Academic English Skills Coursework 1 Assessment: Source Report

Name: Muhammad Hassaan Shahid Class: EC14 Date: 03/05/2023

Essay title or question:

Title: Elon Musk claimed in 2018 'the pace of progress in artificial intelligence is incredibly fast. The risk of something seriously dangerous
happening is in the five-year timeframe.' To what extent do you agree with this statement? Do the drawbacks of artificial intelligence outweigh
its benefits? Discuss with reference to at least two relevant fields.

Plan for the overall structure of the essay:

Plan for overall structure

Introduction – context and position: According to Elon Musk, potential hazards of artificial intelligence demand significant attention, while responsible
development of AI continues to offer substantial benefits that outweigh associated risks.
Thesis statement: The benefits of artificial intelligence, in most cases, outweigh its drawbacks, and Elon Musk's warning of a "seriously dangerous" event
in five years is an exaggeration.
Topic 1. Advantages of Artificial Intelligence in various fields.
Topic 2. Challenges and Disadvantages of AI.
Topic 3. Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Society.
Topic 4. A realistic timeline for development in AI.
Topic 5. Mitigating the risk of AI-related Dangers.
Conclusion: Overall, the benefits of Artificial Intelligence far outweigh the drawbacks, and with adequate safeguards in place, the potential of AI to
revolutionize the world should be embraced with enthusiasm.

Use the following referencing format for your sources:

Books/chapters of books:
Surname, I. and Surname, I. (Year) Title of the book Place of Publication: Publisher
Surname, I. (Year) ‘Chapter of the book’ In I. Surname & I. Surname (Eds) Title of the book Place of Publication:
Publisher pp.1 - 18
Journal articles (print/ online)
Surname, I. (Year) ‘The Title of the Article’ The Name of the Journal 1 (1), pp. 1- 18

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 Reports / articles online
Surname, I. (Year) ‘The Title of the Article or Report’ [Online] The Name of the Organisation or website. Available at: url [Last Accessed DD.MM.YY]
Part 1: List of relevant sources

List 5 sources that will be useful in answering your essay question, and are suitable for academic use.
Make sure you use the referencing format provided on page 1. Outline how you found your sources, including where you found the source and how you
found it. For three of your sources, note why it is relevant to your essay.

Reference
1 Jordan, M.I., 2019. Artificial
intelligence—the revolution hasn’t
happened yet. Harvard Data
Science Review, 1(1), pp.1-9.
Type of source:
Academic journal article
✘ Book
Online report/article
Other (state which)
I found this source by…
To find this source, I conducted a
search on Google Scholar using
key terms such as ‘artificial
intelligence and ‘revolution’. I
entered the terms without any
filters and quickly skimmed the
results’ abstract.
This source is relevant to my essay
because…
This book provides a development history
of artificial intelligence, which is crucial
background information for understanding
the field's current state. This book also
describes the state of artificial intelligence
today and makes the case that the
revolution AI was supposed to usher in
has not yet happened. This information is
relevant to the story since it gives Elon
Musk's remarks about the rapid
development of AI context.

2 Bostrom, N. (2014).
Superintelligence: paths, dangers,
strategies. Oxford, United
Kingdom: Oxford University
Press.
Academic journal article
✘ Book
Online report/article
Other (state which)
To find this source, I conducted a
search on the Leeds Beckett
library catalogue using the terms
‘superintelligence’ and ‘Bostrom’.
Elon Musk has frequently voiced his
worries about the rise of artificial
superintelligence, which he sees as a
serious threat to mankind. Philosopher
Nick Bostrom examines possible
problems linked with the development of
such technology in his book
"Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers,
Strategies" and suggests mitigation
measures.

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3 Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., &
Hinton, G. E. (2017). Imagenet
classification with deep convolutional
neural networks. Communications of
the ACM, 60(6), 84-90.
Academic journal article I choose to use Google Scholar
for my search. I used the
Book
keywords "image Net," "deep
Online report/article
convolutional neural networks,"
✘ Other (state which) Paper and "classification" to discover
this site. I gave the given results a
quick skim and found this paper.
This paper discusses the ImageNet
Classification using Deep Convolutional
Neural Networks as a helpful example of
the prospective uses of artificial
intelligence. It also demonstrates the
power that artificial intelligence might
have. This information is crucial for the
research since it illustrates how AI may be
used to categorize and recognise images.

4 Russell, S. J. and Norvig, P.
(2021) Artificial Intelligence: A
Modern Approach. 4th ed.
Pearson Education Limited.
Academic journal article I used the keyword "Artificial
✘ Book intelligence control" to search the
Leeds Beckett library catalogue. I
Online report/article
browsed the results and found
Other (state which) this link to be very relevant and
helpful. Please leave this box blank

5 Academic journal article I performed a keyword search

Hadfield-Menell, D., Dragan, A.,
Abbeel, P. and Russell, S., 2016.
The off-switch game. arXiv
preprint arXiv:1611.08219.
Book with the terms " artificial
Online report/article intelligence risk" and "benefits
✘ Other (state which) Paper and drawbacks of artificial
intelligence" on Google Scholar. Please leave this box blank
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Part 2: Source Evaluation and Use of Sources

Complete the source evaluation and overview of useful points from the text for the two sources you did not discuss the relevance of in part 1. Summarise
and paraphrase key information in the text in order to demonstrate that you have understood the sources. You may use bullet points. Note that you cannot
include a source you have been given in this section.

Reference (Source 4)
Russell, S. J. and Norvig, P. (2021) Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. 4th ed. Pearson Education Limited.

I have identified this source is reliable and appropriate for academic use because…
Criteria Tick all statements which apply and provide an example or evidence where required
Currency ✘ The article is current.
The Research in the area has not been updated.
timeliness
My essay requires reference to older research.
of the
information
REASON:
The source is current because the article was published in 2021, suggesting that it is up-to-date for the field and appropriate for usage.

Authority ✘ The authors have the appropriate level of expertise in the field
The source
of the EVIDENCE:
information The authors have the appropriate level of expertise in the field of the source. Stuart Russell teaches electrical engineering and computer
science at the University of California, Berkeley. The Centre for Human-Compatible AI, of which he is a co-founder and vice president, was
founded by him and as an Adjunct Professor of Computer Science at Stanford University and a Director of Research at Google, Peter Norvig
has a dual appointment. A Fellow of both the American Association for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) and the Association for Computing
Machinery (ACM), he also belongs to these organizations. Both authors, Stuart Russell, and Peter Norvig are leading AI researchers and
educators. They have worked together on this book and other projects since the 1990s. Stuart Russell is a professor of computer science at
the University of California, Berkeley, and Peter Norvig is the Director of Research at Google. The book, Artificial Intelligence: A Modern
Approach, is widely used in universities and has been cited over 32,000 times according to Google Scholar. The fourth edition was released in
2021, showing that the authors have been actively engaged in research and education for many years.

Accuracy The information has been peer-reviewed

The ✘ The source uses academic conventions throughout
reliability ✘ The arguments are supported by sound evidence
and
correctnes
EVIDENCE:
s of the
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information The accuracy of the information in the source is high as it is written by two experts in the field of Artificial Intelligence, Russell and Norvig. The
reliability of the source is also high as the book is in its fourth edition, suggesting the information is trustworthy and well-researched. The
correctness of the information is also high as it is published by Pearson Education, one of the most reputable publishers in the field of
education.
Purpose This source has not been commissioned by a company or organization
The reason ✘ The purpose of this source is to inform/educate
the ✘ The information contained in this source is presented without bias
information
exists
EVIDENCE:
The source is a textbook that covers the fundamental concepts and techniques of artificial intelligence, which is a complex and technical
subject typically taught at the university level. The source is a textbook that covers the fundamental concepts and techniques of artificial
intelligence, which is a complex and technical subject typically taught at the university level. The book is in its fourth edition, which indicates
that it has been widely adopted by academic institutions and has undergone rigorous review and revision by the authors and their peers. The
book includes numerous exercises and examples that are designed to help students learn and apply the concepts presented, which is a
hallmark of academic textbooks.

Use of source; Note three points from the source which will be useful for your essay and how you will use them
Relevant key point from the text
Artificial intelligence (AI) has become a significant For instance, contemporary firms are embracing
field of study and practice in the modern world
(Russell & Norvig, 2021). I will use this point to
emphasize the importance of AI in contemporary
society and how it has become a necessary tool for
modern businesses.
Supporting evidence/example/ data for the Which topic from your outline does this point
key point relate to and in what way?
Topic: 03
AI more and more for a range of functions
including data gathering, analysis, and decision-
This information is useful because
making. Businesses are able to free up
resources and improve productivity by
It has a citation that supports the argument that
automating operations that were previously
AI is becoming increasingly important in modern
completed manually thanks to AI-based
society. It references a specific source (Russell
technologies like machine learning and deep
& Norvig, 2021) that provides further evidence
learning. Medical diagnosis and treatment are
for the claim that AI is an important tool for
also using AI to increase accuracy and lower
businesses, medical diagnostics and treatment,
costs. In autonomous vehicles and drones, AI is
and autonomous vehicles and drones. This
used to help them navigate and decide in
citation adds credibility to the argument and
challenging environments. This exemplifies the
helps to reinforce the point that AI is becoming
value of AI in current culture and how it has
an increasingly important part of modern life.
evolved into a crucial tool for enterprises. (1921
Russell & Norvig)

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The AI field has advanced rapidly, and this book is
the fourth edition of the popular Artificial Intelligence:
A Modern Approach textbook (Russell & Norvig,
2021). I will use this point to demonstrate the growth
of the AI in different fields and how it has become a
mainstream technology.
This source is an authoritative source, written by two
of the foremost experts in AI, Peter Norvig and Stuart
Russell (Russell & Norvig, 2021). I will use this point
Reference (Source 5)
To illustrate the growth of the AI field and its
mainstream acceptance, it is worth noting that
the fourth edition of the popular Artificial
Intelligence: A Modern Approach textbook
(Russell & Norvig, 2021) was released in 2021.
This is a testament to how far the AI field has
grown and how it has become a mainstream
technology. This book is the result of years of
research, development, and publication of AI-
related topics, and its frequent editions
demonstrate the ongoing advancements in the
AI field.
An example of the expertise of the authors can
be seen in the book, "Artificial Intelligence: A
Modern Approach" (Russell & Norvig, 2021),
Topic: 04
This information is useful because
It provides a reference point for the reader to
view the development of AI over time. It shows
that the authors of the book have been tracking
the growth of AI for years and that it has
become a mainstream technology in a relatively
short amount of time. This reference provides a
degree of credibility for the timeline being
presented, as it demonstrates that AI has
developed significantly in a relatively short
amount of time.
Topic: 04
This information is useful because
It provides evidence of the credibility of the
source and the expertise of the authors. This is
important because it demonstrates that the
authors have the knowledge and experience
necessary to provide reliable information on the
topic. By citing the authors, the reader can also
find out more about their backgrounds and
qualifications.
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Hadfield-Menell, D., Dragan, A., Abbeel, P. and Russell, S., 2016. The off-switch game. arXiv preprint arXiv:1611.08219 .

I have identified this source is reliable and appropriate for academic use because…
Criteria Tick all statements which apply and provide an example or evidence where required
Currency ✘ The article is current
The Research in the area has not been updated
timeliness
My essay requires reference to older research
of the
information
REASON:
The source is current because the article was published in 2016 but although this text might be slightly older, the theories included there are
still believed to be valid in this discipline today, hence the ideas are still relevant.

Authority ✘ The authors have the appropriate level of expertise in the field
The source
of the EVIDENCE:
information The paper's writers are qualified experts in the subject. The four writers are all experts in machine learning and artificial intelligence. At the
University of California, Berkeley, Hadfield-Menell teaches computer science and serves as the center's director. Dragan is a professor of
computer science at Stanford and a research scientist at Google Brain. At UC Berkeley, Abbeel teaches electrical engineering and computer
sciences. Additionally, Russell is the director of the Artificial Intelligence Research Laboratory at UC Berkeley and a professor of computer
science.
Accuracy ✘ The information has been peer-reviewed
The The source uses academic conventions throughout
reliability ✘ The arguments are supported by sound evidence
and
correctnes
EVIDENCE:
s of the
Their work was published in an academic journal, so it has been peer-reviewed and is likely to have been fact-checked for accuracy.
information
Additionally, the authors have provided references to support the claims they make in the article.

Purpose This source has not been commissioned by a company or organisation

The reason ✘ The purpose of this source is to inform/educate
the ✘ The information contained in this source is presented without bias
information
exists
EVIDENCE: They are presenting the Off-Switch game, which is a new method for teaching robots how to do certain tasks. Their paper aims
to introduce the Off-Switch game and explain how it works, as well as discuss the potential applications and implications of the game.

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Use of source Note three points from the source which will be useful for your essay and how you will use them
Relevant key point from the text Supporting evidence / example/ data for the
key point
The authors provide a formal game-theoretic
The "off-switch game" is a model introduced in the model to represent the interaction between a
article to investigate the issue of building AI systems human operator and an AI system, in which the
that may be safely prevented by humans. human can choose to turn off the AI and the AI
is able to permit or fight being turned off.
Which topic from your outline does this point
relate to and in what way?
Topic: 05
This information is useful because
In order to prevent AI from harming people, it
offers a framework for creating AI systems that
humans can safely interrupt.

To achieve safe interpretability, the authors stress the Topic: 05

significance of matching the motivations of the AI
system with those of the human operator.
The study explains how an AI system may
become "too eager" to be turned off (when it
should continue operating) or "too reluctant" This information is useful because
(when it should be paused) if its incentives are
not in line with those of the human operator. The The possibility of AI acting in a way that is
authors provide a strategy for creating AI damaging to humans can be decreased if we
systems with the appropriate degree of match the incentives of the AI system with the
incorruptibility by taking the ambiguity around the aims of the human operator.
human being's actual reward function into
account.

The strategy for creating AI systems that can Topic: 05

withstand adversarial manipulation of their off-switch
behaviour is presented in the study.
The authors introduce the concept of
"commitment strategies" that allow the AI
system to commit to a certain off-switch
behaviour, making it more difficult for an
adversary to influence the AI's incentives. They
show how these commitment methods could
improve the performance of the AI system by
examining their efficacy in diverse
circumstances.
This information is useful because
The suggested strategy for ensuring that AI
systems can be securely interrupted when
necessary while still accomplishing their
intended goals can help ensure that AI systems
can be designed with the appropriate amount of
incorruptibility.

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 Conclusions drawn from your reading

My reading has shown that…

 A number of some experts' predictions, artificial intelligence (AI) has not yet realised its revolutionary potential.
 Machine learning and image classification are two areas of AI that have made significant strides in recent years.
 Artificial intelligence has the potential to be highly helpful and advantageous, but if it is not properly managed, it might also be hazardous. For
example, if goals are not clearly defined or are not established, the AI system may act in unexpected and potentially detrimental ways.
 AI may be used to make decisions in challenging circumstances and overcome real life challenges.
 Elon Musk (2018) expressed his opinions, and as a result, AI technology is developing quickly and finding use in an increasing variety of industries.

I need to do more research to find…

 That while AI is still in its early stages and not as developed as some people believe, it has the potential to significantly impact many aspects of our
lives. Artificial intelligence (AI) technology has advanced significantly over the past several years and is currently used in a variety of industries, such
as self-driving cars and medical diagnosis.
 I have to find more about deep learning and convolutional neural networks have been developed to improve the accuracy and speed of AI.
Additionally, AI approaches such as reinforcement learning and off-switch games are being used to create more intelligent autonomous agents.
However, further research is needed to understand the ethical implications of these approaches and to ensure that AI is used responsibly.

Part 3 Bullet point key conclusions you have drawn from your reading of the five sources. Make sure you paraphrase or summarise your findings in answer to
the essay question, and indicate any areas you need to research further.

Add additional bullets as needed.

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