Observation Table: Vernier Total

Main Coin Corrected

ObjectObs. Dimensions
No.
Scale reading
cident
scale
TReadingReading
=
Reading Vernier
C (B A+C T-Z(cmn) NMean
A
(cm)
Scale
division X L.C.) |(em) Reatihs
B (cm)
n-03 1 g 3 | |.g2 em
2
Sphere 1Diameter(D) _
2
2
3
D0 0 93
Cylinder1Inner 38 2 023.82
D02 $2 82|
2

3
Diameter (d) 3:8
0 8 02/ 2
82138)
G227
Cylinder Depth/
2 Length(h) u2 22 b02 9:22
3 u 2 D 02 G-22

Calculations:
Radius ofsphere (R) = - =.0..51S.cm.
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2. Volume
ofsphere (V) nR =
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3.11 Cm:***********
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3. Inner radius
of Cylinder(t) . . : . . . ..cm.
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4. Inner volume
of cylinder V =
«R?
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Volume o fsphere: .3 ..cm

Volume
of ylinder=.5). cm'.
Precautions

he object tightly
between the jaws; do not press the jaws too hard.
Hold
observations for diameter at different positions of the object.
ake
E yhould
e should.be exactly perpendicular to the Vernier scale while observing reading.

eriment you can do:

A d d i t i o n

dure: Take a small mug or cylindrical glass having thick bottom. Measure its inner
Prer by using upper ends ofthe jaws. Measure depth by using depth measurement strip.
dhamete

H
calculate capacity (inner volume) of the mug or glass.
e n c e

Multiple-choice Questions

1f smallest
division on the main scale of Vernier Callipers is 0.05cm and number of division
on the Vernier scale is 25,
the L.C. of Vernier Callipers is *** ***

a) 0.0002 cm b) 0.002 cm c) 0.001cm d0.01cm

Jjaws are used to find. ....

2. Upper
a) outer diameter by inner diameter c) length d) thickness
Questions
What iS zero error?
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 2. Zero Error
Z ----N------mm =
D. lQ.-cm
Zero error = =

(withsign) circular Scale

Coincident Total Reading
Object Obs Main Scale
No. Reaing (A) divisions Reading Observed Corrected
on circular C (B x L.C) D, =A+C(cm)|D-D,-Z (¢m)
Mean
(cm)
scale (B)D (cm)
cm.
Wire
0 0100 110D 10116
0.1em 6 O D 4 . 1b4 0 16u
3
.1tmb 0.06 0.63 163
cm.
Glass
-11CmoU 010o O.210 0.21D
Plate 0
2 0-1tm
Qu 0 0qu D.2 b y b20y 20
33 0-m
ab 009 0.20b 2 0
Calculations:
1. Mean Diameter ofthe wire, D-Ol6.1cm.
2. Radius of wire, r = 0Om.

3. Area of cross section ofthe wire, A= ar Cb-cm.

LAo-cm?.

4. Thickness of the glass plate,t = -cm.

Result:
1. Diameter of the wire, D =\
h cm.

=...?s..cm.
2. The area
of cross section of the given wire is, A
3. Thickness of the glass plate, t =
--LG--- cm.
Precautions
1. Rotate the screw in one direction to avoid backlash error.

apply undue pressure while turning the micrometer

screw.
2. Do not

Additional Experiment you can do: Find the volume ofthe small ball bearing/ metal sphere.

Multiple-choice Questions:

1. What is the zero error as shown in the figure? 1

0 . 6 mm b) 0.06 mm c) 6mmn d) 60 mm
LLLLLL
2. Precision of micrometer screw gauge is------ TTTTTTTTT
5 10
a) 0.1 cmn b0.01 mm c)0.1 mm d) 0.01 m

12
 Questions
Define the terms pitch and least count.
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.What is the backlash error? How do you reduce it?

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13
 spherometer on the spherical surface of lens kept on the plane mirror. Adjust
the
the spherometer screwW so that its tip just touches the center of spherical surface. Note the
spherometer reading. Repeat the same once at a different central location.
Dbservations:

To find average distance between the legs

-cm, a,= - cm, a 2 . - - cm,

+a ....2. ..cm. =

I.To find the L.C. of spherometer

Value of one division on the main scale, S =...9.....cm.
Number of divisions on the circular scale, N=...ADQ.
Distance through which the screw advances on the main scale in n rotations of the circular
scale= D=. ..cm.
4. n=number of rotations given to the circular scale =.
5. Pich ofthe screw = P= . .cm.

6. Least Count of spherometer =

. 9.9....cm.
N
Surface Obs. | Main scale Coincident Circular scale, Total read- Mean
no. reading divisions on reading (cm) ing A+C | reading
A (cm)circular seale B|C=(B+L.C)(cm) (cm)
Plane X=
Mirror

Curved1 0.301Y=
surface
2 0-1Cm 20
201 0301 0 30
III. To find sagitta (h):
Sagitta of the spherical surface =h= |X-Y|=.. .cm

Calculations: Calculation for a/6h

For radius of curvature.

symbol value log

R
N
6

h
D
L a/6h J-N-D =X
AntilogX =

Kesult: Radius of curvature of spherical surface=. cm.

17
 the

on
the maj
divIision o n

division
d i v i s

t
lowest

the

consideri h eem o r
consider
surface
spherometer
the.

spherometer backlash touch

jiust
avoid

w i t h
w i t h
legs
Precautions: to
direction
Vhilet a k i n g
reading
rEading

of
three

surface. Henc
tZKIng

o n e

a n d
tip concave
"
in
. s c r e w
serew
the
the the on
Rotate

2. that
f
tipof. spherometer
care do:
Take can
3. the
you p l a c i n g
h
Experiment
placng

Additional
gila
sagita
by
by
the b m
u u

Determine
d ) 100
curvature. **

Radius
of
the 1s.
surface

C. o f
ofthe pheron
ofafHat
Multiple-choice Questions

t h eL.
curvature
then
binfinity

of 50
radius are
scale

he
a) 0
c i r c u l a r

d).005
the
on
ns o c )0 0 5
divisions
of
willbe
. .

number

f the 0.Scm,
2. pitch
is bO01
Q u e s t i o n s

whose **********-

a) 0.001 spherometer?

ofa
distanw ... ****

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H o w
do you
d e t e r m i n e

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18
 C O E F F I C I E N TO FS14 EXP

and
surfaceCtion
n o m

on and to
l i m i t i n g

hOrizontal Observation Table:

o r c e of
between a
block
and

10ok, string Obs| Mass on Total load Ma

relationship
a with
the block W= (W+W) pa
the
between b l o c k

No.
Aim:
To study f r i c t i o n
Wooden
W, gwt gwt
pulley,

with a
100
plane

Apparatus:
Horizontal fxN.f=N H surfaces,

p a n etc. two
b e t w e e n

block, (or effort)

W static
friction

to
slide
the
u50
Formula: Cocticicnt of required
just
force
load)
eTC
P Horiz
izontal

block (or
W=Weight
ofthe Calculations : H,

Diagram: R ( N o m a l R e a c t i o n )

50g weighi (w)

N
PuNey
W
Block
CG

pany
W+W Table

Weight (P)

friction
Graph: between load W
sliding Plot a graph
for force of
Fig. 5.1 Study graph.

masses in g.wt).
(respective
and pan separately
Procedure:
cloth every time.
the weight of block with the clean
1. Measure horizontal plane and attach the s
of block and it over the pulley,
2. Clean the surface of block, pass
the hook
one end of
the string to
3. Tie
end. horizontal surface.
Add suitable wei
to the other is kept on
the block, which
Keep weight on note down the reading.
starts moving and
same
4.
that the block just h
loads and measure the corresponding
so
the scale pan values of Effort P
for different
5. Repeat the same procedure

Observations:
Least count of spring balance = 8
Zero error of spring balance = 0

(0,0)
32.....gwt.
ofthe block W,
=
..
. Mass

ofthe pan =
P,=..450...gwt.
2 Mass

26
Observation Table:

Obs Mass on Total load Mass in the Total Effort Mean

the block W=
No.
W,gwt
(W+WN) pan P, gwt P-(P+P)
gwt gwt
u 50 lo.32aRS
a6 50 o 327.331u
b Su50o 3%
u500 2 0 S0 :952

Calculations H= W

Graph
Plot a graph between load W (on X-axis) against effort P(on Y- axis) and find the slop of the
graph.

scale X =

Y=

4 BC
Slbpea H=B ,
AC
B

Effort P

(0,0) Load W
X

27
 s u r f a c e s
calculation
by.
Result: b e t w e c e n
the
two

surfäces bygraph H
.
Coefticient
2. Cocflicient
of static
nction

friction
between
the
two

****.,.
ofstatic clean.
Precautions: should
be dry
and
which blockjust
sstart movin
1.Two surface in contact weight
for
for the
2. Reading must be taken
the
table.
touch surface.
fnot
3. Pan and string should
to the
horizontal

4 String should be parallel

rface. Now surfa

AdditionalExperiment;you
block
pan)
theblock
can

Just
do:
begins to slid
(without
Jide down
on
the plane
graduallythein
Place the empty such that
surface body.kept on the plane he
of the plan
nclination

the plane at
which the
this Than
angle. Tha ta just be
minimum angle ofinchinationof Determine

AnOWn as the angle ofrepose(Q,).

Multiple-choice Questions
friction 1s.
T h e value of coefticient ofstatic c)equaltoI d) zero
Greater than 1 b) lessthan
which comes
into play when aa hm body does gm
a

is the force offriction

force.
effect ofan applied
.
* * *
******

another body
under the
the surface of
0n
frictionYstatic
friction d dynamic ftis
friction b) Kinetic
a) Rolling
Questions

the force offriction

is a selfadjusting force?
o w can you say
Sraor uncdon ud.AOC0goRMC..Aa.0djoin

Ct..tu.main
R Ccubl t Wany JN

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2. On which factor the force of friction depends?

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