86 P.C.JSha March 2006 Estimation of hourly rainfall design intensity from 24 -hour maximum rainfall in the context of Nepal Prem Chandra Jha’ Institute of Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, Lalitpur ABSTRAC For the estimation of design floods by Rational method or by similar methods there is a need of data on rainfall design intensity of required frequency. In the formation of big floods (monsoon floods), the maximum intensity of rainfall for 1-hour duration seems to be very critical and hence hourly rainfall design intensity should be used in determining the design floods. Unfortunately, most of the rainfall stations in Nepal are equipped with non-recording rain gauges, where data on rainfall intensity are not available. Ifthe actual data on rainfall intensity are not available, one can estimate it by using an IDF (Intensity-Duration-Frequency) curve, However, this curve again needs various coefficients to be defined. An alternative approach for the estimation of hourly rainfall design intensity is described in this paper. Hourly rainfall design intensity values at 142 selected Meteorological and Rainfall stations of Nepal are estimated and presented. Keywords: Hourly rainfall design inte Reduction coefficient and Transfer coefficient. 24-hour maximum rainfall, Exceedance probability, Returi period, - INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE, OF THE STUDY The flood, due to heavy monsoon rainfall causes large damage of roads and road structures almost every year in Nepal. Similarly, other hydraulic structures of water resources projects are also affected and/or destroyed by heavy monsoon floods. One of the main reasons of these destructions is insufficient study and engineering evaluation of hydro-meteorological conditions for rain - flood formations. Design of hydraulic structures (including bridges) across a river needs an accurate evaluation of design flood. Magnitude of a design flood should be estimated with an exceedance probability (or retum period), which has to be safely passed during the life of structure, A design flood may be assessed accurately with the help of statistics, if there is long annual flood series at the point of interest. However, probabilistic approach can Email: prem_chandra_jha@hotmail.com Journal of Hydrology and Meteorology, Vol.3,No. 1 bbe used in the case of short-term flood data, In Nepal, collection of flood data has been started recently and some data are available at major rivers, although it is very difficult to get even short flood data at the point of interest. At the same time, itis practically impossible to establish hydrometric stations at several points, as they are very costly and difficult to establish because of topography Hence, indirect methods should be used to evaluate a design flood in the absence of flood data. Rainfall data is used as a basic parameter to evaluate runof? from a catchment in many indirect methods Rainfall intensity is also used in some of the methods, such as Rational method. The rainfall data is collected at rainfall stations, which are less costly and easy to establish, compared to hydrometric stations. 1.2 NEED AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The design flood of required frequency ean be ated by Rational method or by similar methods SOHAM-Nepal‘March 2006 using rainfall intensity of same frequency. In the formation of big floods (monsoon floods in the context of Nepal), the maximum intensity of rainfall for 1-hour duration seems to be very critical and hence hourly rainfall design intensity should be used in determining the design floods. Unfortunately, most of the rainfall stations in Nepal are equipped with non-recording rain gauges, where data on rainfall intensity are not available. If the actual data on rainfall intensity are not available, one can estimate itby using an IDF (Intensity-Duration-Frequency) curve. However, this curve again needs various coefficients to be defined. Thus, a need is felt for the simple derivation of hourly rainfall design intensity. In general, rainfall data available at the meteorological and rainfall stations of Nepal are cumulative rainfall in 24 hours, Maximum hourly rainfall of the particular day is included in the daily rainfall magnitude. Hence, some relation should exist between daily and hourly rainfall. This was the hypothesis based on which the present study was conducted. Besides, such type of relation is found in some literatures also, such as Rao (1963). The objective of the study was to develop an approach for the estimation of hourly rainfall design intensity of required frequency from 24-hour (daily) maximum rainfall 2, DATA 24-hour rainfalls from DHM records were collected at 256 rainfall stations of Nepal and 142 stations out of 256, which had more than 20 years data, were selected for the study. The rainfall data were available only up to 1990 at the time of study. Annual series of 24-hour maximum rainfall at each of selected 142 stations were prepared and plotted on probability paper. After fitting the probability distribution, 24-hour maximum rainfall of different cexceedance probability were estimated. From these estimated values of 24-hour maximum rainfall, hourly rainfall design intensities of different Journal of Hydrology and Meteorology, Vol. 3, No. 1 P.C.Jha 87 exceedance probability were calculated using the derived formula for the estimation of hourly intensity from 24-hour maximum rainfall, Intensity of rainfall in the most of the interior part of India and some of its central part does not exceed 254 mm in 24 hours. Along the westem coast of India, in the southem part of Assam, in the foothills of Himalaya and sometimes in the plain part of India, 24-hour rainfall varies from 382 to 508 mm, Lastly, maximum intensity of rainfall more than 1016 mm in 24-hour are recorded in the ‘mountain area of Khasi and Cherrapunji. This type of character of rainfall intensity belongs to monsoon rainfall. In Nepal, at the Kathmandu airport meteorological station some short duration data on maximum and average intensity of rainfall (5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120, 360 and 720 minutes) have been recorded for 5 years from 1971 to 1975. Some data of heavy rainfall intensity were recorded at Nijgadh, Karmaiya, Simra Airport and Indian Embassy in Kathmandu from 1964 to 1969 by the Russian engineers during the construction of Patlahiya - Dhalkebar section of Mahendra Rajmarg. These data were used for deriving the equation for hourly rainfall intensity from 24-hr maximum rainfall. 24- hr maximum rainfall had been found out from climatological records of DHM forall stations under study. The derivation of hourly intensity from 24-hour maximum rainfall is illustrated and hourly rainfall design intensity values of different frequency at 142 selected stations of Nepal are estimated, 3. METHOD Rainfall data in Nepal are generally collected by simple non-recording gauges. It is very difficult to get hourly intensity from these gauges. Its assumed that maximum hourly rainfall is direetly proportional to 24-hour maximum rainfall. Hence, 24-hr maximum rainfall values (Hy, 4° MM) are used to estimate hourly intensity. Depth of 1-hr rainfall (H,) in mm may be determined as: SOHAM-Nepal88 Ay, = hy K, he *H, ate mas, (i) where, K,, = Transfer coefficient from 24-hour maximum rainfall to 1-hourmaximum rainfall. ‘This coefficient may be estimated accurately, if the data is available on both 24-hour maximum and hourly maximum rainfall, In present study, H,, is determined by multiplying 60 minutes to the hourly maximum rainfall intensity (I, mm min-1), obtained from the best-fit upper limit lines of Intensity — Duration plotting shown in Figurel. Values of I, is P.C.Jha, ‘March 2006 taken fort = 60 minutes. Using equation (i), actual values of K,, for five rainfall stations (Nijgadh, Karmaiya, Simra Airport, Kathmandu Airport and Indian Embassy at Lazimpat), based on field data are computed and shown in Table]. Theoretically, this transfer coefficient may be determined by formula developed by Alekseiev G. A. of State Hydrological Institute, USSR (1966). K,, = 1/24", Adi) Where, m2 is the Reduction coefficient (power indicator) of rainfall with time Table!: Actual values of K,, obtained from field data and comparison with theoretical values of K,, S| Rainfall station The Har N (index) _|_(mm _(mm) _ 1 Nijgadh (0910) 1.58 94.80 2 | Karmaiya (1121) 1.87 112.2 3 Simra Airport 1.28 76.8 (0909) 4 | Kathmandu Airport 0.68 40.8 102.8 0.40 0.32 (1030) = = i 5 | Indian Embassy, 67.8 173.2 0.39 0.35 Kathmandu (1014) |__ | Average values 0.336 For the estimation of reduction coefficient (n,), following relation developed by Alekseiev G. A. of State Hydrological Institute, USSR (1966) was used: 1,=Sit+o)" ii) Where, 1,=maximum rainfall design intensity of duration t, mm min-1 $= instantaneous rainfall intensity fort = I min, mm min-1 t ¢ = correction coefficient considering reduction of intensity in the region of short duration rainfall, equal to unity jesign duration of rainfall, min Journal of Hydrology and Meteorology, Vol.3, No. 1 Using equation (iii, values of n, for five stations are oblained from the plotting of intensity ~ duration data, Intensities of different durations (from 1 min to 4320 min) at five stations were plotted as log 1,= f (log t) and the best-fit upper limit lines were drawn, Intensity - duration plottings at Nijgadh, Karmaiya, Simra Airport and Kathmandu Airport are presented in Figure! . Using best-fit upper limit lines instantaneous intensities (S, mm min) were determined fort=1 minute (i.¢. og t= 0). Similarly, intensities for t= 1 hour (1, mm min") were obtained. Calculated values of n, are shown in Table 2. SOHAM-NepalMarch 2006 P.C. Jha 89 ‘Table 2: Determination of reduction coefficient n, and K,, (Theoretical) SN Rainfall station (Index) s Tne m Kir (mm min") | (mm min") (Theoretical) L Nijgadh (0910) 23.50 158, 0.66, 0.34 z Karmaiya (1121) 29.50 1.87 0.67 0.35 3 Simra Airport (0909) 17.80 1.28 | 0.64 | 0.32 4 Kathmandu Airport (1030) 9.50 0.68 | 0.64 | 032 3_| Indian Embassy, Kathmandu (1014) 17.80 1.13 | 0.67 0.35 ; ‘Average value 0.656 | 0.336 5 E e E & ead a ' togt.mn 7 Figuret: Intensity - Duration Plotting, log |= f{log t) for different rainfall stations SOHAM-Nepal Journal of Hydrology and Meteorology, Vol.3, No. 190 P.C.Jha Reduction coefficient of maximum discharge (n) can be determined with the help of theoretical formula given by Sokolovsky (1968): US HM, cusacaveciacinnns (iv) Where, n, is the reduction coefficient obtained from Length ~ Area relationship. For Nepal, according to Jha, 1996, Length - Area relation was derived as: L=2.82F %., ) = Length of the stream in km and F = 5 Where, L Catchment area in sq. km. In this relation n, (power of the catchment area F). he maximum value ofn, will maximize the value of K,, and hence hourly rainfall will be more. The maximum field value of n, is equal to 0.67,as shown in ‘Table 2. Value of n can be determined as 0.335 using equation (iv) with n, = 0.67 and n, = 0.5. ‘This estimated value of n is very close to the value, n= 0.33, obtained by Perevoznikov (1966) for Nepal. Hence, n, = 0.67 can be accepted for further calculations. Theoretical values of K,, are calculated with the help of equation (ii) and shown in Table 2. For the comparison with actual field value of K,,, it isalso shown in Table! 4, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Rao (1963) mention that in the monsoon region, K,, may vary from 0.30 to 0.45 for rainfall having. 1-2% frequency. From the study of daily and hourly March 2006 rainfall depth at Haidarabad and Mehboobnagar (India), he recommended hourly maximum rainfall as 40% of daily maximum, i.e. K,, = 0.4 Perevoznikov (1966) had also been determined the value of K,, equal to 0.4 for Nepal In the present study, it can be seen from Table | that actual field valucs of K,, at five rainfall stations, varies from 0.38 to 0.46 with an average value of 0.402. Now, using equation (ii), for accepted value of n,=0.67, theoretical K,, will be equal to 0.3 As the data available for this analysis is very few and only one value of K,, is to be defined for whole Nepal, it is recommended to use average of 0.402 and 0.35, ie. K,, = 0.376 = 0.38 for all rainfall stations of Nepal. For higher degree of accuracy, it should be defined individually for each rainfall station. By using K,, = 0.38, hourly rainfall design intensities (1,,) at selected 142 rainfall stations have been estimated for 300, 100, 50, 33 and 10 years return period from following relationship and the values are presented in table 3. Values I, are calculated for I-minute duration, i.e. mm min-1, by dividing hourly maximum rainfall depth with 60 minutes. 38*H. , 60, mm min". seedvi)) batran Forthe evaluation of space-time variation of hourly rainfall intensity in Nepal, the equal intensity contours (isohyets) of 10-year frequency is drawn and is given in Figure 2. Table 3: Estimated values of hourly rainfall design in mm mit! for different return periods at rainfall stations of Nepal SN_| Station [ Name of station 300 yr | 100 yr | S0yr] 33 yr] 10 yr ae Kakerpakha 108 [095 [0.91 {087 [0.74 2 [103 Patan (West) 109 | 0.99 | 0.92 | 087 | 0.72 3__[ 104 Dadeldhura 219 [184 | 158 | 143 [095 4 | 106 Belauri Shantipur 2.53 [225 [2.09 | 198 [1.62 3__[ 201 Pipalkot 1.98 [1.77 | 1.62 [152 [1.24 6 | 202 Chainpur (West) Lor [oso [0.84 [079 | 0.67 7__| 203 Silgadhi Dott 285 [228 | 1.96 [1.74 [1 8 [205 Katai 253 [220 | 20 | 187 | 143 Journal of Hydrology and Meteorology, Vol.3, No. 1 SOHAM-NepalMarch 2006 o1 SN_[ Station | Name of station 100 yr [ 50 yr | 33 yr | 10 yr 9 | 206 ‘Asara ghat 200 | 1.72 | 155_| 0.98 10_[ 208 Sandepani 203 | 1.90 | 181 | 1.49 Tr 209 Dhangadhi 231 206 | 1.90 Td] 12_| 219 Chisapani (Kamali) 279 | 253 | 231 _| 1.0 13_| 301 Mugu 152_ [127 [in [0.70 14_| 302 Thipu 054__[-ost_|049_| oat 15_[ 303, Jumla 7a [143 [1.20 | 063 16 [305 Sheri Ghat 1.09 _|1.03_|0.99_| 0.84 17 306 Gamshree nagar 0.60 0.53, 0.49 0.35 is_[ 308 Nagma 0.65 | 0.60 | 057 | 0.46 19_[ 309 Bijaypur (Raskot) 0.94 [0.87 | 082 | 0.67 20 312 Dunai 0.84 0.75, 0.68 0.48 21_| 401 Pushpa kami 190 | 1.74 | 165 _|_1.24 22 402 Dailekh 2.22 1.90 1.68 Lol 23_| 403 Jammu (Tikuakuna) 133__| 120 | 114 _|_0.89) 24_| 404 Tajarkot 181 138 | 149 [1 25_| 406 Surkhet (Birendranagar) 295 | 253 | 224 | 1.39 26_| 407 Kusum 1.68__[ 156 [149 | 1.25 27_| 408 Gularia 2.20 | 2.03 | 1.93 | 1.53 28_| 409 Kajura (Nepalganj) 2.76 | 244 | 222 [1.58 29_| 410 Bale Buddha 184 [1.66 _[1.53_[_1.14 30_| 412 Naubasta 2.25 | 2.04 [1.90 [1.39 a [43 Shyano Shree 291 [263 [241 [ 171 32_| S01 Rukumkot 174__[ 158 [150 [1.20 33_| 502 Shera Gaun 072 | 068 | 065 | 0.56 34_| 504 Libang Gaun 247__| 2.03 [ 171 | 1.01 35_| 505 Bijuar Tar 149 [133 [122 [0.90 36_| 507 Nayabasti (Dang) 181 1.66 _[ 155 _[ 1.22 37_| 508 Talsipur 139 [1.29 [1.23 [1.03 38_| 509 Ghorahi (Masina) 11s [112 [1.08 | 0.96 39 [S10 Koilabas 171 158_[ 152 | 1.25 40_| Sit Luamjula Bazar 112 | 1.06 | 1.01_|_0.86 4 601 Jomsom_ 0.70 0.65 0.61 0.48 42 | 604 ‘Thakmarpha 0.70 | 063_| 058 | 0.42 a3_ [605 Baglung 089 [086 [083 [0.75 44 | 606 Tatopani 087 | ost [077 | 0.62 45_ | 607 Lete 0.86 [0.77 _[ 072 | 0.52 46_| 609 Beni Bazar 114 [1.03 [0.95 [0.71 47_| 701 Ridi Bazar 184 | 1.67 _| 158 |_1.22 ag [702 ‘Tansen 244 [2.12 | 1.90 [117 a9_[ 703 Butbal 301__| 277 | 260 | 201 50 704 Beluwa (Girbari) 3.45, 3.07, 2.80 1.87 si_| 705 Bhairahwa Airport 196 | 182 [1.70 [139 32_[ 71s Khanchikot 329 | 298 | 276 | 1.94 Journal of Hydrology and Meteorology, Vol.3, No. 1 SOHAM-Nepal92 P.C. Jha March 2006 SN_[ Station [ Name of station 300 yr [100 yr | 50 yr [ 33 yr | 10 yr 53 716 Taulihawa 2.66 2.38 2.19 2.03 1.62 34 | 722 Musikot 2.53 [219 [1.98 | 184 [1.34 35_| 801 Jagat (Setibas) 1.25 [1.06 | 096 | 0.90 | 0.68 56 802 Khudi Bazar 2.47 2.22 2.04 1.19 1.55 57. 804 Pokhara Airport 2.64 231 2.12 1.93 1.49 58 3807 Kune! 2.85 2.41 2.12 1.90 1.30 59 808 Bandipur 3.01 2.50 217 1.94 1.34 60. 809 Gorkha 2.91 2.31 1.94 1.66 1.01 61 810 Chapkot 2.98 2.53 231 2.14 1.58 62 sil Malepatan Pokhara 2.29 2.09 1.96 187 1.58 63. 814 Lumle 2.28 2.06 1,96 1.85, 1.58 64 902) Rampur 2.45 2.19 1.98 1.87 1.46 65 903 Jabani_ 2.20 1.93 181 1.67 1.32 66 _| 904 Chisapani Gadi 20 [231 | 214 | 201 | 158 67 905 Daman 2.10 1.87 1.70 1.58 1.27 68 906 Hetaunda 475 3.99 3.52 3.17 2.09 | 907 Amlekhganj 2.34 214 98 1.90 38 70_[ 909 Simra Airport 2.44 2.22 2.08 | 1.98 167 __| 7 | 910 Nijgadh 244 [ 2.22 [2.06 | 196 [1.62 72_| 9 Parbanipur 307 | 2.63 | 238 | 219 | 158 73 | 912 Ramoli Bairiya 296 [253 | 229 | 214 | 158 74 1001 ‘Timure 2.13 171 1.46 1.27 0.68 73 | 1002 | Aaru Ghat Bazar Zor_| 181 165_[ 156 | 1.27 76 1004 Nuwakot 1.43 1.27 1.19 Ll 0.89 77 1005 Dhading 3.01 2.46 2.08 1.90 1.39 78 | 1006 | Gumthang T13__| 538 | 428 | 342_[ 150 79 1007 Kakani 1.22 119 Ll 1.09 1.00 80_|_1008__[ Nawalpur Ti7 [110 | 104 | tor_[ 0.89 8i_| 1009 | Chautara Tot [096 | 090] 087 | 0.74 $82_| 1012 | Sundarijal Powerhouse 301 | 244 [2.06 | 182 [1.06 83_| 1013 | Sundarijal Residence T3018 | tu | 103 | 087 | 1014 | Kathmandu (Indian emb) [1.20 [108 | 099 | 092 [072 85_| 1015 | Thankot Ta? [tar | 112] 108_| 0.94 36_| 1022 | Godabari 129119 | 112_| 107 | 0.92 87_| 1023 | Dolal Ghat 139 [118 | 106 | 098 | 0.77 88_| 1024 _ | Dhulikhel 190__[1s8__| 139 | 127 _[ 095 39 [1027 | Barhabise T63__[ 1.46 [1.36 | 1.30_| 1.03 90 [1028 | Pachuar Ghat 115__| 1.00 | 0.91 [0.85 | 0.63 91 [1029 | Khumattar 1u1__[ 1.00 [0.94 [0.89 | 0.73 (92_| 1030 | Kathmandu Airport 1.03 [093 | 087 [0.82 | 0.68 (93-1035 | Sankhu Tor__[093__[ 087 | 084 [071 (41102 | Charikot Li9__[ 105__| 097 _[ 0.91 | 0.72 95 [103 __[ Jiri 052 [085 | 080 | 0.77 | 0.67 Journal of Hydrology and Meteorology, Vol.3, No. 1 SOHAM-NepalMarch 2006 P.C.Jha 93 ‘SN_[ Station [Name of station 300 yr | 100 yr | 50 yr | 33 yr] 10 yr 96 [1104 | Melung 2.25 | 1.90 168 [152_[ 1.01 ‘97 [1106 [ Ramechhap 167 [1.47 136_| 1.27 [0.95 98 | T107 TSindhuli Gadhi 277__| 2.45 2.26 [2.13 [1.78 99 | 1108] Bahun Tilpung 3.26 | 2.85 2.60 | 241 [1.77 100_[1109 | Patharkot (Fast) 2.66 | 2.34 [2.15 [2.03 [1.58 tor [110 | Tulsi 2.79 | 2.25 2.03 [189 [1.39 102_[ iT Janakpur Airport 3.33 | 2.76 2.38 [212 [1.33 103 [1112 | Chisapani Bazar 2.69 [2.22 2.03 [189 [1.43 104 [1115 Nepalthok’ 3.17 | 2.53 2.22 | 1.96 | 1.27 105 {1117 | Hariharpur Valle; 3.72__ [3.17 2.88 | 2.66 | 1.9 106 [71201 | Namche Bazar 0.97 | 0.86 [0.79 | 0.75 | 0.59 107_|_ 1202 Chaurikhark 2:19 1.52 1.05 108 {1203 | Pakarnas LIT 0.90 [0.71 109 [1204 | Aisiclukhark 1.43 114 [0.95 110_| 1206 | Okhaldhunga 1.10 0.95 | 0.84 ti [1207 | Mane Bhanjyang 3.96 2.20 [1.24 112 [1210 | Kurule Ghat’ 2.38 2.01 15T m3 [nt Khotang Bazar 1.65 127 [1.01 14 [1213 | Udaypur Gadhi 2.27 172 [1.39 15 [1215 | Tahan 1.70 141 1.22 6 {1216 | Siraha 1.82 1.46 [1.24 117_[ 1220 | Chialsa 0.92 0.79 [0.70 Hg [1301 [Num 3.08 [2.66 2.46 [2.28 [1.77 119 [71302 | Dumuhan 1.65 | 1.39 1.20_|1.08 [0.70 120 [71303 | Chainpur (East) 152 [130 119 [1.1] 0.85 121 [1304 | Pakhriba 116 [1.05 0.98 [0.94 [0.79 122 [1305 | Legua Ghat 0.97 | 087 OS a 123 [1306 | Munga 2.03 [1.71 153 [1.39 [0.98 124 [1307 | Dhankuta 2.12 | 1.81 1.60 [1.45 | 1.04 125 [1308 [ Mul Ghat 2.53 [2.10 185 [1.66 [1.20 126 [1309 | Tribeni 3.64 [3.01 2.61 [2.34 [1.65 127 [1311 | Dharan Bazar 2.96 | 2.57 2.33 [2.15 [1.68 128 [1312 2.04 | 1.84 172 [1651.41 129 [1316 2.72 | 2.44 2.25 [2.13 [1.70 130 [1317 | Chepuwa 139 [1.20 105 | 0.94 [0.67 131_[ 1320 | Tarhara 3.64 | 3.17 2.85 | 2.60 | 1.90 132_[ 1322 [ Machuwa Ghat 171 1.52 143 [136 [1.10 133_[1324 | Bhojpur 1.05 [0.98 0.94 [0.91 | 0.81 134 [1402 | Pangthangdoma 5.07 | 405 3.39 | 2.95 | 1.52 135 [1403 | Cungthung 1.96 [1.74 1.63 | 155 [1.27 136_[ 1404 | Taplethok 1.65 | 1.33 1.22 [1.10 | 0.75 137 [1405 | Taplejung 1.20 [1.08 1.00 [0.94 [70.75 138 [1406 | Memeng Jagat 113 [1.03 0.97 [0.94 | 0.80 139 [1407 | Tam 158 | 144 136 [131 [1.12 140_[ 1408 | Damak_ 2.69 | 2.41 225 [2.14 | 1.73 tai_[ 1409 | Ranibirta Anarmani 5.62__| 4.12 3.33 _[ 2.66 | 152 142 [ait ‘Soktim 2.50 | 2.28 214 [204 [1.71 Journal of Hydrology and Meteorology, Vol.3,No. 1 Nepal94 March 2006 Net E: a a & Figure 2: Isohyets of hourly rainfall design intensity in mm min’ for 100-) 5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Data collected on rainfall intensity were very few in terms of station as well asin terms of their length of record. All data were from central region of Nepal. It is very optimistic to use the transfer coefficient (Khr) for hourly maximum rainfall depth from 24-hr maximum rainfall. However, the results obtained can be used carefully in the absence of real data on intensity. the use of equation (vi) assumes that the rainfall is continuous for one-hour duration. In general, short duration and long duration monsoon rains fall for this duration. Hourly intensity is important in the formation of big floods. Tabulated values of hourly intensity at different rainfall stations in Nepal may be used in Rational formula and other similar ormulae for the determination of floods of different return period. There are very few data on short duration intensity al the rainfall stations of Nepal. At present DHM. has been started to facilitate these stations with more scientific and modern equipments. Although itis not possible to facilitate all stations and it may take. long time. Hence, all data on intensity should Journal of Hydrology and Meteorology, Vol.3, No. 1 sar Return period for whole Nepal be collected and the coefficients should be refined. It is also recommended that the coefficients should be determined for different regions of Nepal for greater accuracy, 6. REFERENCES Alcksciev, G.A., 1966. Estimation of maximum rainfall discharge using critical intensity of rainfall. G. A. Alcksciev. State Hydrological Institute, USSR. p71. Jha, P.C, 1996. Maximum rainfall design discharge for the design of road structures in Nepal. Ph. D. Dissertation, Moscow, p229. MeCuen, R.C., 1998. Hydrologic analy: a New Jersey, p814. Perevoznikov, B.F., 1996, Research on regional norm of maximum runoff forthe design of road structures in the ungauged basins of monsoon climate. Ph. D. Dissertation, Moscow, p230. Rao, K.N., 1963. Determination of probable maximum hourly rainfall from daily rainfall. K. N. Rao, p10. Sokolovsky, $.L. River flow. Hydro-metcorological publications, Leningrad, p539 SOHAMNepal