.

3. 2. G.F. Simmons, Introduction to Topology and Modern Analysis, McGraw-Hill Education (India),
2004.

4 R.R. Goldberg, Methods of Real Analysis, Oxford and International Book

House (IBH) Publishers, New Delhi.

5. Ajit Kumar, S. Kumaresan, Introduction to Real Analysis,

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