BSR 552

CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY I

NATURAL
DISASATER

DATE: 8/4/2022
INTRODUCTION TO NATURAL DISASTER

WATER MOVEMENT
EARTHQUAKE

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FLOODING
 HAZARDS EXPOSURE

RISK

VULNERABILITY LOCATION
 EARTHQUAKE
• Earthquake is a phenomenon where there is a sudden release of extreme energy from the earth crust resulting in
shaking and displacement of the ground along with the creation of seismic waves. It is also can be considered as
vibration of the earth produced by the rapid release.

• Earthquake can cause a big waves and might lead to tsunami if it is happened in the seabed. Volcanic eruption is
one of the factor that can cause earthquake.

• It is important to design a building that is able to resist the earthquake forces

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CAUSES OF DAMAGE INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO
HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING

CAUSES SOIL AMPLIFICATION

OF
DAMAGE
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT
(SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND
FAILURE)

IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION
AND PLAN

TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP

LACK OF DETAILING AND POOR

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

LACK OF ATTENTION TO
NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

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The Nature of Ground Motion and Its Effect on
Buildings
GROUND WATER MOVEMENT
• Groundwater is found beneath the Earth's surface in soil pore spaces and rock formation
fractures
• It is necessary to identify the groundwater movement before construction start.
• Groundwater can cause structure of the ground unstable to resist the load from the
building itself.

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Water is the primary enemy in expansive soils. pr
There is either too much water, causing the soil to
waterlogged and causing crack in the building
foundation.
Evaporation and transpiration cause soil start to dry
and shrink. Tendency structure to move

Plumbing leaks and drainage causing excessive

moisture to the soils which reduce the strength of the
soil

Soft fill soil and settlement will cause a building rests

on unstable ground, resulting damage such as crack
and many more.

• Building foundation is in direct contact with

the ground and joins the buildings structure
with the underlying zone of soil or rock.

• The function of foundations is to transfer the

structures load to the underlying soil or rock,
without excessive settlement or movement.
5 minutes break!!!
 BUILDING DESIGN
Earthquake causes shaking of the ground, so a building resting on it will
experience motion at its base

Inertia force experiences by the roof is transferred to the ground via

columns causing forces in the column

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 HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL SHAKING
Earthquake causes shaking of the ground in all direction X, Y, Z

Structure should sustain horizontal earthquake shaking (x and y direction)

and connection between the structure should safely transfer inertia forces
through them

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SIZE & LAYOUT OF THE BUILDING

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 HOW THE BUILDINGS TWIST DURING EARTHQUAKE
Twist in buildings called torsion ,
which move horizontally by different
amounts. It is best to minimize this
twist by ensuring the buildings have
symmetry in plan (uniformly
distributed mass and load)

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BUILDING ELEVATIONS

Horizontal & vertical changes in symmetry, mass, and stiffness-

deviation from regularity will increase a building vulnerability to damage
from ground shaking

symmetry mass
stiffness
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HOW TO INCREASE STRENGTH IN TERM OF STIFFNESS

Central Core

Bracing System

Shear Wall
NOTE: Analysis of the effects of
changes in the local site geology
stiffness & the construction materials, key
parameters in controlling a
building’s performance, are NOT
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SOURCE OF INFORMATION
The following graphics assessment of building vulnerability to earthquake
ground shaking were developed by an insurance company and provided
to other organizations for educational uses

The purpose of vulnerability function is to estimate loss if there is an

earthquake happened.

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ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY

BUILDING RELATIVE
ELEVATION VULNERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]

1-2

LOCATIONS OF
POTENTIAL FAILURE

None, if attention given to

foundation and
non-structural elements.
Box Rocking may crack
foundation and structure.
X-Cracks around windows.
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ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY

BUILDING RELATIVE
ELEVATION VULNERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]

LOCATIONS OF
POTENTIAL FAILURE

None, if attention
given to foundation
and non structural
Pyramid elements. Rocking
may crack foundation.

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ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY

BUILDING RELATIVE
ELEVATION VULNERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]

4-6

LOCATIONS OF
POTENTIAL FAILURE

Top heavy, asymmetrical

structure, may cause failure at
foundation due to rocking and
Inverted Pyramid overturning.

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ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY

BUILDING RELATIVE
ELEVATION VULNERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]

5-6

LOCATIONS OF
POTENTIAL FAILURE

Asymmetry and
horizontal transition in
mass, stiffness and
“L”- Shaped Building damping (vibration
control) may cause
failure where lower and
upper structures
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ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY

BUILDING RELATIVE
ELEVATION VULNERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]

3-5

LOCATIONS OF
POTENTIAL FAILURE

Vertical transition and

asymmetry may cause
failure where lower
Inverted “T”
part is attached to
tower.
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ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY

BUILDING RELATIVE
ELEVATION VULNERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]

2-3

LOCATIONS OF
POTENTIAL FAILURE

Vertical transition in
mass, stiffness, and
damping may cause
Multiple Setbacks failure at foundation
and transition points
at each floor.
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ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY

BUILDING RELATIVE
ELEVATION VULNERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]

4-5

LOCATIONS OF
POTENTIAL FAILURE

Top heavy
asymmetrical structure
may fail at transition
Overhang point and foundation
due to rocking and
overturning.
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ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY

BUILDING RELATIVE
ELEVATION VULNERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]

6-7

LOCATIONS OF
POTENTIAL FAILURE

Horizontal and vertical

transitions in mass
and stiffness may
Partial “Soft” Story cause failure on soft
side of first floor;
rocking and
overturning.
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ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY

BUILDING RELATIVE
ELEVATION VULNERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]

8 -10

LOCATIONS OF
POTENTIAL FAILURE

Vertical transitions in
mass and stiffness
may cause failure on
“Soft” First Floor transition points
between first and
second floors.
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ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY

BUILDING RELATIVE
ELEVATION VULNERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]

9 -10

LOCATIONS OF
POTENTIAL FAILURE

Horizontal and vertical

transitions in mass
and stiffness may
cause failure at
Combination of “Soft”
Story and Overhang transition points and
possible overturning.
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ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY

BUILDING RELATIVE
ELEVATION VULNERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]

10

LOCATIONS OF
POTENTIAL FAILURE

Horizontal transition in
stiffness of soft story
columns may cause
failure of columns at
Building on Sloping foundation and/or
Ground contact points with
structure.
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ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY

BUILDING RELATIVE
ELEVATION VULNERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]

8- 9

LOCATIONS OF
POTENTIAL FAILURE

Horizontal and vertical

transition in stiffness
and cause failure of
individual members.
Theaters and Assembly
Halls

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ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY

BUILDING RELATIVE
ELEVATION VULNERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]

9- 10

LOCATIONS OF
POTENTIAL FAILURE

Horizontal and vertical

transition in mass and
stiffness may cause
Sports Stadiums failure columns.

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BUILDING FLOOR PLANS

Changing floor plans from simple to complex and from symmetrical to

asymmetrical will increase a building’s vulnerability to ground shaking.

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ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY

RELATIVE
FLOOR PLAN VULNERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]

POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS

None, if symmetrical
layout maintained

Box

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ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY

RELATIVE
FLOOR PLAN VULNERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]

2- 4

POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS

Differences in length
Rectangle and width will cause
differences in strength,
differential movement,
and possible
overturning.
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ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY

RELATIVE
FLOOR PLAN VULNERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]

2- 4

POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS

Asymmetry will cause

torsion and enhance
damage at corners.

Street Corner

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ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY

RELATIVE
FLOOR PLAN VULNERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]

5- 10

POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS

Asymmetry will
enhance damage at
corner regions.

“U” - Shape

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ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY

RELATIVE
FLOOR PLAN VULNERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]

POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS

Open space in center

reduces resistance
and enhance damage
at corner regions.
Courtyard in Corner

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ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY

RELATIVE
FLOOR PLAN VULNERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]

POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS

Asymmetry will cause

torsion and enhance
damage at intersection
and corners.
“L” - Shape

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ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY

RELATIVE
FLOOR PLAN VULNERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]

5-7

POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS

Directional variation in
stiffness will enhance
damage at intersecting
corner.
“H” - Shape

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ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY

RELATIVE
FLOOR PLAN VULNERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]

8-10

POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS

Asymmetry and directional

variation in stiffness will
enhance torsion and damage
at intersecting.
Complex Floor Plan

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ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY

RELATIVE
FLOOR PLAN VULNERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]

5 -9

POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS

Asymmetry and
Curved Plan irregularities will cause
torsion and enhance
damage along
boundaries and at
corners.
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