Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Chemistry Practical Record

    Uploaded by

    NEW GENERATIONS
    13 views35 pages
    educational purpose

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document
    educational purpose

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    13 views35 pages

    Chemistry Practical Record

    Uploaded by

    NEW GENERATIONS
    educational purpose

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 35
    Double Titration (one acid two alkalies) Experiment No: 01 Date: AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To determine the strength of an alkali solution *Y* by using an approximately decinormal acid solution “A” and anther supplied akal solution x" of stength 1.05.4. PRINCIPLE: A known volume of the alkali “X" Is first titrated against the acid solution A of unknown strength and the strength of acid “A” is calculated. In the second step, a known volume of the alkali "i tated against the acid “A” and the strength of alkali *Y* is calculated using the formula N:Vj = NV. APPARATUS REQUIRED: () Burette (i) Pipette (i) Conical task (v) Burette stand CHEMICALS REQUIRED: (Acid 8 (i) Alkali x" (iy Alkali" {iv) Methyl orange indicator PROCEDURE: The burette, pipette and conical flask were washed at first with tap water and then rinsed with distilled water. The burette was rinsed thrice with acid ‘A’ and filed with the same to a convenient level removing air bubbles if any tis then clamped in the burette stand and the inital burette reading (IBR) was noted The pipette was rinsed thrice with alkali and 10 ml of the alkali was pipetted out into the conical flask. To the conical flask, one drop of methyl orange indicator was added and it was titrated against the acid A with constant stiring tll the change of colour of alkali solution from straw yellow to light pink with a single drop of acid. The final burette reading (FER) was noted. The process of titration was repeated to get three concordant readings. ‘The burette was filled again with the same acid 'A' to a convenient level and the pipette was washed with water and rinsed with the alkali solution ‘Y'. 10 ml of alkali Y was pipetted out into the clean conical flask land one drop of methyl orange indicator was added to it It was titrated against the acid ‘A’ with constant stirring tll the change of colour from straw yellow to light pink with the single drop of acid, The process of titration was repeated to get three concordant readings, OBSERVATION: Titration ofthe alkali x’ against the acid A” _ No.of | Volume ofthe | LB.R.(m) | FBR. (ml) rence (mi)| Remark — | observation | alkali (ml) (FBR -IBR) | 1 10 os 10.9 10.4 | 2 10 109 24 10.2 | =| concordant | 3 10 24 313 102 Concorsa readings 4 10 313 a5 w2 | | Titration of the alkali against the acid No. of Volume of the | 1,B.R. (ml) F.B.R. (ml) ference (ml) Remark. observation | _alkali(ml) | _|_(@eR-16R) 1 10 03 108 105 | _ Rough 2 10 108 212 tos | 3 10 212 6 toa | Coneordant 10 | readings 4 10 316 420 4 | CALCULATION: Let the strength of acid ‘A’ be 'N;" From the first titration; Volume of acid used 10.2 mi = Vy Strength of alkali x= 1.05. = No Volume of alkali used = 10 ml= V2 For neutralisation reaction, NaVs = NsVs N 105." 05. 710. 10 mi NA; N nya Ne 290 og N Or ey jo2m 49 From the second titration, 10 ml of the alkali 'Y" = 10.4 ml of 1.03 acid solution A 10.4 mix1.03.N. 0 10 mi :. Strength of alkali ‘Y" orate CONCLUSION: From the above experiment, it is concluded that the strength of given alkali Name Roll No. Group: Experiment no: 02 Date: AIM OF THE EXPERIME! titrating against standard acid solution C of strength 1.03 N/10, ‘ind out the strength of acid solution A in the presence of an alkali solution B by APPARATUS REQUIRED: ( Burette i Pipette onigal ask ‘ Gy) Burette stand CHEMICALS REQUIRED: (i) Acid “A” iy Alkali 8 acdc (ix) Methyl orange indicator Procedure: 01(Acid ‘C? Vs Alakli ‘B’) jpette and Conical flask were washed with water for 3 times 1. Burette, Burette was rinsed with acid solution ‘c” for 3 3, Burette was filled with acid solution ‘c’ up to the mark avoiding air bubbles. 4, Burette was fitted with burette stand and LB.R. was noted. Pipette was rinsed with alkali solution ‘B® for 3 times. 6. 10ml of alkali ‘B” was pipette out and transferred into the conical flask. 7. Two drops of methyl orange indicator was added into the conical flask and the colour of solution changed straw yellow. $8. The conical flask was placed under burette and acid solution of burette was allowed to run into the conical flask drop wise with constant stirring till the colour of solution changed right pink. 9. Stopped acid from burette and F.B.R.was noted. 10. The difference between F.B.R. and I.B.R. is the volume of acid °c” consume during the titration. Procedure: 02(Alkali ‘B’ Vs Acid‘A’) 1. The burette and conical flask was washed with water for 3 times. 2. The burette was rinsed with acid solution ‘A” for 3 times solution ‘A’ upto the mark avoiding air bubbles. 3. The burette was filled with 4. The burette was fitted with burette stand and ILB.R. was noted. 5. Due to same alkali pipette was neither washed with water nor rinsed with alkali 6. Other steps are same as procedure 01. ‘Table :01(Acidic Vs Alkali B) | Noot “on F.B.Ruin | Difference | pemary Observation ml inml : [cae eee enone ion oO o7its 3 omer 04 97 ‘Table :02(Acidie BY Vs Alkali ‘A’) | Volume of No of Difference ; Remark oonraton| ‘tal ||| nes | | 1 10 28 13.8 1 Rough | 02 io} 138 | 246 | 108 [concordant 03 10 24.6 35.4 10.8 |(Concordant 04 10 35.4 46.2 10.8 Joncordant, Calculator 1 At the point of neutralization NiV; = NzV2 Ni=Strength of acid solution *C°=1.03 N/10 V\= Volume of acid *C’ = 9.7 ml strength of alakli solution V2= Volume of alakli ‘B’ = 10 ml 1.03N/10*97 _ go9n/10 10 Calculation : 02 tion NzV= NaVp ‘At the point of neutral Np =Strength of alkali solution ‘B= 0.99 N/10 =10ml ‘olume of alkali solution ‘B’ pe Ny= Strength of acid solution ‘A’=? Vy = Volume of acid solution *A’=10.8 ml = 299N/10%10 _ 9 o1n/10 108 Conclusion + ‘The strength of supplied acid solution ‘A’ was found to be 0.91 N/10. Name: Roll No: Group Bench Acid Titration Exporimont No: 03 Dato: ‘AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: PRINCIPLE: APPARATUS REQUIRE! " Bench acids with strength 1-2N are relatively stronger than the decinormal alkali solution, Soin the tration between the two, the exact end point cannot be determined. Therefore 2 known volume of the standard alkalis fest trated against the bench acid to find cut the probable end point and to calculate roughly how much stronger the acid isin comparision tothe akal, Number of ties the bench acid is stronger than the vihal fe kvown as dito factor {ts this ime the bench aid fo be duted to make it approximately of same strength as the alkal. Then a known volume of the standard alkalis trated against the diluted acid to determine the exact strength of the diuled acd. Knowing the strength ofthe duted acid and the dlution factor, the strength of the bench acid can be calculated. () Burette (i) Pipette (il) Conical flask (iv) 100 mi measuring flask _(v) Burette stand CHEMICALS REQUIRED: () Bench acid (i) Standard alkali (ii) Methyl orange indicator PROCEDURE: ring flask were washed with tap water and then The burette, pipette, conical flask and a 100 mi measur yench acid and was filed with the rinsed with distiled water. The burette was rinsed thrice with the supplied be ‘same to a convenient level removing air bubbles if any. The intial burette reading was noted and the burette was clamped in the stand. The pipette was rinsed thrice with the supplied alkali and 10 mi of it was pipette cout into the conical flask and one drop of methyl orange indicator was added to it. The bench acid was added drop wise from the burette to the alkali with constant shaking tll the change of colour of alkali solution from yellow to pink. The final burete reading was noted. After taking only one reading the dilution factor was calculated and the volume of bench acid to be diluted to 100 mi was also calculated. Then the calculated volume of bench acid was transferred fo the 100 mi measuring flask. Then distilled water was ‘added to the measuring flask containing bench acid to make 100 mi diluted solution, The measuring flask containing the diluted bench acid was shaked well to make the solution uniform, ‘The remaining bench acid was removed from the burette, The burette was then washed with tap water and rinsed with distilled water. It was rinsed thrice with the diluted bench acid and then filed with the same to a convenient level removing ait bubbles if any. The intial burette reading was noted. 10 mi of the alkali was pipetted out into the conical flask, one drop of methyl orange indicator was added to It and titrated against the diluted acid til the change of colour from yellow to light pink. The final burette reading was noted. The experiment was repeated to get three concordant readings. Paget i ® OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION: Titration of bench acid against the supplied alk No. of Volume of the BR. FBR. Difference (ml) | |_ Remark | observation | alkali (ml) (mi) (mt) 1 10 03 1.0 on ae Strength of the alkali= 1.01 x (given) 410 miof 1.01.5. alkali solution = 0.7 ml ofthe bench acid Volume of alkali_ 10 ml Volume of acid 0.7 mi So volume of the bench acid required to prep: = —_100mi ution factor Hence 7 ml of the bench acid is taken to prepare 100 ml of dilute acid. luted acid against the supplied alkali Dilution factor = yare 100 mi of the diluted acid Titration of the | No, of Volume ofthe | LB.R. FBR. | Difference (ml) | Remark observation | alkali (ml) (mn, ml) 1 10 03 106 103 Rough | 2 10 tos | 207 10.1 | Concardant 3 10 207 208 10.1 readings 4 10 208 40.9 “toa 0.1 mi of diluted acid. 10 miof the 1.01% alkali solution : tomixto on So strength ofthe diluted acid => 1 = 1.0.55 ‘Strength of the bench acid = Strength of the diluted acid » dilution factor 10 10 4.428 o7 CONCLUSION: From the above experiment, itis concluded that the strength of given bench acid is 1.428 N. Name: Roll No. Group Paget a® Redox Titration Experiment No: 04 Date: AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To determine the strength of given KMnO NiO solution using a standard oxalic acid solution of strength 0.99 PRINCIPLE: cute volume ofa standard oxalic acid solution is allowed to reat wth potassium permanganste soition in acid medium til end point is reached (our sists). From the volume of KNNOs, volume of oxalic acid and strength of oxalic ac Potassium permanganate isa strong oxidizing agent in accic medium which oxidize agent to COe and H:0 2KMnO, + 34,50. -> KeSO« + 2NInSOx + 3H:0 + $10] ple colour of KMnOx pel i, the strength of KMnO. can be calculated. ss oxalic acid (reducing [H:C20: + [0] > HzO + 2602] «5 eee AQ eG DKNnO, + 3H;50, * 5H;C,0. > K;SO, * 2MnSO, + 8 HzO + 10002 tonic equation:~ ‘MnO; + 16H’ + 56,02" -» 2Mn* +BH,0+10C0, In KMn0O, titrations no external indicator is used. It itself acts as the indicator. APPARATUS REQUIRED: @) Burete (i Pipette (ai) Conical ask (iv) Burette stand (v) Bunsen burner (0) Tripod stand (vii) Wire Gauze CHEMICALS REQUIRED: (9. Standard oxalic eid solution (i) Potassium permanganate solution (a ON H.SO, PROCEDURE: The burette, pipette and conical flask were washed urette was rinsed thrice with the given KMnO, solution and the washings were rejected. The burette was ic bubbles it any. The inital burete reading was with tap water and then rinsed with distilled water. The filled with KMnO, solution to a convenient level removing ai noted and the burette was clamped in the burette stand. The pipette was rinsed thrice with the supplied oxalic acid solution rejecting the washings. 10 mi ofthe oxalic acid solution was pipetted out into the conical ‘task, About 10 mi (half test tube) of dilute H»SO. (6N) was added to the solution in the conical flask. Then Paget # of conical flask till a faint permanent pink colour just appeared in the solution in the flask. The final burette reading was noted. The process of tration was repeated to get three concordant readings, OBSERVATION: No.of | Volume ofthe | 1BR.(m) | F.BR.(ml) | Difference (mi) | Remark observation | oxalic acid (ml) (FeR—I8R) | 1 10 05. 10.9 104 Rough [ 212 103 I : 7 _ Concordant oe 10 212 318 103 aa 4 10 318 418 103 | CALCULATION: Letthe strength of oxalic acid solution, = 0.88% (given) Volume ofthe oxalic acid = Vz= 10 ml Volume of KMInO, solution = V; = 10.3 ml Strength of KMnO, solution =N, = 2% NV, = NoV2 N Naa copay ga eae 10.3 ml 10 CONCLUSION: aN From the above experiment, it is concluded that the strength of given KNinO. solution is 0.96.5 Name = Roll No. + Group Page#2® Preparation of Mohr’s Salt Experiment No: 05 Date: AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To prepare a pure and dry sample of ferrous ammonium st (NH.),S0x.6H,0)from ferrous sulphate and ammonium sulphate. PRINCIPLE: Mohr’ salt is prepared by dissolving an equimolar mixture of hydrate sulphate in acidulated wate. The resulting solution is subjected to cystalisation when ight areen of ferrous ammonium sulphate (FeSOx, (NH.)2SO,.6Hz0) separates ‘out. FeSO,.7H,0 + (NHz); SO. -> FeSO,(NHz)2SO,.6H,0 + H20 Lulphate called Mohr’s salt (FeSO. 1d ferrous sulphate and ammonium crystals, APPARATUS REQUIRED: () Two beakers (250 ml) (@ China basin (i Funnel (w) Filtration stand. (v) Wire gauze (vi) Glass rod (vi) Tripod stand (vi) Wash bottle (CHEMICALS REQUIRED: () Ferrous sulphate (i) Ammonium sulphate ip Dilute sulphuric aci. PROCEDURE: Ina clean beaker about 7.0 g of ferrous sulphate and 3.5 g of ammonium sulphate crystals were taken. 2-3 nlf dil HyS0« was added tothe beaker to prevent hydrolysis. About 20 ml of water was taken in another rod to ‘aker & boiled, It was added to the first beaker in small lots with constant stirring with a glass solve the content completely. Then the solution was fitered into a clean china basin and was heated with n was diss ‘constant sting til the exystalistion point was reached, Then the basin containing saturated solution placed over a beaker full of cold water. After some ime when the crystals of Mohr’ salt were separated out, the mothe water, dried with the folds of fiter paper and was submitted. er liquor was decanted off completely. The crystals were washed inthe basin with small amount of Observation 4.Colouroferystal~ Light Green 2.Shape of erystal~ Monocnic 3.Yeild —29ms (2p9r0%) Conclusion : About 2gms of pure and dry crystal of Mohr's salt was submitted Name : Roll No. : Group POTASH ALUM Exporiment no: Date : ‘Aim of the experiment: To prepare pure and dry sample of potash alum (K2S04).Al2(SO4)3.24H20}from potassium sulphate and aluminium sulphate. Principle and Procedure:- Potash alum is prepared by dissolving an equimolar misture of hydrated al luminium sulphate and potassium sulphate in minimum volume of acidulated water. The resuling solution is subjected to erystalization when crystals of potash alum separates out KsSO1 + Al{SO.)s-18H;0 + 6Hs0 > KzS0« Al(SO4)s 24420 Potash alum Apparatus Required: (i) Two beakers (250 ml) (i) China basin (i) Funnel (Filtration stand, () Wire gauze (i) Glass rod (wi) Tripod stand (vi) Wash bottle 1 Required : () Potassium Sulphate (i) Aluminium sulphate (ip Dilute Sulphuric acid Procedure: Ina clean beaker about 2.5 g of potassium sulphate crystals were taken and about 20 mi of water was Cher added and stired to dissolve completely. the second beaker about 10 g of aluminium sulphate was taken and to it about 20 mi of water and 2 ml of di, H:SO, was added. It was heated to dissolve completely. The solution in both the beakers were mixed after fitration in a china basin, The solution inthe china basin was nested with constant sting til xstalizatio poiat. Then the china basin was placed ina beaker fl of cold water, When crystals of potash alum were separated out, the mother iquor was decanted off, the crystals were washed with litle cold water, dried with the folds of fter paper and submitted. Observation : Colour of Crystal - Colouriess ‘Shape of crystal - octahedral Yield ~ Two grams (approximate) Conclusion : About 2 gms of pure and dry crystals of potash alum was submitted WET TESTS FOR BASIC RADICALS Experiment No:07 Date: ‘Test for Group-1 Radicals (Pb”, To about 1-2ml of the Ag’, Hoa”): May be Pb”, Ag’, Hg."* radicals are present. ppt was boiled with water ‘A white ppt. salt solution, about 1 ml | was of dil, HClwas added _| obtained. Test for Pb’ [ Experiment Obsery Inference A portion of the above | The precipitate | PbCh is soluble in hot water. dissolved on boiling ‘and reappeared on cooling To about 1-2 ml of the | salt solution, few drops | of KI solution was | added, ‘A yellow precipitate | Piz isyelow in colour was obtained which | pp(NO,)»+ 2KI-9Pbl, 4 + 2KNOs was soluble in. hot a water and reappeared | as golden paricies on | cooling | To 1-2ml of the salt solution, few drops of | K:CrO, solution was ‘A yellow ppt was | Pb" is confirmed as PbCrOs is yellow and is obtained which was | insoluble in il. CHsCOOH. insoluble in dit. | Ph(NOs)p # KxCrO.-» PbCrO4 4 + 2KNOs added CH,COOH | Yellow. 2. Test for Ag Experiment ‘Observation Inference ‘A portion of the above | The precipitate | AgClis soluble in di, NHaOH | precipitate was shaken | dissolved inthe | AgCI+ 2NH,OH-+Ag(NHs),Cl + 240 | thoroughiy with | soltion and Diammino siver chloride Catt reappeared 07 | Ag(NHs),Cl + 2HNO3 > AgC! + 2NH.NOs acidification with ilHNOs To about 1-2 mi of the | A light red precipitate | Ag’ is confirmed as silver chromate is light salt solution, few drops | was obtained. red in colour of KzCr0, solution was 2AQNOs + KzC10,->Ag:Cr04 + + 2KNOs added light red. Paged 1 3. Test for Hg,” Experiment Observation Inference |A portion of the above | The Itis due to the formation of Hg(NH.)Cl which is black in | precipitate was treated precipitate colour. with dILNHLOH and tumed black. | HCl, + 2NH.OH + Hg + Hg(NH2)CI + NH.CI + 2:0 shaken Back To about 1-2 mi of the A white | Hg;*"is confirmed. Hg:Cl. is white and metallic mercury salt soliton, dil SnCl: | precipitate Is grey to black in colour. solution was added was formed | Hg,(NO.);+ SnCl + Ho:Ch + Sn(NOs}: Gropwise. intially which ig,cl, + SnCl: (excess) > 2H9 + SACle fumed grey Grey to black | to black with | | excess SnCh | Name : Roll No. Group Page#2® Tost for group-Ii(A & B) radicals (Pb, Hy”, BI”, Cu”, Ca”, As”, Experiment No: 08 Date: 4. Test for Pb':— sb", Sn”) Exporiment To 1-2ml of the salt solution, about 1 mi of dil, HCI was added. It was warmed and HS (gas was passed through | Observation A black ppt. was obtained. May be Pb™ as PbS is black in colour. pp? + H,S-» PbS 4 + 2H" Black Inference at. To 1-2 mi of the salt solution, few drops of KI solution was added. ‘A yellow ppt. was obtained which was soluble in hot water and reappeared as golden particles on cooling. May be Pb” as Pb is yellow in colour po + 2Ki— Pol, b+2K" Yellow To about 1-2 mi of the salt solution, few drops fof K,CrO, solution was A yellow ppt. was obtained which was insoluble indi. Pb" is confirmed as PbCrO,is yellow in colour and is insoluble in di, CH;COOH Poet + KCrO, > PbCrOeh + 2K" added cHscooH aia | 2. Test for Hg": Experiment Observation Inference ] To about 1-2 mi of the salt solution about 1 mi of dil, HCI was added, warmed and H»S gas ‘A black ppt. was obtained, May be Ha"* as HgS is black in colour Hg" + H2S-> HgS 1 + 2H" Black | was passed through it To 1-2 mi of the salt solution, dil. SnCb solution was added dropwise and then in excess, ‘A silky white ppt was fist obtained which tured grey to black with excess of the reagent. Hg'* is confirmed as Ha,Cl: is white and Hg is grey to black in colour 2Hge + SnOl > Hg:Clal+Sn* ‘White Hg:Gl + SnCl. > 2Hg#SnCle Paget? Tost for Bs | Exporiment Obsorvatlon Inforonco To about 12 " 1 Ran abating | 4 BNR ete ‘of al HCI was added, | “8 oblalned, 261" + 3H,S-> BLS: ++ 6H warmed and HS gas _ vas passed through 2 About 1 ml of the salt | Water turned miky. solution was added to beaker full of water ‘a8 bismuth sulphide Is brown in 3. | To 142 ml of the salt A white ppt. was first | Bi''* is confirmed, solution, about 1 ml of | obtained which tuned | Bi" + SNaOH-»Bi(OH)s+3Na" il NaOH solution was | yellow on bolting white |_| aed ane voted, (0H), —-»BiO.0H +H,0 Lt Yellow 4 Test for Cu"— ——————————— |__| experiment | Observation Inference | fo about 1-2 ml of the | A black precipitate was | May be Cu” || satt solution about 1 mi | obtained. 204" + HyS-> Cus | + 2H" of dil, HCI was added, Black was passed through it 2 | To about 1-2 mi of the | A pale blue ppt. was | Cu is confirmed, Pale bive ppt is due to its salt solution, di NH.OH | fst formed which | basic salt and deep blue solution is due to solution was added | dissolved in excess of | [Cu(NHs)sJSOs. dropwise and then in| the reagent forming | CuSO, + 2NH,OH-»CuSO,. CulOH): + warmed and H:S gas | excess, deep blue solution. | (NH,):S04 ‘CuSO4.CulOH)r+(NHs)2S0, + BNH.OH-> 2ICUNH.JSO« + 8H:0 3. | To about 1 miof the salt | A reddish brown ppt. | Cu" is confirmed. The reddish brown ppt is solution few drops of | was obtained due to formation of copper ferrocyanide potassium ferro cyanide 2CUSO«+KlFe(CN}e]-rCuslFe(CNolb + solution was added. 2K2SOs. Reddish brown Paget ae Test for Cd?":— Experiment Observation Inference To about 1-2 mi of the salt solution about 1 ml of dil. HCI was added, warmed and H,S gas was passed through it. ‘A. yellow ppt was obtained. May be Cd as CdS is yellow in colour. Cd?” + HS-+CdSI + 2H" Yellow To about 1-2 mi of the salt solution, dil, NaOH solution was added drop ‘A white ppt. was obtained and in excess of the reagent it was insoluble, Cd" is confirmed. The white ppt is due to Cd(OH)2 Ca?" + 2NaOH->Cd(OH)-+2Na" beaker full of water. by drop and then in White L excess. Experiment Observation Inference 1. | To about 1-2 ml of the | A yellow ppt was | May be As”. salt solution about 1 mt | obtained. 2As + 3H,S-VAs,Syt + 6H” of dil, HCI was added, Yellow warmed and HS gas was passed through it 2. |The yellow precipitate | The yellow ppt was | As‘ is confirmed. formed in experiment (1) | dissolved on treatment | As,S, is insoluble in yellow ammonium was treated with yellow | with yellow ammonium | sulphide. ammonium sulphide and | sulphide and was then treated with di. | reappeared on Hol acidification Tost for Sb'*":— Experiment Observation Inference 4. | To about 1-2 mi of the | An orange-red ppt. | May be Sb". The orange-red ppt may be salt solution about 1 mi | was obtained. due to formation of Sb,Ss. of dil, HCI was added, Sb" + 3H,S-> Sb,S3 1 + 6H” warmed and HS gas Orange-red was passed through it. 2. | About 2 mi of the salt | A white precipitate was | Sb‘ is confirmed, solution was added to a | obtained. White ppt is due to SbOCl. SbCh + H,O-SbOCH+HCI White ga. 1 br ante Experiment Observation Inference 1. | To about 1-2 ml of the salt solution about 1 mi of dil, HCI was added, warmed and H:S gas was passed through it A brown ppt was obtained. May be Sn’ as Sas is brown in colour. Sn?" + H)S-SnSt + 2H” Brown 2. | To about 1-2 ml of the salt solution, dil, NaOH solution was added drop by drop and then in y excess, A white ppt. was first obtained and in excess of the reagent, it was soluble. ‘sn‘* is confirmed. ‘The white ppt. is due to formation of Sn(OH)2 and with excess of the reagent water soluble ‘Na;SnOb is formed, ‘SnCl, + 2NaOH->Sn(OH)e/+2NaCl white ‘Sn(OH), + 2NaQH->Na,Sn0;+2NaOH Sodium stannite 3, | To about 1-2 ml of the salt solution HgCle | | solution was added drop by drop and the solution A white ppt. was first obtained which turned grey to black on warming, ‘Sn’* is confirmed. White ppt. is due to Hg2Cl, and grey to black colour is due to Hg. SnCl, + 2HgCl,-»SnCletHg.Cle was warmed. ae SnCl + Hg:Cl, > SnCle + 2g | Grey Name: Roll No. Group: Paget ae TEST FOR GROUP-III (A) RADICALS (Fe, cr**, Al**) Experiment No: 09 Dat 4. Test for Fo”: Experiment | observation Inference =| was added till saturation and dil, NH,OH was added til alkaline. 4. |To 1-2ml of the salt| A reddish brown ppt solution, solid NH,CI | was obtained. It is due to the formation of Fe(OH) Fe®* + NH.OH >Fe(OH)ob + 3NH«" 2. | To about § ml of the salt solution §-6 drops of ‘cone. HNO; was added ‘and the solution was boiled and divided into 2 parts. added. (@) | Part: To this solution | A blood red ‘about 1 ml of ammonium | colouration was thiocyanate solution was | obtained. | Fe’ jon is confirmed. The blood red colouration is due to formation of thiocyanate ‘complex of iron. Fe® +NH,CNS—>[Fe(CNS)]” +NH; Blood red about 1 mi of potassium ferrocyanide solution was added. (&) | Part-I: To this solution | A Prussian blue colour ppt. was obtained. Fe ion is confirmed. AF oP +3K.{Fe(CNy)>FedFe(CN)eb! + 124° Blue ppt 2. Testforcr’:— Experiment I Observation: Inference saturation and dil, NH/OH added til alkaline. 4. | To 4-2ml of the salt solution, solid NHCI’ was added til was ‘A. greenish white ppt. was obtained May be Cr** as Cr(OH), is greenish white CP*+3NH.OH > Cr(OH)s b +3NHu* 2 | To about 1-2mi of the ‘minutes, it was cooled and li dil. CHsCOOH and Pb(GH;COO): solution was added. salt solution 3~Aml of NaOH solution was added followed with about tml of HzO, solution and the solution was boiled for about 2 little ‘A yellow ppt. was obtained Cr is confirmed The yellow ppt. is due to the formation of Pb CrO,, 2Cr"+ 3H,0;+ 10NaOH > 2 NazCrO,+ 6Na" + BH,O NazCrO«t Pb(CHsCOO)2 > PbCrO, 4+ 2CH;COONa yellow | Page #1 3. Tost for Al”: Experiment Observation Inference 1. | To 1-2m! of the salt solution, solid NH4CI was added till saturation and dil, NH.OH was added til alkaline, To about 1-2 mi of the salt solution dil, NaOH solution was added dropwise and then in excess ‘A gelatinous white ppt. was obtained. A gelatinous white ppt. was obtained which was soluble with ‘excess of the reagent May be AP 2AP™+ 6NH,OH > 2AK(OH)s + 6NHe" | Ar is confirmed The white ppt. is due to the | formation of AI(OH)s which get dissolved due | to the formation of NaAlO; with excess NaOH. 2A" + 6NaOH—> 2AI(0H),4 + 6Na" AI(OH); # NaOH 0 NaAlO; + 2H:0 Sodium meta aluminate Name Roll No. Group Page #2# TEST FOR GROUP-III (B) RADICALS (Co, Ni2*, Mn", Experiment No: 19 Date: 1 2 2. Test for Co” zZn**) 1 of te sat solution, solid NHS! was added tl saturation | c NHLOH was acted akaline and 4,5 gas was passed through t 2 | To about 4-2 mi of te salt solution few drops of KCI solution wes sded followed wth sold sodium nite end dit CH:COOH, The sokution was beck for sometime Test for NP Experiment 4. [To 42m of the sat solution, solid NHAC! was sides til saturation Sl NHOH was added 1 elaine and 4,5 225 was passed trough t 2 To about 1-2mi of te att solution few crops of dimethyiglyorine reagert was added end te solution wes made akalng with excess i ) | NH A yellow oct mee ooanes oo wes ® cbtained e orfrmes Tre yelow cot is cue aNCre) (Poressium toma of cxatinicte, N= LO INCaie) BOZO NOS confirmed Tre red oct is ue forater o Mere! cimemyigyceme comiex Test for Min” :— | Exporlmont | Observation Inferonce | 4 | To 1-2 ml of the salt A flesh colour ppt. was | May be Mn” | solution, solid NHC! | obtained Wri" + HS» Mn + 2H" | was added till saturation, Gi, NHLOH as added il aaline and H,S ga |__| was passed through it__| ee al Ia. | To about 1-2 ani of the | purple colouration | Mn “is confirmed. The purple colouration is |_| salt solution few draps of | was obtained | due to formation of HMnOx (permanganic | ail HNO, was added. | acid) | The solution was boiled, | ‘5NaBiO; + 2Mn”* + 16HNOs—> cooled and pinch of | 2HlinOc+ SBi(NO.),+ NaNOs#4Na" +7H:0 sodium ——bismuthate | | (teBio.) was added. | | ee Test for Zn” |_| experiment | observation Inference 1, [To t-2mi of the salt|A white ppt. was | May be Zn” solution, solid NHiCI | obtained Zn +H,S-+ 2084 +24 was added til saturation, | Gi, NHOH was added til alkaline and HS gas | was passed through it. 2 | To about 1-2mi of the |A white ppt. was | Zn’"is confirmed, The white ppt. is due 10 | catt solution dil, NaOH | obtained initially, which | Zn(OH), which get dissolved with excess of was added drop by drop | was soluble in excess | the reagent due tothe formation of Nax2nOz | ofthe reagent. 2n®* 4 2NaOH Zn (OH)z* 2Na" | 2n(OH)s* 2NaOH— Na;Zn0; + 2H,0 | Sodium zincate ‘and then in excess. To about 1-2 mi of the | A white ppt. was | Zn*is confirmed. The formation of white ppt. | || salt stuion few drops of | obiained is due to zine ferocyanide | K{Fe(CN)] solution was 2zn** + KeFe(CN)e| > Zne{Fe(CN):]b + 4K" | eddea White Name Roll No. Group: Page#2# Experiment No: 11 Date: TEST FOR GROUP-IV RADICALS (Ba**, Sr”*, Ca**) To about 1-2ml of the salt solution, solid NH.CI was added till saturation, dil, NH.OH was added ‘ll alkaline and (NH):COs solution was added tot 4. Test for Ba"':— Experiment To about 1-2 mi of the sat solution K,CrO. solution was added, 2. Testfor Sr: A white ppt. was | obtained. Observation | yellow ppt. was obtained. May be Ba®*, Sr°*, Ca** radicals are present Inference Ba is confirmed. Yellow ppt. is due to the formation of BaCrO. Bat"+ KiC1O,—> BaCrOut +2K" | | Experiment "To about +-2ml of the salt solution saturated soltion of CaSO. was | was warmed | added & the solution | Observation ‘A white ppt was obtained Inference ris confirmed. White ppt. is due to the formation of S*SOx SP*+ CaSO. S180, 1 +Ca” 3, Test for Ca” | Experiment | To about 1-2 ml of the |x ston abou 1m ‘of ammonium oxalate Observation JA white ppt, was | obtained Inference ‘Cat's confirmed. Itis due to formation of CaCO, (caleium oxalate). Ca?*+(NH,)2C:01-> CaCO, 1 +2NH." solution was added & | ne the solution was made | alkaline with a NHOH. | | Name Roll No. Group: Paget 1# TEST FOR GROUP-V RADICALS (NHq*, Mg**,Na* K*) Experiment No: 12 Dat 4. Test for NH. Experiment Observation Inference | To about 1-2mi of the | Ammonia forming NH; Salt. salt solution, about tml | dense white fumes | NH; +NaOH—> NH, 1 +Na’ +H,0 of dil. NaOH solution | with a glass rod dipped was added and boiled. | in concHCi was evolved To about 1-2ml of the |A brown ppt. was | NH, Is confirmed. | salt solution, Nessler's | obtained Brown ppt. is due to the formation of reagent was added. ‘oxymercuri ammonium iodide NH; +2K, (Hl +4KOH > sean | 1-Hg-O-Hg-NH, | +7K14+3H,0+K° 2. Test for Mg":— Experiment Observation Inference To about 1-2mi of the | A white ppt. was | Mg” salt is confirmed. salt solution, solid NH,C! | obtained Mg’ + Na,HPO,+ NH,OH—> was added til saturation, Mg(NH.)PO. + 2Na’ +0 Nc ns steed a il akaline and cisogium a hydrogen phosphate (NaHPO,) solution was added to it To about 1-2m! of the ‘salt solution about 1m of | obtained di, HCI was added followed with 2-3 drops of magneson reagent(solution of p- nitrobenzene azo resorcinol in NaOH) and | the solution was made | alkaline strongly with | NaOH solution. ‘A. blue ppt was | Mg is confirmed, This is due to the adsorption of the reagent upon Mg(OH)2 in alkaline solution Pager 1 3. Test for Na’: tt | Observation Inference To about 1-2mi ofthe salt | White crystaline ppt. Na‘is confirmed. The ppt. s due to formation solution about 1 mi of | was obtained. of (sodium pyroantimonate) NazH;Sb,O7 K:H:S0:0; (Potassium 2Na"+K:H,Sb:0;— Na;H,Sb;Or + +24 pyroantimonate) solution white was added & the inner side of the test tube was scratched with 2 glass (8. 4. Testfork= Experiment Observation Inference | To about {-2ml of the sak | A yelow ppt was Kis confined. This is due othe formation of | soluion, solid NaNO; was | obtained potassium cobatinite | added sl saturation | KCI CHINO.) +7NaNO, +20H.COOH followed wit few drops of | 1+20H, COONa+2NaNO, Ca(NO.), seaion. Abo | ‘ml of dil. acetic acid was +3NaCI+NO+H.0 | added to fond the, | scliion was kept for | Name Roll No. Group: Paget Ze Unknown Salt Analysis-1 Experiment No:13 Date ‘Aim of the Experiment : To identity the basic radical present in the supplied salt ‘A. Number of the Salt:M24 B. Colour of the Salt:Colourless C. Structure of the Salt :Crystalline D. —Solubility:Water E, Dry test for basis radicals: (i) Heating ina test tube, Experiment Observation | Inference A. small amount of | Salt was decripitated | May be crystalline salt. | supplied salt was heated | in a clean & dry test tube (il) Heating in a charcoal cavity. Experiment Observation Inference ae alae aicteecnaa supplied salt was cecrepitated {ip It may be an alkali metal halide (Rame test | || in charcoal cavity in (iy No resiiue was le | i tobe performed) | | the oxidising bunsen | within the charcoal | fame cavity (ii) Flame Test |_| experiment Observation Inference ‘A. persistant golden yellow flame was | A clean nichrome wire moistened with conc. HCI wes dipped into the | observed through ssalt and then shown to |naked eye and, colourless through fame, The colour ofthe | double bue las. || name was observed | | through naked eye and the oxidising Bunsen through double blue glass. Itmay be a sodium salt. F. Wet Test for basic radical: Experiment Observ Inference Test for Group-l: No precipitate was | Group-! basic radicals are absent | Tot-2 mi of the salt | formed solution about tml of di | HCI was added | Test for Group-li No precipitate was | Group-Il basic radicals are absent The above solution was | formed | warmed and HS gas was passed through it Test for Group-il(A): | No precipitate was To 1-2 mi of the sait | obtained solution solid NH,Cl was added til saturation, di NH.OH was added til alkaline Test for Group-Il(B): | No precipitate was | Group-Il(@) basic racicals are absent HS gas _was passed | obtained through the solution obtained from the previous test | TestforGroup-v: [No precipitate was | Group-IV basic radicals are absent. To 1-2ml of the supplied | obtained salt solution solid NH.CI ‘was added fill saturation, dil, NH,OH was added til alkaline and a saturated solution of (NHQCOs was added to it Test for Group - V Basic radical : Test for NH. To about 1-2mi of the | No ppt. was obtained. salt solution, Nessler's reagent was added. NH; radical is absent 2. Tost for Mg: Exporimont To about 1-2mi of the salt solution, solid NH«CI was added til saturation, dil, NHOH was added till alkaline and disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na:HPO,) solution was added toi Test for Nav To 1-2 mlof the supplied salt solution about Imi of potassium pyroantimonate (K:H,Sb,0;) solution was added and the solution was thoroughly stirred with a glass rod, Conclusion: Obsorvation No ppt. was obtained A white precipitate formed, Inforonco Mg’ radical is absent. crystalline | Na' is confirmed. was | 2Na' + KoH2Sb;0;-> NasHzSb;0r +2K From the above experiment itis concluded thatthe basic radical present in the supplied salt is Na” Name Roll No. Group: Unknown Salt Analysis — 7. Experiment no: 14 Date ‘Aim of the Experiment : To identity the basic radical present in the supplied sat No. of the salt : M48 Colour of the salt white Structure of the salt : Amorphous ‘Solubility of the salt Soluble in dil, HCI DRY TEST FOR BASIC RADICALS Heating in a test tube: Experiment Observation Inference A tle of the supplied salt was heated in a clean and dry test tube, A colourless, odourless gas was evolved which extinguished a glowing match stick and turned lime water milky. It may be a decomposable carbonate salt. jing in a charcoal cavity: Experiment Observation Inference A little of the salt was heated in a charcoal cavity in the oxidizing Bunsen flame with the help of blow pipe. ‘A white infusible and incandescent residue was left in the charcoal cavity It may be Al, Zn, Mg, Ba, Sr or Ca salt. (Cobalt ritrate test is to be performed) 3. Cobalt Nitrate test: Experiment Observation Inference To the white, infusible residue ‘obtained in previous experiment, ‘one drop of Co(NOs)2 solution was added and was heated in the oxidizing Bunsen flame with the help of blow pipe. A grey mass was left. It may be Ba, Sr or Ca salt (flame testis to be performed) a 4 Plain tont | Exporimont Obnorvation | A-cloan nielvomo wite motstonod | Dick red flame was obsorved with cone HCI, dipped Into the | through naked eyo and light green nit and was shown to. the | tame t oxidizing Bunsen flame. Tho colour of the flame was observed | though naked eye and through double blue glass, WET TEST FOR BASIC RADICALS Tost for Group-: Since the sails solubie in clute HCI, group: Tost for Group: Exporimont About 2 ml of the salt solution was ‘warmed and HS gas was passed through Tost for Group-lllA: To about 2 mi of the salt solution, solid NH.CI was added ttl saturation and dil through double blue glass, + radical ae aboent | obsorvation No, ppt. was formed. | Obsorvation No. ppt. was formed “Inforance Wana be caus salt Inforonce Group-ll basic radicals (Hg" 80°") are absent, Inference GroupHlllA basic radicals (Fe Cr" and Al") are absent. Bi", Cu", Ca", As, Sn” and | EEE ECE ee eee Sie Seo eta en Exporimont Observation Inforence Through the solution obtained in previous experiment, H,S gas was passed. No. ppt. was formed GroupuillB basic radicals (Co Ni, Mn" and Zn") are absent. Tost for Group-V: Experimont Observation Inference To about 2 mi ofthe supplied salt solution, solid NH,CI was added til saturation, di NH.OH was added til alkaline and a saturated solution of (NH,):CO; was added to i _ Awhite ppt.. was formed radicals is present (May be Ba” or Ca" or Sr") One of the Group1V basic 4. Individual tost for Group radicals: | Exporimont | Observation |The white ppt, oblained in previous | experiment was dissolved in 2 ml of di CH\COOH and the solution was boiled to drive out CO;. Then this solution was divided into three parts, Inforonco (a) To the first part few drops of KzCrO, | (a) No ppt. was obtained (2) Ba is absent, (b) To the second part (NHs)2S0, solution | (b) No ppt. was obtained was added. (0) Sis absent (c) To the third part (NH.)zC:0, solution | (c) A white ppt. was was added and the solution was made | obtained. alkaline with dil. NH.OH (6) Ca" is confirmed. Ca + (NHe)2C:04 > CaC,0,b + 2NHW Calcium oxalate (White) Conclusion: Hence the given salt contain basic radical Ca". Name Roll No. Group Identification of Funct nal Group present in given organic compound Exporimont no: 15 Dato Aim of tho Exporimont: Identification of Functional Group present in given organic compound No. of the compound OM Colour of the compound Colourless Odour of tho compound Pleasant Copper foll tost: __ Experiment Observation Inference ‘A small copper foil was taken | & non-sooty flame was ‘The compound is aliphatic & heated over non-luminous | obtained bunsen flame till no colouration was obtained in the flame. The foil was cooled, @ little of the — organic substance was taken on the copper foil and hated over non Test for Unsaturation: Experiment Observation Inference To about 1-2 mi of the| No colour was observed. (i) The organic compound is solution of organic compound saturated, (in HzO or in CCh) , 1-2 drops of bromine water was added & mixed well by shaking. Litmus Paper Test: Experiment Observation Inference The compound may contain ‘A. small quantity of the given | The colour of both ‘organic compound was placed on | change. neutral groups like alcoholic ~OH both the moist blue & red litmus fr carbonyl group paper. i AL. Tost for Alcoholic Functional Group: Coric Ammonium Nitrate tost Experiment Observation Inference To about 1 ml ofthe given organic | Red colour was obtained ‘Alcoholic - OH group is | compound , few drops of ceric confirmed, | ‘ammonium nitrate solution was added & shaken. l Ester formation test: Experiment Observation Inference ‘Alcoholic ~ OH group is confirmed About ml of given organic | A fruity odour was observed ‘compound was taken in a clean test tube, then few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid and few drops acetic acid was added init number 048 contain alcoholic functional group. Conclusion: The given organic compound: Nam Roll No: Group: Identification of Functional Group present in given organic Experiment no : 16 compound Date ‘Aim of th Experiment : Identification of Functional Group present In given organic compound No. of the compound 0-2 Colour of the compound + Colourless ‘Odour of the compound Pungent Copper foil test: Experiment Observation Inference A small copper foil was taken & heated over non-luminous bunsen flame till no colouration was obtained in the flame. The foil was cooled, a little of the organic substance was taken on the copper foil and hated over non = luminous bunsen flame. | A non-sooty flame was obtained ‘The compound Is aliphatic Test. for Unsaturation: Experiment Observation Inference To about 1-2 ml of the solution of organic compound (in HzO or in Ck) , 1-2 drops of bromine water was added & mixed well by shaking. No colour change took place (i) The organic compound is saturated. Litmus Paper Test: Experiment Observation Inference ‘A small quantity of the given ‘organic compound was placed on both the moist blue & red litmus Paper. The colour of blue litmus paper tured red. The compound may be acidic Sodiu 1m Bicarbonate test : Experiment Observation Inforonce To about 1 ml ofthe given organic compound was taken in a test tube, then few drops of sodium bicarbonate solution was added in it Effervescence took place Carboxylic functional group present Tost for Carboxylic functional Group: ‘Sodium Bicarbonate test (ieee reer emer INO tate) ait Observation __ Inference i | To about 1 mi of the given organic | Effervescence took place Carborylic functional group | compound was taken in a test| confirmed, | tube, then few drops of sodium bicarbonate solution was added in it Ester formation test: \ Experiment | Observation I Inference ee | about imi of given organic | A futy odour was observed Carboxylic functional group compound was taken in a clean | confirmed. fest tube, then few drops. of | concentrated sulphuric acid and few drops ethyl alcohol was | added init Fertic chloride tes T T |___ Experiment | Observation | inference | About 1 mi of neutral ferric | Abrown precipitated was Carboxylic functional group is confirmed chloride solution was taken in a | obtained | clean test tube and 2 small | quantity of the given organic | compound was added & shaken well Conclusion: The given organic compound with number 0-12 contain carboxylic functional group. Identification of Functional Group present in given orgai compound Experiment no : 17 + Identification of Functional Group present in given organic compound No. of the compound 08 Colour of the compound : Colourless: Odour of the compound Pleasant Copper foil test: _ Experiment Observation Inference | A small copper foil was taken | A Non-sooty flame was The compound is aliphatic & heated over non-luminous | obtained bunsen flame till no colouration was obtained in the flame. The foil was cooled, @ little of the organic substance was taken on the copper foil and hated over non = luminous bunsen flame. Test for Unsaturation: Experiment Observation Inference To about 1-2 ml of the| No colour change was (i) The organic compound is solution of organic compound | observed. saturated. (in #0 or in Ck) , 1-2 drops of bromine water was added & mixed well by shaking, Litmus Paper Test: Experiment Observation | tnforence ‘A smal quantty of the given | The colour ofboth itmus ed not | The compound may contain organic compound was placed on | change. neutral groups like alcoholic ~OH both the moist blue & red litmus or carbonyl group 5 (Y Test for Alcoholic Functional Group: Experiment Observation Inference To about 1 mi of the given organic | No Red colour was obtained Alcoholic ~ OH group is absent. compound , few drops of ceric ‘ammonium nitrate solution was added & shaken, aD says at) itive [A email quantity of ‘oompound | wars obtained rotone, jon organ | van taken ina {uo ant a Milo ottanol wad just {0 diswolvn A About mb of 2 DNPH olution avs ded {ott tho tont tubo. wa | oi ton - OM shaken well & the Inner fide of the tont tubo was neratehod by a plane rod Ir a et CO), At NO; 2,4 ~ Dinitrophenyphydrazone (Orange Celiam ppt) HO ‘Tont for aldohydo functional group: (1) Fohting’n Toot: Bi Exporimont Obsorvation Inference | About 1 mi each of fbling’s | A red precipita was obtained | Presence of an aldehyde group is solution A & B wore taken In a confines loan test tube A small quantity RCHO +26u"? + 50H (4-6 drops or 0.29 ) of the (chiing’s solution) ‘organic compound was added to m4 1 & the test tube was warmed! In ee uaO a COOH ate a hot water bath for about & (Red ppt) minutes i eae) {li Tollons? Tost (Silvor Mirror Tost): iH eenaeettit i Inference | “About 1 ml of AgNO, eolution | A shining ser miror | Presence of aldehyde functional group is confirmed was taken in a clean test tube | was obtained in the test | AgNO,+3NH,OH—[Ag(NH:):JOH+NH

    You might also like