A AREVA Analysis and Protection of Power Systems Course Tutorial Fault Current Distribution in Transformers ( “~ T&D EEnoigy Automation & information ~ St Leonard ea(ayi78s 225251 - Fax: »4a(0)1T00 2 joous ~ Stattord ~ S17 ALX ~ EnglanaPage t TUTORIAL :- FAULT CURRENT DISTRIBUTION IN TRANSFORMERS Questions Consider an earth fault at F on the high voltage (H) side of the auto transformer shown below and calculate the current distribution in the transformer windings and the neutral currents at the source and transformer earthing-points. All impedances are referred to the 100kV winding, ie. to V3. 700KV phase to phase. Earth Fault on Phase A Transformer winding voltages Vu = 100KV, V, = SOKV, Vy = 5OKV ‘Transformer impedances X= 120hms, X, = -3ohms, Xr = 28 ohms The source on the low voltage (L) side of the transformer is solidly earthed and has the following equivalent sequence impedances, each considered as purely reactive :- Xs1 = Xsq = 20ohms, Xgoq = 10 ohms Ifthe source on the low voltage (L) side of the transformer is unearthed, calculate the new current distribution, TuTosPage 2 Xy = 120; 100kV B-N H Earth Fault on Phase A Xq =X = 200 X.= 102 50kV @ -N SOKV B-D The sequence networks for the system can be drawn as follows:- NoPage 3 For an earth fault at F, the total sequence impedances to the fault are :- 2, = 28 ohms Z_ = 29 ohms B= 12+ et = 17.6 ohms Interconnection of the sequence networks:~ 3 = =p = OXI 13308 Current in high voltage winding equals the fauit current Tay = Iz = Tyo = 13308 Twa = Jan + Jno + Ino = 39908 The tertiary winding has only zero sequence current flowing in it (0.2 1; referred to high voltage side Tro 0 0.2 x 22 x 1; referred to tertiary voltage 0.2 x 2 x 1330 = 532A Currents in the low voltage connections are calculated as follows :- Iu = hi = hh x z referred to low voltage 100 = 100 = 26608 1330 x Gy = 266 4100 100 = 0. = 1330 x 100 = yy = 08 X Tp x Gy = 0.8 x 1930 x FO = 21284 TuUTOSPage 4 Ta = ha + hha + luo = 2660 + 2660 + 2128 = 7448A = ay + alia + hho = @+a)hy tho = “litho u -2660 + 2128 = -532A. Tuc = (a + a) uy + Ing = 832A. / 3 Sho = Z x 2128 63844 Current from earth into neutral of source on low voltage side Current in the fault = 3149 = 39904 Current from earth into neutral of transformer = Slo ~3lyo = 3(1330 - 2128) = -3 x 798 = -2394A The rest of the current distribution follows and is given below. Note that a balance of ampere tums is obtained in each phase between the three sections of winding; each section of winding having the same number of turns. Current Distribution Ss —— 3458 3990 ~ TUTOSPage 5 For the case of an unearthed source on the low voltage side of the transformer, the positive and negative sequence impedances remain the same as for the earthed case but the zero sequence impedance network changes to: No Tro > Xqo = 280. Tro Kyo = 122 Fo For an earth fault at F, the total sequence impedances to the fault are - Z; = 29 ohms, Z, = 29ahms, Z, = 40 ohms. 100 x 10° = 102 aa 0A h=kh=h= * High voltage winding current :~ Iya = 3ly = 30608 Tertiary winding current :- 100 = 100 = 204 Tro = In x Gy = 20408 Currents in low voltage connections - Ta = lr + Tz + Yo = 40808 = “ly + ho = 20408 u TUTOSPage 6 Tyg = -2040A Current from earth into neutral of the transformer = ly = 3060A Current distribution :- TUTos