Questns 1 of 2

Administration and Management
1. Clarifying the purpose and making the inter-provincial council more effective. This is critical for
federal governance.
2. Discuss the arrangements related to hearing employee grievances in the civil administration of
Nepal.
3. How does Management Information System (MIS) help in the decision-making process? Mention.
4. What are the challenges in achieving the goal of poverty alleviation among the goals of
sustainable development in Nepal? Mention.
5. What kind of relationship is necessary between general administration and development
administration to maintain good governance? Mention with examples.
6. Among the basic needs of the people, identify the services that non-governmental organizations
(NGOs) can provide effectively and write about the role that the local government should play in
providing such services.
7. Analyze the positive and negative aspects of the reservation system in Nepal's administrative
system.
8. It is said that human rights and rule of law are two wheels of the same chariot. What is the
relationship between these two? Discuss briefly.
9. Briefly discuss the efforts and achievements made for gender mainstreaming in the civil service
of Nepal.
10. Review the policy and legal efforts to increase access of the Madhesi community to all levels of
government in Nepal.
11. How has Nepal's constitution adopted the principle of balance of power and separation of
powers? Consider briefly.
12. What does "Personnel Management Option" mean? Justify your statement based on the latest
concepts related to personnel administration.
13. What kind of arrangement is appropriate to adopt the new concept in the field of public
management in the public administration of Nepal? Consider.
14. Briefly discuss in support of the statement “Management without motivation is often dead”.
15. How can the work of the Planning Commission and the sectoral ministries be carried forward in a
coordinated manner to make the role of the National Planning Commission effective and efficient
in formulating periodic plans? Confirm based on the weakness of the existing system.
16. Referring to the efforts adopted by Nepal for poverty alleviation, what kind of institutional
arrangement is necessary to bring coordination between poverty alleviation programs? write.
17. In addition to the government, the role of the private sector, non-governmental organizations and
development partners is also important in the development of the country. What measures can be
adopted to speed up the pace of development by strengthening the inter-relationship with such
non-governmental bodies (Non-State Actors)? Mention.
18. What is meant by rule of law? In what form has the constitution of Nepal accepted its beliefs?
Mention.
19. The concept of proportional representation system is clear, how has it been used in the state
system of Nepal? Discuss briefly.
20. Comment on the problems that have arisen to achieve the expected achievements from the legal
and policy arrangements for the upliftment of the residents of backward areas in Nepal.
21. Mentioning the targeted programs for the disabled in Nepal, what kind of support has been given
to the targeted category? Write a brief review.
22. Justify the statement that periodical elections play an important role in strengthening democracy.
23. Reflecting the main goal of proportional representation, do you see how meaningful this
arrangement has been in Nepal? Comment.
24. No matter how much the slogan of good governance is raised in the country, it seems that
common people have the opinion that in practice there is bad governance. How can we bring
uniformity in words and actions and maintain good governance? write?
25. Point out the similarities and differences between federalism and decentralization.
26. In terms of planning and implementation system in Nepal, what aspects have been seen in the
coordination between union, state, and local levels? Briefly discuss.
27. Defining the Management Information System (MIS) what are the appropriate measures to
implement this system effectively in government agencies? Submit actionable suggestions.
28. How do you see the reality that capital expenditure is not always happening as expected due to
lack of coordination between budget formulation and implementation? Mention relevant
suggestions.
29. Briefly comment on the structure, coordination, and jurisdiction of the three tiers of government
provided in the present constitution of Nepal.
30. Mentioning about the major bodies involved in public policy formulation. What should be done
to bring coordination and harmony in the policy they make? Explain with examples.
31. Discuss the role that Information and Communication technology (ICT) plays for maintaining
Effective Management Information Systems.
32. What are the distinguishing elements between federalism and decentralization?
33. Describing various aspects of personnel administration, enabling, and strengthening it. What
measures should be taken to make it? Mention.
34. What are the basic principles of civil charter? To what extent have you found that these beliefs
have been used in the administration of Nepal? write down?
35. Mention the process of public policy formulation and mention its strengths and weaknesses in
Nepal.
36. What measures should be taken to raise awareness about the rights of the disabled in Nepal?
make it clear.
37. Briefly discuss the necessity and justification of reservation in civil services.
38. Comment on the cultural condition and lifestyle of the Sherpa tribe living in the high Himalayan
region of Nepal.
39. What measures should be taken to achieve a high level of performance from your subordinates?
clarify?
40. What is public administration? What are the basic objectives of Nepal's public administration? Do
a brief analysis.
41. Nepal's constitution is more democratic than the previous seasons. Mention.
42. What is public administration? List out its needs.
43. Write about important pre-recruitment tasks in human resource management.
44. What kind of strategic programs should government agencies bring to increase people's
participation in development? Give suggestions.
45. Briefly mention the reasons for the recent decline in poverty in Nepal.
46. What measures do you think should be adopted to make the role of non-governmental
organizations more effective in the development of Nepal?
47. What kind of additional policy and legal arrangements do you see necessary to bring the
reservation system of civil service to the targeted category?
48. Even though it has been a long time since Nepal's basic law ended all kinds of discrimination,
why is discrimination against women still a major problem in Nepali society? Find out the
reasons.
49. What can be the bases for maintaining unity among Nepal's social and cultural diversity? Mention
point by point.
50. Mention the concept of good governance.
51. Can policy be made without politics? Present a logical idea.
52. How has the constitution of Nepal organized the relationship between the legislature and the
executive? Mention.
53. Elucidate the concept of public administration and discuss briefly its basic aspects.
54. What motivates you to work? Based on Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs theory, present a
logical view.
55. What do you mean by good governance? What are its main elements? write?
56. Briefly analyze the positive and negative effects of increasing migration on economic and social
development in Nepal.
57. Is People's Participation Means or Barriers in Development? Present your opinion based on the
experience of Nepal's development administration.
58. Mention the institutional efforts for women's development and empowerment in Nepal.
59. Present a factual brief on the current state of the rule of law in Nepal.
60. How can national unity be maintained in Multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, multi-religious, multi-
culturally featured nation. Present your views.
61. "In a fair system of government in a democratic country, it is necessary to maintain a balance of
power between the legislature, executive and the judiciary” Make it clear.
62. In each year's report of the Auditor General of Nepal's public sector it is mentioned that economic
discipline is weakening. What could be the reason for the weakening of financial discipline?
63. What is called management? What are the five major functions of management? write?
64. What aspects need attention for inter-organizational coordination? Write.
65. What is the difference between Division of Power and Decentralization of Power? Make it clear.
66. Mention the importance of public participation in development.
67. Briefly discuss the role of the National Planning Commission in formulating and implementing
periodic plans.
68. Mention any five key measures that make positive discrimination effective in the objective half.
69. Clarify the importance of inclusion in the context of strengthening democracy.5
70. Make a critical comment on the policies adopted by Nepal for the upliftment of the tribal tribes.
71. In accordance with the concept of separation of powers, mention the provisions made by the
current constitution of Nepal regarding the legislature, executive and judiciary.
72. Discuss the main factors influencing the Public Policy Formulation process in the context of
Nepal.
73. Briefly discuss the budget formulation process in Nepal.
74. "In Nepal, Public Service Commission selects employees based on merit and fairness, but their
qualifications and skills are always questioned." Give arguments for and against this statement.
75. Highlight the need for and importance of management information system in the organization.
76. What kind of strategy do you think is appropriate in the context of not achieving the expected
results from poverty alleviation efforts in the country? Make a short review with suggestions.
77. Briefly analyze the efforts made by the development administration of Nepal to gather people's
participation in development.
78. Point out the problems seen in the implementation of the concept of rule of law.
79. Discuss about the basic aspects of the principle of proportional representation.
80. By promoting the original identity of the various castes/castes/classes/communities of Nepal,
what measures need to be taken to bind them tightly to the formula of nationalism. Present your
original opinion.
81. What are the basis and procedures for evaluating public policy? Present.
82. What is the current structure of Nepal's judiciary? Explain.
83. Mention the meaning and characteristics of personnel administration.
84. What are the reasons for increasing arrears in Nepal every year? Discuss.
85. Write about the importance of management information system in an organization.
86. What should be done to gather the necessary public participation to develop the physical
structure of the local level? Mention.
87. Mention the reasons why poverty reduction efforts have not been successful as expected.
88. What is the rule of law? Mention its main features.
89. Mention the differences between social security and social protection.
90. What are the indicators of the rule of law? Mention.
91. Mention the main provisions made by the civil service law regarding positive discrimination and
reservation.
92. Mentioning the programs run by the government for tribal protection in Nepal, about the
effectiveness of such programs. do it.
93. Discuss the relationship between democracy and human rights.
94. What do you understand by policy decision? Introduce the policy making bodies in the context of
Nepal.
95. Clarify the necessary prerequisites for effective implementation of public policy.
96. What do you mean by Morale? Write the factors that influence employee morale.
97. Write the main challenges of public administration in Nepal mentioning the scope of public
administration.
98. What should be done to make the rules related to conduct and discipline more effective in the
civil service? Give suggestions.
99. Mention the relevance of public participation in development and mention the
methods/procedures adopted for public participation in the development process of Nepal.
100. Briefly review the role of non-governmental organizations in the development of Nepal.
101. Discuss gender issues in the context of Nepal.
102. What role do you think the government and civil society should play to strengthen the human
rights situation in Nepal?
103. Discuss the efforts made for the upliftment of the Dalit community in Nepal.
104. Give information about the duties of citizens mentioned in the Constitution of Nepal.
105. The relationship between the legislature, the executive and the judiciary are seen as a system of
checks and balances. What kind of situation can be created when there is no control and balance
between these organs? Review.
106. What is the importance of the age of entry and retirement in the civil service? Compare the
benefits of keeping the age limit of civil servants at 58 years and 60 years.
107. Mention the main bases to be taken while formulating the budget in NEPAL.
108. How should management information system be used by development administration? Consider.
109. The relevant officials should be made responsible for service delivery. Discuss
110. Discuss about the rationale and relevance of development administration in the present context.
Make a brief comment.
111. Discuss the role of concerned bodies for guaranteeing human rights in Nepal.
112. How effective are the policies taken by the state to uplift the marginalized class, region and caste
and integrate them into the mainstream of the state? Present the original idea.
113. Write the basic features of Nepal's constitution.
114. What are the aspects that should be considered to make the budget formulation realistic? Discuss.
115. Discuss the role of Public Service Commission in maintaining merit system in public service
administration.
116. Present the grounds to confirm the statement that "participation in development is an important
condition for sustainable development".
117. Mention the differences between development administration and public administration.
118. Introduce the concept of rule of law and identify its basic elements.
119. Discuss the efforts made for the upliftment of women in the context of Nepal.
120. Explanation about the role that the local level can play in poverty alleviation.
121. What is the contribution of e-governance system in promoting good governance? Present with
examples.
122. What is meant by positive discrimination? What kind of interrelationship is there between
Reservations and positives discrimination. Mention
123. What are the formulas of unity while protecting the diversity in Nepali society.
124. In terms of power balance and control, how can the executive control the judiciary? Write.
125. Discuss the basic features of the Constitution of Nepal.
126. Mention the challenges faced in budget implementation in the public administration of Nepal.
127. Highlight the effectiveness of the role played by non-governmental organizations in the
development of Nepal.
128. What do you mean by motivation? Discuss the policy arrangements made for the motivation of
employees in the civil service of Nepal.
129. What are the major obstacles in Nepal's sustainable development? write?
130. What are the challenges of "public participation" in local development? Clarify.
Public Administration Theory and Concepts:

40, 42, 53, 63, 97, 117
Governance:
1, 5, 11, 13, 24, 25, 26, 29, 32
Public Policy Process:
3, 30, 35, 51, 72, 81, 94, 95, 107
Human Resource Management:
2, 12, 33, 37, 43, 39, 54, 83, 91, 96, 98, 106, 115, 128
Development Administration:
6, 16, 27, 46, 57, 66, 67, 77, 86, 99, 108, 110, 116, 127, 130
Poverty and Disadvantaged Groups:
4, 20, 45, 47, 68, 70, 76, 87, 103, 112, 120
Justice and Rule of Law:
8, 18, 59, 78, 88, 90, 118
Human Rights:
93, 102, 111
Civil Society and NGOs:
17, 100, 127
Inclusion and Representation:
9,10, 19, 21, 23, 36, 62, 69, 79, 101, 119
Gender Issues:
48, 58, 101, 119
Social Diversity and Unity:
38, 49, 60, 80, 89, 123
Duties and Rights:
52, 104
Public Sector Motivation:
14, 54, 128
Management Information Systems:
3, 27, 31, 75, 85, 108, 121
Public Financial Management:

15, 28, 34, 62, 84, 107, 114, 126
Constitutional Law:
20, 41, 71, 82, 105, 113, 124, 125
Local Governance:
86, 120, 130
Reservation Policies:
7, 37, 47, 68, 91
Good Governance:
50, 55, 121
General:
22, 44,56, 73, 74,92, 109, 129
Here is a classification of the questions by topic:
Administration and Governance:

1, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 24, 25, 26, 29, 32, 40, 41, 42, 53, 55, 61, 63, 64, 65, 71, 97, 105, 113, 117, 125
Public Policy:
3, 30, 35, 51, 72, 81, 94, 95, 107, 114
Human Resource Management:

2, 12, 33, 37, 39, 54, 83, 91, 96, 98, 106, 115, 128
Development Administration:
6, 27, 46, 57, 66, 67, 77, 86, 99, 108, 110, 116, 127, 130
Poverty Alleviation:
4,16, 45, 76, 87, 120
Law and Justice:

8, 18, 59, 78, 88, 90, 102, 111, 118
Representation and Inclusion:

9, 19, 23, 47, 62, 68, 69, 70, 79, 91, 101, 103, 112, 119
Social Issues:
38, 48, 56, 58, 60, 80, 89, 92, 101, 123
Rights and Duties:

49, 52, 93, 104
Management:
14, 31, 63, 75, 85, 108, 121
Public Finance:
15, 28, 34, 62, 84, 84, 107, 126
Constitutional Aspects:
20, 41, 71, 82, 113, 124, 125
General:
10, 21, 22, 36, 43, 44, 50, 73, 74, 100, 109, 129
Based on the topics and my understanding, here are some of the most important questions in my opinion:
1. Question 1 on clarifying the purpose and making the inter-provincial council more effective. This is
critical for federal governance.
2. Question 55 on defining and outlining the main elements of good governance. This is a crucial concept.
3. Question 61 on maintaining separation of powers and checks and balances. Fundamental for
democracy.
4. Question 71 on separation of powers provisions in the Nepal constitution. Critical for governance.
5. Question 90 on indicators of rule of law. Key for good governance.
6. Question 94 on policy decision making process and bodies in Nepal's context. Crucial for governance.
7. Question 104 on citizens' duties outlined in the constitution. Defines the relationship between state and
citizens.
8. Question 105 on importance of checks and balances between legislature, executive and judiciary. This
balance is very important.
9. Question 113 on outlining the basic features of Nepal's constitution. The constitution provides the
governance framework.
10. Question 123 on maintaining unity in diversity in the Nepali context. Important for social cohesion.
In summary, the most critical questions pertain to governance structure, separation of powers, rule of law,
public policy formulation, citizens' rights and duties, and maintaining unity in a diverse society. These
form the foundations for the overall political and administrative system.
Let me know if you need any other clarification or have a different perspective on the relative importance.
66. Mention the importance of public participation in development.
Public participation in development is important for several reasons:
Here are the key points on the importance of public participation in development, in a bullet format:
- Inclusive decision-making: Allows for more democratic and participatory decision-making by

incorporating diverse public perspectives and needs.
- Better outcomes: Local knowledge helps identify more relevant and effective solutions for communities.
Increases sustainability.
- Transparency and accountability: Public engagement reduces corruption and ensures programs are
responsive to communities. Provides oversight.
- Empowerment of marginalized: Enables vulnerable groups like the poor, women, indigenous groups to
have a voice in decisions impacting them. Promotes equity.
- Civic capacity building: Develops public understanding of governance issues and ability to articulate
needs. Enhances active citizenship.
In summary, public participation leads to development that truly serves public interests and needs. Open,
inclusive and meaningful public engagement at all stages of the development process is thus vitally
important.
77. Briefly analyze the efforts made by the development administration of Nepal to gather
people's participation in development.
Here is a brief analysis of efforts made by Nepal's development administration to gather public
participation in development:
- Decentralization reforms since 1990s aimed to increase public participation by empowering local
governments. However, lack of resources and capacity has challenged meaningful decentralization.
- Introduction of community organizations like Citizen Ward Forums, Citizen Awareness Centers, etc. to
mobilize people's participation in local planning. But elite capture and weak institutionalization remains
an issue.
- Legal provisions mandating representation of women, indigenous groups, Dalits in various committees
to ensure inclusive participation. But social discrimination limits their effective engagement.
- Initiatives around participatory budgeting, public hearings, social audits to gather direct feedback from
citizens on development policies and programs. Yet awareness and implementation across Nepal remains
limited.
- Efforts to leverage media and civil society to involve the public and amplify their voices in development
planning and monitoring. However, influences of politics and donors persist.
- Overall, while Nepal's development administration has recognized the importance of public participation
through various formal and informal channels, considerable challenges around execution, marginalization
and power dynamics persist. Genuine people-centered participation remains an area for improvement.
86. What should be done to gather the necessary public participation to develop the physical
structure of the local level? Mention.
Here are some suggestions to gather necessary public participation to develop physical
infrastructure at the local level in Nepal:
- Awareness campaigns through local media, meetings, etc. to educate people on the benefits of
participating in local infrastructure development.
- Consultations with community members during planning stages to understand their needs, priorities
and get design feedback.
- Inclusion of marginalized groups like women, lower castes, minorities in consultations to ensure
their participation.
- Transparent processes for selection of construction companies through public tenders/bids to reduce
corruption risks.
- Social audits during implementation where citizens verify progress and expenditure. Helps
maintain accountability.
- Public hearings to get direct feedback from citizens on the quality of infrastructure like roads,
buildings etc. Allows for course correction.
- Citizen user committees for maintenance and management of infrastructure after construction.
Provides for better upkeep through public ownership.
- Recognition of community contributions through volunteer work, donations, etc. towards

infrastructure. Boosts sustained engagement.
- Adequate grievance redressal mechanisms and channels for public complaints during
implementation. Bolsters trust and satisfaction.
- Public disclosure of infrastructure plans, budgets, progress reports, through ward offices, local
media. Enhances transparency.
The key is to institutionalize public participation in all stages from planning to maintenance of
local infrastructure through formal and informal channels. This can significantly improve public
ownership and accountability in local development.
110. Discuss about the rationale and relevance of development administration in the present
context. Make a brief comment.
Here is a brief discussion on the rationale and relevance of development administration in the
present context:
Development administration refers to the administration and implementation of policies,

programs and projects aimed at national development. It involves planning, organizing,
coordinating and monitoring government activities across sectors to achieve economic and social
development goals.
In the present context, development administration remains highly relevant for the following
reasons:
- Achieving Sustainable Development Goals: With global commitments like the UN SDGs,
development administration provides the governance framework to execute strategies for poverty
reduction, healthcare, education, gender equity and other goals.
- Managing Complex Development Challenges: Issues like climate change, natural disasters, food
security require coordinated efforts across government agencies, NGOs, private sector and civil
society which development administration helps oversee.
- Promoting Inclusive Development: Development administration ensures participatory processes

that incorporate needs and voices of the marginalized in development policies and programs for
more equitable outcomes.
- Enhancing Public Sector Capacity: It develops competencies and systems within public
administrative machinery to assess issues, formulate, implement and evaluate people-centric
policies effectively.
- Ensuring Efficient Use of Resources: Administrative principles around accountability,

transparency, evaluation allow for optimal utilization of human, financial and technological
resources for development.
- Driving Institutional Reforms: Development administration allows reforming outdated

administrative structures, practices and capacities within government to deliver effective
development.
In summary, development administration provides the institutional foundations necessary for

translating development goals into outcomes that enhance people's wellbeing. It continues to be a
vital governance mechanism for socio-economic progress.
116. Present the grounds to confirm the statement that "participation in development is an
important condition for sustainable development".
Here are some key points that support the statement "participation in development is an important
condition for sustainable development":
- Participation gives people a voice and role in determining their own development path. This
helps ensure development initiatives actually meet local needs and priorities. When people are
involved in deciding, planning and implementing development projects, there is greater
ownership and sustainability.
- Participation builds capacity and empowerment. By actively engaging in development

processes, people gain skills, knowledge and confidence to take charge of their own development.
This builds human capital essential for sustaining development over the long-term.
- Participation leads to more inclusive development. Engaging all segments of society, especially
marginalized groups, helps ensure development reaches and benefits everyone. This contributes
to more equitable, just and stable development.
- Participation enables ongoing learning. Development is a continuous process of adaptation.

Through participatory processes, implementers can gain feedback from the ground to improve
interventions over time. This allows development to be more responsive and effective.
- Participation strengthens accountability. With participatory development, beneficiaries have

greater ability to hold governments and organizations accountable for following through on
commitments and promises. This oversight supports good governance essential for sustainable
development.
In summary, involving people directly in the development process through participation gives
them power over decisions, builds their capacities, leads to more inclusive outcomes, enables
ongoing improvements, and strengthens accountability. This makes participation a key condition
for development that endures over the long-term.
127. Highlight the effectiveness of the role played by non-governmental organizations in the
development of Nepal.
Here are some key points highlighting the effectiveness of non-governmental organizations
(NGOs) in Nepal's development:
- Poverty Alleviation: NGOs have played a major role in implementing targeted programs for
economic empowerment and poverty reduction among vulnerable groups in Nepal. This includes
microfinance, skills training, income generation projects, etc.
- Healthcare: NGOs have helped expand healthcare access and services to rural and remote areas
through community clinics, mobile camps, awareness programs, etc. They fill critical gaps where
government services are lacking.
- Education: NGOs supplement government education programs by building and supporting

schools, providing scholarships, conducting adult literacy programs, and more in underserved
communities.
- Social Change: NGO advocacy and activism has been instrumental in driving legal and policy
reforms around issues like women's rights, labor laws, environmental protection and social
inclusion in Nepal.
- Emergency Relief: NGOs provide vital humanitarian aid and rebuilding assistance after natural
disasters like earthquakes, floods and landslides which Nepal is prone to. They can respond
rapidly to fill immediate needs.
- Rural Development: NGOs have a strong grassroots presence helping drive development in
rural areas through initiatives in agriculture, infrastructure, energy access, drinking water, etc.
benefiting remote communities.
- Conservation: Nepali NGOs have helped preserve the country's wildlife and natural resources
through awareness campaigns, forest management, anti-poaching efforts, and promoting
sustainable practices.
In summary, NGOs have played an indispensable role complementing government efforts in

tackling Nepal's most pressing development challenges with localized, innovative and people-
centric solutions. Their work has delivered substantial impact.
Public policy
35. Mention the process of public policy formulation and mention its strengths and weaknesses in
Nepal.
Here is an overview of the public policy formulation process and its strengths and weaknesses in
Nepal:
Process:
- Agenda setting - Issues are identified and prioritized for policy action by the government, civil
society, media, international agencies etc.
- Policy analysis - Relevant data is collected, problems defined, and policy options analyzed by
research organizations, bureaucrats, experts etc.
- Policy formulation - Policies are drafted, finalized and approved through the government
institutional process.
- Implementation - Approved policies are implemented by government agencies, local bodies,
NGOs etc through specific programs and interventions.
- Monitoring & evaluation - Policies are periodically reviewed to assess outcomes and impact.
Feedback is utilized to modify and reformulate policies.
Strengths:
- Constitutional provisions mandate inclusive and participatory policymaking
- Expanding think tank ecosystem provides robust policy research and inputs
- Increasing civil society advocacy shapes policy agendas and discourse
- Federalization brings subnational inputs into national policy process
Weaknesses:
- Weak institutional capacity constrains evidence-based analysis
- Lack of coordination between stakeholders hampers consensus building
- Politicization and instability affects long-term strategic policymaking
- Overlapping jurisdiction between three tiers of government creates ambiguity
- Weak monitoring and evaluation inhibits learning and accountability
In summary, while Nepal's policymaking process is evolving with growing inputs from experts
and people, challenges remain around technical capacity, coordination, stability, clarity of roles,
and policy learning. Overcoming these could strengthen formulation of responsive, effective
public policies.
51. Can policy be made without politics? Present a logical idea.

No, policymaking and politics are fundamentally interlinked and it is difficult to completely
separate the two. Here is a discussion on why policy cannot be made without politics:
- Politics involves the process of contestation and reconciliation of competing interests, values
and priorities in society. Policymaking inherently involves navigating these rival views to create
policy that strikes a balance. Without politics, there is no mechanism to settle these differences.
- Policy decisions involve trade-offs in allocating finite resources and determining winners and
losers. Politics helps build consensus on these value judgments of who gets what, when and how.
Devoid of politics, policy decisions would lack legitimacy.
- Policies aim to address power dynamics in society. Politics is about the distribution and transfer
of power. Making impactful policy requires calibrating it to existing political realities.
- Implementing policy involves coercion, prioritization and mobilization by the state. Building
political support through bargaining and negotiation is crucial to enable this. Non-political policy
would fail at execution.
- People's needs, preferences and values change. Politics provides a feedback loop to ensure
policies adapt accordingly. Apolitical policy risks becoming outdated and unrepresentative.
While technical analysis and evidence play an important role, policymaking ultimately involves
political choice, negotiation and contestation. Looking to completely remove politics from policy
is an unviable proposition as it would make the process devoid of reconciling interests, building
legitimacy, aligning to context, enabling implementation and providing representation. Some
separation of politics is useful, but policymaking fundamentally requires an embrace of political
realities.
94. What do you understand by policy decision? Introduce the policy making bodies in the
context of Nepal.
A policy decision refers to the choice or course of action made by the government through the
policymaking process to address a particular public issue or problem. Some key aspects of policy
decisions:
- Involves weighing alternative options based on available data, evidence, resources etc.
- Requires reconciling interests of various stakeholders and building consensus.
- Results in authorization and allocation of resources to implement the decision.
- Translates government priorities into actions, programs, regulations etc.
- Aims to produce desired changes and outcomes for society.
In the context of Nepal, some key policymaking bodies include:
- Federal Parliament: Responsible for enacting laws and approving national policies. Has upper
and lower houses.
- Provincial Assemblies: Approve policies and laws at the provincial level.
- Local Bodies: Formulate policies, plans and regulations at the local level. Include municipal
councils and village councils.
- National Planning Commission: Key institution responsible for national plans and development
policies.
- Ministries: Formulate policies and programs related to their sector.
- Expert Bodies: Provide research and recommendations for policy decisions e.g. Nepal Rastra
Bank for monetary policy.
- Cabinet: Reviews and approves policies before formal adoption. Chaired by the Prime Minister.
In summary, policy decisions in Nepal emerge through an institutional process involving

government bodies at the federal, provincial and local levels along with expert inputs from
research agencies and central banks.
95. Clarify the necessary prerequisites for effective implementation of public policy.
Here are some key prerequisites for effective implementation of public policies:
- Clear policy goals and objectives - Well-defined, specific and measurable goals provide
direction and benchmarks to evaluate progress. Ambiguous goals lead to poor implementation.
- Adequate resources - Sufficient budgetary allocation, manpower, technology, infrastructure etc.

are essential for translating policy into tangible actions. Under-resourcing hampers
implementation.
- Institutional capacity - Implementing agencies must have the expertise, tools, systems and
processes to deliver on policy objectives. Weak capacity results in poor execution.
- Political will and leadership - Strong commitment from political leaders and bureaucrats is
needed to prioritize and steer policy implementation through roadblocks. Lack of will leads to
neglect.
- Stakeholder engagement - Consultation and coordination with all stakeholders including target
groups ensures smooth adoption and cooperation. Alienating stakeholders risks non-compliance.
- Legislative framework - Conducive, consistent legal and regulatory provisions enable policy
roll-out. Conflicting or absent rules impede implementation.
- Monitoring and feedback mechanisms - Robust M&E provides learnings to enhance

implementation while feedback channels allow course corrections. Their absence inhibits
improvement.
- Piloting - Testing policies on a small scale provides lessons for more effective large-scale
implementation. Skipping piloting leads to avoidable mistakes.
Ensuring these prerequisites are in place improves the translation of policy decisions into desired
results through effective planning, resourcing, capacity building, oversight and adaptation during
implementation.
18. What is meant by rule of law? In what form has the constitution of Nepal accepted its beliefs?
Mention.
The rule of law refers to the principle that all members of a society, including those in
government, are subject to laws that are publicly promulgated, equally enforced, independently
adjudicated, and consistent with established principles.
The Constitution of Nepal has embraced the ideals of the rule of law in the following ways:
- Supremacy of the Constitution: Article 1 states that Nepal is governed according to the
provisions set forth in the Constitution, establishing its supreme status in governance.
- Separation of Powers: The Constitution divides the government into executive, legislative and
judicial branches with defined roles and powers to check against arbitrary rule.
- Fundamental Rights: Part 3 guarantees an extensive set of civil liberties and rights to all citizens
enforceable through constitutional remedies.
- Independent Judiciary: Articles 127-157 provide for an independent, impartial and competent
judiciary with powers of judicial review to uphold justice.
- Constitutional Remedies: Citizens can file writ petitions in courts to enforce fundamental rights
if violated by the state.
- Equality before Law: Article 18 states all citizens shall be equal before law with no
discrimination based on gender, ethnicity, religion etc.
- Due Process: Articles 20 and 24 stipulate that no person shall be punished or deprived of
personal liberty except in accordance with legal procedures.
In summary, Nepal's Constitution incorporates key tenets of rule of law by establishing

constitutional supremacy, separation of powers, fundamental rights, judicial independence, and
equality before a just legal process. This provides the foundation for a system based on fair laws,
not arbitrary rule
78Point out the problems seen in the implementation of the concept of rule of law.
Here are some of the key problems seen in the implementation of rule of law in Nepal:
● Weak and overburdened judiciary - Shortage of judges, lawyers and courts, especially
in rural areas, leads to huge case backlogs and delayed justice.
● Lack of judicial independence - Political interference and influence in judicial
appointments and promotions compromises the neutrality of the judiciary.
● Poor law enforcement - Nepotopian police and law enforcement agencies lack
adequate training, resources and motivation for proper investigation and enforcement
of laws. Corruption is also an issue.
● Culture of impunity - Powerful political and business interests are able to often evade
legal prosecution leading to a culture of impunity for the influential.
● Complex legal framework - Overlapping and contradictory laws make legal processes
cumbersome and susceptible to misuse. Frequent changes in governments lead to
legal instability.
● Limited access to legal aid - Most citizens lack awareness of laws or cannot afford
good legal representation and advice due to high costs and centralized legal services.
● Discrimination in law application - Legal processes are often long, costly and
discriminatory against marginalized sections like women, poor, indigenous groups.
● Lack of accountability of officials - Mechanisms to report and penalize non-
performance/corruption of bureaucrats and officials are weak.
● Protests and strikes hampering courts - Frequent political protests, strikes disrupt
functioning of courts impacting timely delivery of justice.
Strengthening rule of law requires reforming antiquated laws, building capacity of legal
institutions, increasing accountability of officials and reducing political interference in the
judiciary.
88What is the rule of law? Mention its main features.

Here are the main features of the rule of law:
- Laws are supreme - The rule of law implies that no individual, organization or government
agency is above the law. Laws apply equally to all citizens.
- Laws are publicly made - Laws are made through an open, transparent and accountable process
by elected representatives of the people.
- Laws are prospectively applied - Laws are not retroactive. No one can be penalized for an act
that was not illegal when committed.
- Laws are clear, stable and just - Laws are clear, stable, fair and evenly enforced. They cannot be
arbitrary or allow abuse of power.
- Separation of powers - An independent judiciary ensures fair application of laws by the

executive branch of government. Judges are competent, impartial and act without fear or favor.
- Checks and balances - Constitution provides checks and balances between branches of
government to prevent abuse of power and uphold rule of law.
- Human rights protection - Basic human rights like right to life, freedom of speech, due process
are constitutionally guaranteed and protected.
- Equality before law - The law applies equally to all citizens regardless of their social class,
ethnicity, religion or political affiliations. No one is above the law.
- Due process of law - Legal procedures for arrest, detention and trial are to be adhered to.
Punishment only after due process and conviction in a competent court.
- Accessible and fair justice - Justice is accessible, affordable and dispensed in a timely manner to
all citizens through competent, ethical and independent legal institutions.
Thus, rule of law upholds justice, equality and human rights for all citizens by ensuring a fair
legal system beyond arbitrary use of power. It is a cornerstone of democracy.s
90. What are the indicators of the rule of law? Mention.

Here are some of the key indicators used to assess the rule of law in a country:
- Equality before the law - Laws apply equally to all citizens regardless of social status, political
connections, or wealth. No one is above the law.
- Adherence to due process - Legal procedures for arrest, detention, prosecution, and trial are
followed. Punishment only after conviction by competent court after due process.
- Speedy and effective justice - The justice system dispenses justice in a timely, accessible and
affordable manner for all citizens. Case backlogs are minimal.
- Judicial independence - The judiciary is independent, impartial and free from political
interference or control in its functioning.
- Absence of arbitrary laws - Laws are clear, stable, fair and applied in a consistent manner. They
do not allow abuse of state power.
- Control of corruption - Strict enforcement and fair laws minimize corruption in the government,
judiciary and businesses.
- Open government - High levels of transparency, accountability and public participation in

governance.
- Protection of human rights - The constitution guarantees and the government protects basic
human rights like right to life, liberty, freedom of expression etc.
- Order and security - Strict enforcement ensures public order, personal security, and elimination
of crime and violence in society.
- Regulatory quality - Policies and regulations are efficient, transparent, coherent and without
excessive red tape.
- Property rights - Private property rights are well-defined and strongly protected by law.
These indicators are tracked globally by institutions like the World Justice Project to provide
comparative analysis of the adherence to rule of law across countries.
69. Clarify the importance of inclusion in the context of strengthening democracy.
Here is a brief summary of the key points on the importance of inclusion for strengthening
democracy:
- Promotes representation of diverse interests and perspectives in policymaking. An inclusive

political process allows for more comprehensive consideration of societal needs.
- Increases various groups' investment and engagement in the democratic system. People feel they
have a genuine stake and voice when included.
- Enhances legitimacy as more groups see themselves reflected in governance and political
institutions. This expands acceptance of election and policy outcomes across divisions.
- Expands opportunities for sustainable bargains, compromise and concessions between

competing groups. Broader representation through inclusion facilitates negotiation to achieve
workable policy solutions.
- An inclusive system channels more tensions and conflicts through institutional channels rather
than allowing open threats of violence or instability during tensions. Citizens have more faith
their interests have weight in governance.
In summary, inclusion of diverse interests encourages representation and participation that

reinforces democracy's core principles. It fosters wider investment in the system, enhances
legitimacy across a heterogeneous population, and provides more avenues for pluralistic policy
bargain and compromise.
87. Mention the reasons why poverty reduction efforts have not been successful as expected.
There are several key reasons why poverty reduction efforts have not been as successful as
expected in Nepal:
1. Political instability and weak governance - Nepal has suffered from years of political turmoil,
frequent changes of government, and policy discontinuity which have severely hampered the
planning and implementation of poverty programs. Endemic corruption has also drained
resources away.
2. Lack of land reform - An inequitable distribution of productive land and landlordism in rural
areas has persisted. Without addressing this systemic barrier, income and livelihood opportunities
remain constrained for the rural poor.
3. Slow economic growth - Sluggish GDP and employment growth has limited revenues available
for investment in pro-poor areas of health, education, and social security. Dependence on low
productivity agriculture has kept incomes depressed.
4. Limited infrastructure development - Chronic under-investment in roads, electricity, irrigation

and other critical infrastructures have left rural areas isolated and unattractive for private
investment. Lack of connectivity impedes market access.
5. High inequality and exclusion - Disparities along the lines of geography, ethnicity, caste, and
gender have meant the gains achieved from what little growth occurred have not reached the
poorest segments of Nepali society.
6. Susceptibility to natural disaster shocks - Frequent earthquakes and floods over the past
decades have disrupted progress and wiped out assets pushing many vulnerable households into
further destitution.
While reasonable poverty strategies have been articulated on paper, ineffective and unstable
governance, lack of economic transformation, and vulnerability to shocks have impeded
translation of anti-poverty plans into impactful action in Nepal.
89. Mention the differences between social security and social protection.
Some key differences between social security and social protection in the Nepali context are:
1. Scope - Social security refers to government programs that provide assistance only to formal
sector workers that meet certain eligibility criteria. For example, civil servants or private
employees who pay into social security funds for a set time get pensions or medical care. In
contrast, social protection is more broad - covering informal, unemployed, self-employed who are
vulnerable but not part of defined social security schemes.
2.Conditionality - Obtaining social security benefits is contingent upon formal employment and
contributions from salaries over a timeframe. Social protection schemes like cash transfers or
food assistance have less strict eligibility criteria focusing more on establishing poverty or
vulnerability status regardless of employment history.
3. Predictability - Social security benefits are clearly defined and guaranteed based on setting
aside dedicated funds. Social protection depends largely on annual budget allocations and
availability of government revenues, making benefits more variable and uncertain year-on-year.
4.Administration - Social security tends to have autonomous governance institutions and well-
defined processes for determining eligibility and delivery of standardized benefits across the
country. Administration of social protection is more scattered across agencies and geographies
and allows local discretion.
5.Legal standing - Receiving social security benefits relies on having worked in roles that are
recognized in labor law and regulations. Most workers in Nepal's large informal economy would
not qualify. Social protection helps fill this gap using broader measures for economic
vulnerability rather than proof of formal employment history and eligibility.
In essence, Nepal's social security coverage remains extremely limited due to the small formal
workforce, while social protection targets those outside formal social security schemes in
precarious situations requiring state assistance on short or long term basis depending on
availability of public resources.
102. What role do you think the government and civil society should play to strengthen the
human rights situation in Nepal?.
I believe both the Nepali government and civil society organizations have critical roles to play in
strengthening the human rights situation in the country:
Government:
1. Enforce laws and constitutional guarantees on human rights - hold security forces accountable
for violations, take action against discrimination in law and policy
2. Improve access to justice - support independent judiciary and national rights bodies, make
legal redress accessible and affordable, provide legal aid
3. Ensure inclusive governance - consult impacted groups in policymaking, protect freedom of

speech and assembly, curb threats against journalists and activists
Civil Society:
1. Educate citizens on rights - raise public awareness on rights and state duties, build community
capacity to identify/address violations
2. Provide citizens a platform - amplify marginalized voices and concerns, facilitate advocacy to
policymakers, open policy feedback channels
3. Hold institutions accountable - fact-find and publish data on rights situations, conduct
advocacy campaigns, assist victims in seeking remedies
4. Fill gaps in access to justice - support paralegals, legal clinics, psychosocial counseling,
shelters, hotlines for reporting violations
The end goal should be entrenching a culture of rights where all Nepalis feel empowered to have
their fundamental freedoms and liberties protected by a responsible state acting in concert with an
engaged civil society.
108. How should management information system be used by development administration?

Consider.
Management information systems (MIS) can be very useful tools for development administration
in several ways:
1. Planning and monitoring development projects: MIS can help collect, organize and analyze
data on the progress of various development projects, allowing administrators to track whether
projects are on time, on budget, and meeting their goals. This supports data-driven decision
making.
2. Coordinating activities: MIS helps connect different government agencies, NGOs, and other
groups working on development projects so they can share information and workflows. This
coordination improves efficiency and accountability.
3. Public services delivery: MIS enables development administrators to monitor the provision of
public services like healthcare, education, social welfare etc. to ensure they are reaching intended
beneficiaries. It supports transparency and equity.
4. Data-driven policymaking: The data gathering and analytics capacities of MIS allow
policymakers to design evidence-based policies and regulations rather than making decisions
based on hunches or ideology. This supports good governance.
5. Accountability: By tracking government activities and spending, MIS supports transparency

and accountability to citizens. This can reduce corruption and build public trust.
In summary, MIS introduces more data, science, and coordination into the development
administration process. By improving planning, monitoring, service delivery and accountability,
MIS enables more effective and responsible programs that better serve citizens' needs. The
technology is not a solution by itself but an enabling tool in the hands of skilled administrators.
26. In terms of planning and implementation system in Nepal, what aspects have been seen in the
coordination between union, state, and local levels? Briefly discuss.
Nepal has adopted a federal system of government since 2015 with power divided among the
union/federal, state, and local levels. However, coordination between the three levels in planning
and implementation remains a challenge.
Some key issues seen are:

1. Lack of clarity in distribution and sharing of roles and resources between the three levels has
led to confusion, duplication of efforts, blame games over jurisdiction, and hampered coherent
policymaking.
2. Centralized attitudes and behaviors persist with federal and state governments not effectively
engaging local governments in a meaningful, bottom-up planning process as envisioned
constitutionally.
3. Fiscal federalism principles are yet to be properly implemented as revenue distribution,

allocation of grants are not transparent, equitable or adequate to fulfill mandates of provincial and
local authorities.
4. Capacity for planning and execution across all three levels of government needs significant
strengthening in terms of technical expertise, data systems, monitoring practices to deliver quality
services.
5. Information flow and sharing of best practices across all levels of government remains very
poor undermining coordination. Local conditions and needs are often not reflected in centralized
planning.
In summary, Nepal's intergovernmental planning and implementation system is still hindered by

legacy issues around centralization, weaknesses in fiscal sharing arrangements, lack of clarity in
division of power, and limitations in technical capacity. Addressing these through legal, policy
reforms alongside investing in government capacity is vital for effective devolution and
outcomes.
120. Explanation about the role that the local level can play in poverty alleviation.
Local governments in Nepal can play an important role in poverty alleviation due to their
proximity and connection to communities. Here are some key ways they can contribute:
1. Needs assessment and targeting: Local governments have the best understanding of poverty
and vulnerabilities at the grassroots. They can conduct detailed assessments to identify the poor in
their jurisdiction and target policies and programs accordingly.
2. Budgeting and resourcing: A large portion of domestic revenue is now allocated directly to
local bodies. They can prioritize pro-poor development projects and allocate max resources
towards health, education and developing livelihood options.
3. Delivery of basic services: Expanding access and quality of services like health, education,
water, electricity which directly impact human capabilities and productivity. Poor infrastructure
in remote areas can be transformed.
4. Implementing income support programs: Local bodies can identify eligible recipients and
ensure food, employment guarantee schemes and cash transfers reach the needy through credible
verification. Reduces leakage.
5. Supporting local economic development: Fostering growth of small businesses, skill

development initiatives as pathways out of poverty tailored to community resources and needs.
With adequate financing and building implementation capacity, local government leadership in
poverty programs can enhance localization, efficiency and oversight through participatory
approaches - ultimately creating the most impact at the household level.
45. Briefly mention the reasons for the recent decline in poverty in Nepal.
Here are some of the key reasons attributed to the recent decline in poverty levels in Nepal:
1. Economic Growth: Nepal averaged over 4% GDP growth over the past decade, which created
more jobs and opportunities. Remittances from migrant workers also boosted local economies.
2. Targeted Poverty Programs: Increased investments by the government and international aid
programs for health, education, small-scale infrastructure development in rural areas. Eg -
community irrigation, roads etc.
3. Social Security Expansion: Introduction of universal old-age allowances, disability allowances

as well as school enrolment incentives helped vulnerable populations cope with challenges.
4. Post-Conflict Stability: The end of the decade-long civil conflict and political stabilization
contributed to more inclusive and equitable growth and service delivery.
5. Urbanization: Migration from rural villages to cities increased employment opportunities and
incomes for rural populations escaping subsistence agriculture practices.
However, around 15% of Nepalis still live below the national poverty line. Sustaining progress
requires further boosting rural productivity, higher value-added industries, addressing high
inequality levels and building resilience to disasters in Nepal.
56. Briefly analyze the positive and negative effects of increasing migration on economic and
social development in Nepal.
Here is a brief analysis of the positive and negative impacts of increasing migration on Nepal's
economic and social development:
Positive Impacts:
1. Remittances - Accounts for over 25% of Nepal's GDP, providing incomes to families for
consumption, health, education. This drives growth and reducing poverty.
2. Knowledge/Skill Transfer - Migration exposes Nepali workers to new technologies, ideas and
global best practices. This can boost productivity when applied back home.
3. Women's Empowerment - Migration of men has led to greater decision making roles for
women in households supporting gender equity.
4. Investment Capital - Some returning migrants have set up businesses boosting entrepreneurship
and job creation.
Negative Impacts:
1. Brain Drain - Migration of educated and talented youths depletes Nepal's human capital and
affects delivery of essential services.
2. Social Costs - Absence of working-age adults weakens family structures, Increases stress levels
and loneliness especially for children and elderly.
3. Overdependence on Remittances -Economy overreliant on remittances makes it vulnerable to

external shocks in foreign economies.
4. Poor Working Conditions - Significant cases of exploitation and abuse of Nepali migrant
workers especially in informal sectors leads to trauma.
The government should leverage positives while mitigating negatives by facilitating safe
migration, using remittances more productively, supporting returning migrants, and creating
decent jobs domestically to lessen outmigration pressure.
62. In each year's report of the Auditor General of Nepal's public sector it is mentioned that
economic discipline is weakening. What could be the reason for the weakening of financial
discipline?
There are several reasons cited for the weakening of financial discipline and economic
governance in Nepal's public sector according to the reports of the Auditor General:
1. Politicization of Institutions: Recruitments and appointments especially in independent

constitutional bodies are highly influenced by political interests leading to lack of capability and
the erosion of independence. This affects oversight.
2. Lack of Transparency: Non-disclosure and delays in sharing information that aids public
financial accountability by the government hampers scrutiny by oversight bodies.
3. Complex Laws and Procedures: Overly complex regulations governing expenditures, revenues
collection and audits aid misuse. Simplification can close loopholes.
4. Weak Enforcement: There are negligible repercussions for breaches of rules, regulations and
even court orders in regard to financial discipline. Lack of penalties fosters indifference toward
compliance.
5. Increased Decentralization: Rapid expansion of subnational governments with newly created

jurisdictions, inexperienced staff has strains oversight capacity leading to misappropriations.
In essence, the dilution of independence of institutions, fiscal opaqueness, legal complexities and
inadequate enforcement are key factors aiding deterioration in economic discipline across Nepal's
public entities. Reforms in rules as well as administrative and political culture is warranted.
107. Mention the main bases to be taken while formulating the budget in NEPAL.
Here are the main bases to be considered while formulating the annual budget in Nepal:
1. Constitutional Mandates: The budget should align with and allocate resources to fulfill
constitutional commitments regarding fundamental rights, directive principles of good
governance, and devolution of power.
2. National Planning Priorities: The periodic 5-year development plans and 15-year long-term
vision documents should guide budget priorities for long-term development outcomes.
3. Fiscal Responsibility Principles: Budgets have to balance spending against realistic revenue
forecasts following principles of fiscal discipline, sustainability, intergenerational equity etc.
Deficit limits require prudence.
4. Sectoral and Local Needs: Inputs from line ministries, provincial and local governments about
pressing needs, flagship programs, and demands for public services get reflected in budget
allocations.
5. International Commitments: Nepal's obligations under certain UN frameworks, SDGs, climate

deals influences budget spending on related social, environmental issues.
6. Past Expenditure Trends: Analysis of previous budgets guides forecasts for fixed and flexible
expenditures helping set realistic outlays for coming fiscal year.
An optimal budget balances all these diverse priorities following good governance principles
while retaining fiscal flexibility to plan long-term and respond to emergencies.
126. Mention the challenges faced in budget implementation in the public administration of
Nepal.
Here are some of the key challenges in budget implementation faced in Nepal's public
administration:
1. Delayed Approvals: Delays in getting full budget approval due to political instability
frequently pushes capital spending to the last quarter resulting in rushed expenditure and low
delivery quality.
2. Inadequate Capabilities: Lack of trained technical manpower, poor forecasting, monitoring

skills across ministries, local bodies hinders implementation. Result is haphazard spending and
under-utilization.
3. Poor Planning and Prioritization: Unrealistic projections of spending capacity, inclusion of

politically expedient projects rather than actual needs impacts expenditure quality and timely
delivery.
4. Over-reliance on Foreign Aid: Capital investments leaning heavily on external development

assistance but erratic aid commitments creates uncertainty. Also erodes domestic revenue efforts.
5. Corruption and Leakages: Embezzlement and misuse of funds through practices like fake
billing, unfair contract awards continues which inflates spending with little public benefit.
6. Limited Public Oversight: Lack of transparency on allocation details and disclosure of audit
findings prevents accountability that could enhance budget outcomes.
Addressing these procedural, technical and ethical issues around budget execution is vital to
realize efficiency, value-for-money and timely fulfillment of public service delivery mandates.
37. Briefly discuss the necessity and justification of reservation in civil services.
Here is a brief discussion on the necessity and justification for reservation in civil services in
Nepal:
Necessity:
1. To address historical discrimination & exclusion - Reservation provides opportunities to

marginalized groups like women, Dalits, indigenous groups, Madhesis who have suffered
socioeconomic and political exclusion.
2. Enhance equitable representation - These groups have negligible representation in decision-

making positions and seats of power in Nepal. Reservation facilitates participation.
3. Meet constitution obligations - Proportional inclusion is mandated by the constitution across

state apparatus to promote inclusive society.
4. Mitigate uneven playing field – Reservation mitigates the embedded structural disadvantages
these groups face that prevent fair competition.
Justification:
1. Promotes diversity - Enhances the plurality of perspectives within the bureaucracy to better
serve a diverse citizenry.
2. Strengthens national identity - Inclusion of excluded groups enhances their sense of belonging
and stake in the nation-state.
3. Improves service delivery - More equitable representation helps formulate people-centric

policies and programs.
4. Upholds principles of equality & social justice.

However, effective implementation of reservation policy also requires reforms in promotional

processes, organizational culture, and amenities support to make institutions truly inclusive.
83. Mention the meaning and characteristics of personnel administration.

Here is an overview of the meaning and key characteristics of personnel administration:
Meaning:
Personnel administration refers to the part of an organization that is focused on recruitment,
development, and management of the people who work in an organization. It involves policies,
procedures, processes related to employees.
Key Characteristics:
1. Strategic Role - Aligns staffing plans and HR programs with overall organizational strategy.
2. Recruitment and Selection - Responsible for sourcing, screening, hiring candidates with needed
skills.
3. Training and Development - Conducts training needs analysis and provides learning
opportunities to upgrade employee capabilities.
4. Performance Management - Designs systems to set goals, provide feedback, review progress
and reward excellent performance.
5. Legal and Regulatory Compliance - Ensures workplace policies and employee treatment
complies with labor laws.
6. Maintaining Records - Keeps documents related to payroll, attendance, leave, transfers easily
retrievable.
In essence, personnel administration aims to acquire, develop and optimize human resources in an
organization through strategic and compliance-oriented talent management.
91. Mention the main provisions made by the civil service law regarding positive discrimination
and reservation.
Certainly! The Civil Service Act of Nepal outlines provisions related to positive discrimination and
reservation. Here are the key points:
1. Positive Discrimination (Affirmative Action):

○ The law aims to promote social justice and equality by providing special provisions for
marginalized and disadvantaged groups.
○ It ensures that historically marginalized communities, including ethnic minorities,
women, Dalits (lower-caste individuals), and people with disabilities, have equal
opportunities in civil service recruitment, promotion, and other aspects.
○ Reserved quotas are allocated for these groups to ensure their representation in
government positions.
2. Reservation:
○ The Civil Service Act reserves a certain percentage of positions for specific categories:
■ Women: A percentage of positions is reserved for women to enhance their

participation in civil service.
■ Ethnic and Indigenous Groups: Quotas are allocated for various ethnic and
indigenous communities to address historical discrimination.
■ Dalits: Reserved positions ensure representation for Dalits, who have faced
social exclusion and discrimination.
■ People with Disabilities: The law provides for reserved positions to promote
inclusivity and accessibility.
These provisions aim to create a more equitable and diverse civil service, fostering representation and
addressing historical inequalities.
92. Mentioning the programs run by the government for tribal protection in Nepal, about the effectiveness
of such programs. do it.
Here are some of the key programs run by the government of Nepal focused on tribal protection and
empowerment, along with an assessment of their effectiveness:
Programs and Schemes:
1. National Foundation for Development of Indigenous Nationalities (NFDIN) - Provides small grants for
income generation, skill training etc.
2. Scholarships for indigenous students.
3. Reserved quotas in civil service, parliament and local governments.
4. Targeted budgets in local levels for marginalized community development.
Effectiveness:
While these affirmative action policies and targeted financing have raised awareness, critics argue impact
has been limited due to:
• Politicization and elite capture undermine many programs.
• Focus limited to symbolic representation rather than meaningful political participation.
• Program budgets are inadequate, unpredictable, often misused or delayed.
• Most programs are centralized, fail to understand local tribal needs and contexts.
Overall the policies signal state commitment but reservations alone cannot uplift communities. Genuine
devolution of power, proper need-based resourcing, integrating indigenous knowledge in localized
planning and transparency in delivery are vital to make these programs transformational rather than
tokenist.
115. Discuss the role of Public Service Commission in maintaining merit system in public service
administration.
The Public Service Commission (PSC) plays a vital role in maintaining meritocracy in Nepal's
public service administration through the following ways:
1. Conducts examinations for entry-level positions across most civil service departments as well
as promotions tests thereby enabling selection based on competitiveness and aptitude rather than
patronage.
2. Vets and endorses senior appointments done by the government applying criteria of
experience, qualifications and performance record thereby discouraging favoritism or political
appointments not based on competency.
3. Advices the government on improvements required in recruitment, promotion policies and civil
service management to enhance transparency, professionalism and skills. Helps formulate related
rules.
4. Audits and reviews the performance of recruitment divisions in ministries and agencies,
identifying irregularities if candidates were hired through unfair means rather than open
competition on merit.
5. Publishes annual reports presenting data and analysis regarding representation, vacancies,
hiring trends across various services to support evidence-based human resource decisions aligned
to principles of inclusive merit-based staffing.
However, political non-cooperation, appointment delays and lack of enforcement of PSC

recommendations regarding disciplinary action in cases of irregularities undermine the institution
from upholding meritocracy. Its independence and role needs strengthening.
14. Briefly discuss in support of the statement “Management without motivation is often dead”.
Here is a summary of key points on why management without motivation is often ineffective:
1. Motivation enhances productivity through committed and energetic employees who exceed
expectations. Lack of motivation leads to disengaged staff.
2. Motivated employees have higher retention as they feel invested in the organization's purpose
and growth opportunities. High attrition indicates poor morale from insufficient motivation.
3. Motivated workers eagerly develop skills, take on challenges and responsibilities enabling both
personal and organizational advancement.
4. Motivation builds resilience to rally through crises and turbulent times.
5. Motivated work culture fosters innovation through creative thinking and solutions.
6. Inspired employees fully grasp the vision and align behind leaders to accomplish common
goals.
7. Valued employees deeply engage in organizational initiatives and provide feedback.
8. Respected staff become brand ambassadors projecting positive impressions and credibility.
In essence, motivation energizes management by spurring outstanding performance through

empowered, purpose-driven and dedicated employees. Devoid of motivation, policies are
ineffective with disengaged workers and struggling leadership.
31. Discuss the role that information and communication technology (ICT) plays for maintaining
effective management information systems.
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) plays a crucial role in maintaining effective
management information systems (MIS). MIS are systems designed to collect, process, store, and
distribute information to support decision-making, coordination, control, and operational
activities within an organization. ICT serves as the backbone of modern MIS, enabling efficient
data management, communication, and information accessibility. Here's how ICT contributes to
maintaining effective MIS:
1. Data collection and storage: ICT tools such as databases, cloud storage, and data warehouses
enable the efficient collection, storage, and organization of vast amounts of data from various
sources within an organization. This ensures that relevant data is readily available for analysis
and decision-making.
2. Data processing and analysis: ICT provides powerful tools for data processing, including
software for data mining, statistical analysis, and business intelligence. These tools help
organizations gain insights from raw data, identify patterns, and make informed decisions based
on data-driven analysis.
3. Information sharing and communication: ICT facilitates the seamless sharing of information
across different departments, locations, and stakeholders within an organization. Tools like
intranets, collaboration platforms, and communication systems enable real-time information
exchange, enhancing coordination and collaboration.
4. Reporting and data visualization: ICT offers advanced reporting and data visualization tools,
such as dashboards and interactive reports, which present complex data in a user-friendly and
visually appealing manner. This aids in better understanding and interpretation of information,
supporting decision-making processes.
5. Automation and integration: ICT enables the automation of various processes within an MIS,
reducing manual efforts and minimizing errors. Additionally, ICT facilitates the integration of
different systems and applications, allowing for seamless data flow and information exchange
across different functional areas.
6. Security and access control: ICT provides robust security measures, such as encryption, access
controls, and authentication mechanisms, to protect sensitive information and ensure data
integrity within the MIS. This is essential for maintaining the confidentiality and reliability of
organizational data.
7. Remote access and mobility: ICT enables remote access to MIS, allowing authorized users to
access and interact with the system from various locations and devices. This increased mobility
and accessibility enhance operational efficiency and support decision-making processes on-the-
go.
By leveraging ICT, organizations can build efficient and effective MIS that support timely and
accurate decision-making, improve operational efficiency, and enhance overall organizational
performance. The integration of ICT into MIS enables organizations to stay competitive in a
rapidly changing business environment by providing access to real-time information and enabling
data-driven decision-making processes.
63. What is called management? What are the five major functions of management? write.
Here's a summary of management and its five major functions:
Management is the process of planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling resources
within an organization to achieve specific goals efficiently and effectively.
The five major functions of management are:
1. Planning: Setting objectives, defining strategies, and developing action plans.
2. Organizing: Arranging and coordinating resources, establishing organizational structure, and

defining roles and responsibilities.
3. Staffing: Recruiting, hiring, training, and developing personnel to ensure the right people are in
place.
4. Directing: Leading, motivating, and guiding employees to perform tasks effectively through
communication and creating a positive work environment.
5. Controlling: Monitoring and evaluating performance against standards, identifying deviations,

and taking corrective actions to ensure goals are met.
These functions are interrelated and interdependent, with managers at various levels performing
them in a balanced manner to achieve organizational objectives efficiently and effectively.
75. Highlight the need for and importance of Management information System in an organisation.
Here's a summary highlighting the need for and importance of Management Information Systems
(MIS) in an organization:
MIS are essential for organizations to support decision-making, improve operational efficiency,
gain a competitive edge, and achieve their goals. The key reasons for implementing an effective
MIS include:
1. Decision Support: Providing accurate and timely information to aid informed decision-making
at various organizational levels.
2. Operational Efficiency: Streamlining and automating business processes, optimizing resources,

and reducing manual efforts.
3. Competitive Advantage: Enabling quick adaptation to market changes, identifying

opportunities, and responding to customer needs effectively.
4. Integration and Coordination: Facilitating seamless information flow and communication

across different functional areas.
5. Data Management and Analysis: Collecting, storing, and analyzing large volumes of data for
valuable insights and data-driven decisions.
6. Compliance and Reporting: Ensuring transparency, accountability, and adherence to regulatory

requirements through accurate reporting capabilities.
7. Resource Planning and Allocation: Supporting effective resource planning, utilization, and
forecasting future needs.
8. Supply Chain Management: Enabling efficient tracking, monitoring, and coordination of

inventory, logistics, and supply chain operations.
9. Customer Relationship Management: Providing customer data and insights to better understand
and meet customer needs, improving satisfaction and loyalty.
Implementing an effective MIS allows organizations to streamline operations, enhance decision-

making, gain a competitive edge, and ultimately improve overall performance and profitability.
96. What do you mean by morale? Write the factors that influence employee morale.
Morale refers to the overall attitude, confidence, motivation, and job satisfaction of employees
within an organization. It reflects the level of enthusiasm, commitment, and willingness of
employees to work towards achieving organizational goals. High morale is characterized by a

positive work environment, a sense of purpose, and a strong team spirit among employees.
Here's a summary of the factors that influence employee morale:
1. Leadership and management: Effective leadership, clear communication, and transparent

decision-making processes.
2. Work environment: Comfortable, safe, and well-organized physical working conditions.
3. Compensation and benefits: Fair and competitive pay packages and attractive benefits.
4. Recognition and appreciation: Acknowledging and valuing employees' efforts and

achievements.
5. Career growth and development: Opportunities for professional growth, skill development, and
career advancement.
6. Work-life balance: Supporting a healthy balance between work and personal life.
7. Organizational culture and values: A positive and inclusive culture aligned with employees'
values.
8. Job security and stability: Providing a sense of job security and organizational stability.
9. Teamwork and collaboration: A supportive team environment with positive interpersonal

relationships.
10. Autonomy and decision-making: Involving employees in decision-making processes and

allowing autonomy.
Maintaining high employee morale is crucial as it leads to increased productivity, job satisfaction,
employee retention, and overall organizational success. Organizations should focus on addressing
these factors to foster a positive and motivated workforce.
128. What do you mean by motivation? Discuss the policy arrangements made for the motivation
of employees in the civil service of Nepal.
Motivation refers to the internal and external factors that stimulate desire and energy in
individuals to be continually interested and committed to a job, role, or subject, or to make an
effort to attain a goal. Motivation energizes, directs, and sustains behavior towards achieving
specific outcomes.
Here's a summary of the policy arrangements made for the motivation of employees in the civil
service of Nepal:
1. Financial incentives: Performance-based allowances, bonuses, and special allowances for

challenging work environments.
2. Career development opportunities: Promotions, trainings, and professional development

programs for skill enhancement and career growth.
3. Leave policies: Casual leave, sick leave, maternity/paternity leave, and study leave for work-
life balance.
4. Performance evaluation and feedback: Regular assessments and constructive feedback to

identify areas for improvement and recognize outstanding performance.
5. Recognition and awards: Awards and recognition programs to honor exceptional service,
dedication, and achievements of civil servants.
6. Grievance redressal mechanisms: Platforms for employees to voice concerns and seek
resolutions, ensuring they feel heard.
7. Capacity-building programs: Trainings, workshops, and seminars for knowledge and skill
development, promoting personal and professional growth.
8. Conducive work environment: Efforts to provide adequate resources, infrastructure, and

facilities for a comfortable and supportive workplace.
These policy arrangements aim to financially incentivize, provide growth opportunities, maintain
work-life balance, recognize achievements, address grievances, enhance skills, and create a
supportive environment, ultimately contributing to the motivation and job satisfaction of civil
servants in Nepal.
marginalised groups
47. What kind of additional policy and legal arrangements do you see necessary to bring the
reservation system of civil service in Nepal to the targeted category?
Here's a summary of the additional policy and legal arrangements that could help bring the
reservation system of the civil service in Nepal more effectively to the targeted categories:
1. Comprehensive review and revision of existing reservation policies to identify gaps and areas
for improvement.
2. Strengthening legal frameworks by revising laws, introducing new provisions, and establishing
monitoring mechanisms for better implementation and enforcement.
3. Increasing reserved quotas for underrepresented or marginalized groups to reflect their

population proportion better.
4. Enhancing awareness and outreach programs to educate targeted communities about the
reservation system and application processes.
5. Capacity-building and skill development initiatives to prepare candidates from reserved

categories to meet qualifications.
6. Ensuring inclusive, transparent, and bias-free recruitment and selection processes.
7. Establishing support systems like mentoring, career counseling, and networking opportunities.
8. Implementing robust monitoring and accountability mechanisms, including periodic audits and
data collection.
9. Fostering collaboration and dialogue with civil society organizations, advocacy groups, and
representatives of targeted communities.
10. Promoting an inclusive and supportive organizational culture within the civil service through
awareness campaigns and diversity training.
These additional measures, combined with sustained efforts and commitment from the
government and stakeholders, can help strengthen the reservation system, ensure better
representation, and foster an inclusive environment for targeted categories in the civil service of
Nepal.
48. Even though it has been a long time since Nepal's basic law ended all kinds of discrimination,
why is discrimination against women still a major problem in Nepali society? Find out the
reasons.
Here's a summary of the key reasons why discrimination against women persists in Nepali society
despite legal provisions prohibiting it:
1. Patriarchal societal norms and values that relegate women to subordinate positions.
2. Lack of effective implementation and enforcement of laws promoting gender equality.
3. Deeply entrenched gender biases and stereotypes limiting women's opportunities.
4. Poverty and economic dependence of women on male family members.
5. Limited access to education and resources for women, especially in rural areas.
6. Harmful traditional practices and beliefs, such as child marriage and dowry systems.
7. Inadequate representation and participation of women in decision-making bodies and
leadership positions.
8. Lack of widespread awareness and social acceptance of women's rights and gender equality
principles.
Addressing gender-based discrimination in Nepal requires a comprehensive approach, including

effective law enforcement, awareness campaigns, empowerment programs, and a shift in societal
attitudes and norms. Sustained efforts from the government, civil society, educational institutions,
and communities are crucial to combat discrimination and promote gender equality.
68. Mention any five key measures that make positive discrimination effective in the objective
half.
Here's a summary of the five key measures that can make positive discrimination effective in
achieving its objectives:
1. Clear legal and policy framework: Establishing comprehensive laws and policies that define
the scope, eligibility criteria, and implementation mechanisms for positive discrimination
measures.
2. Effective monitoring and enforcement mechanisms: Implementing robust monitoring systems,

conducting periodic audits, and imposing penalties for non-compliance to ensure adherence to
policies.
3. Capacity-building and support programs: Providing targeted skill development training,

mentorship, and access to resources for beneficiaries to help them overcome barriers and utilize
opportunities.
4. Awareness campaigns and community engagement: Conducting widespread awareness

campaigns and engaging with communities to build understanding, acceptance, and a supportive
environment for positive discrimination measures.
5. Regular review and adjustment: Periodically reviewing and adjusting measures based on
changing circumstances, emerging trends, and progress achieved to ensure relevance and
effectiveness.
These measures, coupled with broader efforts to address systemic inequalities and promote
inclusive policies, can help make positive discrimination initiatives more effective in achieving
their intended objectives of promoting equal opportunities and representation for disadvantaged
groups.
70.Make a critical comment on the policies adopted by Nepal for the upliftment of the tribal
tribes.
Nepal has adopted various policies and programs aimed at uplifting the tribal communities, also
known as Adivasi Janajati or indigenous nationalities. However, the implementation and
effectiveness of these policies have been subject to criticism and challenges. Here's a critical
comment on the policies adopted by Nepal for the upliftment of tribal communities
1. Lack of effective implementation: Gap between policy formulation and actual implementation
due to limited resources, lack of political will, and weak institutional mechanisms.
2. Limited participation and representation: Inadequate involvement and consultation of

indigenous communities in decision-making processes and governance structures.
3. Land rights and natural resource management: Lack of recognition and protection of traditional
land rights and access to natural resources, leading to conflicts and marginalization.
4. Preservation of cultural identity and traditional knowledge: Inadequate measures for preserving
and promoting cultural diversity, languages, and traditional knowledge of indigenous
communities.
5. Access to education and healthcare: Persistent disparities in accessing quality education and
healthcare services, perpetuating marginalization and poverty.
6. Economic empowerment and livelihood opportunities: Limited scope and impact of policies
and programs focused on economic empowerment and sustainable livelihoods for indigenous
communities.
7. Coordination and monitoring: Lack of effective coordination among government agencies and
stakeholders, and need for robust monitoring and evaluation mechanisms.
To address these challenges, Nepal needs to prioritize effective implementation, promote genuine
participation, allocate adequate resources, strengthen institutional mechanisms, enhance
coordination, and establish robust monitoring and evaluation frameworks to ensure the successful
upliftment of tribal communities.
103.Discuss the efforts made for the upliftment of the Dalit community in Nepal.
The Dalit community in Nepal has faced systemic discrimination, marginalization, and social
exclusion for centuries. However, in recent years, the government of Nepal has made various
efforts to uplift the Dalit community and address the issues they face.
Here's a summary of the key efforts made for the upliftment of the Dalit community in Nepal:
1. Legal and Constitutional Provisions:

- Constitutional provisions prohibiting caste-based discrimination and ensuring Dalit rights.
- Enactment of laws criminalizing untouchability practices.
2. Reservation and Affirmative Action Policies:

- Reservations in education, public services, and elected bodies to increase Dalit representation.
- Scholarships and fee waivers for Dalit students.
3. Institutional Mechanisms:
- Establishment of National Dalit Commission and Dalit Development Committees.
4. Economic Empowerment Programs:

- Income-generation programs, skill development trainings, access to microfinance, and
entrepreneurship promotion.
- Land redistribution and housing programs for landless Dalits.
5. Social Awareness and Advocacy:

- Awareness campaigns and advocacy programs to challenge social stigma and discrimination.
- Active role of civil society organizations and Dalit rights groups.
6. Access to Basic Services:

- Targeted programs and infrastructure development initiatives to improve access to education,
healthcare, water, and sanitation.
While these efforts have contributed to some progress, significant challenges remain in terms of
effective implementation, resource allocation, and addressing deep-rooted systemic
discrimination and marginalization faced by the Dalit community in Nepal.
111. Discuss the role of concerned bodies for guaranteeing human rights in Nepal.
Here's a summary of the key points about the role of concerned bodies for guaranteeing human
rights in Nepal:
- The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) is a constitutional body that investigates
human rights violations, recommends measures, and monitors the human rights situation.
- The Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs drafts laws related to human rights and
ensures compliance with international standards.
- Specialized commissions like the National Women's Commission and National Dalit
Commission protect the rights of women and the Dalit community, respectively.
- The judiciary, including the Supreme Court, upholds and interprets human rights laws,
providing remedies for violations.
- Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) engage in advocacy, awareness campaigns, legal aid,

and monitoring human rights situations.
- The media plays a role in raising awareness about violations and holding authorities
accountable.
- Civil society organizations, including human rights groups and advocacy groups, conduct
research, advocate for policy changes, and monitor human rights conditions.
- While these bodies contribute to human rights protection, challenges remain, such as inadequate
resources, lack of enforcement mechanisms, and persisting violations in certain areas, requiring
continuous efforts and strengthening of these institutions.
112. How effective are the policies taken by the state of Nepal to uplift the marginalized class,
region and caste and integrate them into the mainstream of the state? Present the original idea.
Here's a summary of the effectiveness of Nepal's policies to uplift marginalized classes, regions,
and castes, and integrate them into the mainstream:
Positive Steps:
- Constitutional provisions prohibiting discrimination and recognizing rights of marginalized
groups.
- Affirmative action policies with quotas and reservations in education, employment, and state
bodies.
- Targeted development programs for neglected regions like Karnali.
- Legal reforms criminalizing caste-based discrimination and untouchability practices.
- Establishment of institutional mechanisms like Dalit and Women's Commissions.
Persistent Challenges:
- Deep-rooted societal attitudes and discriminatory practices, especially in rural areas.
- Implementation gaps due to lack of resources, capacity, and political will.
- Uneven development, with some regions and communities still lagging behind.
- Intersectional marginalization faced by certain groups due to multiple factors.
- Limited meaningful representation and participation in decision-making processes.
Way Forward:
- Strengthening implementation mechanisms and monitoring systems.
- Investing in education, awareness campaigns, and community engagement.
- Ensuring equitable resource allocation and targeted development initiatives.
- Promoting greater political representation of marginalized groups.
- Fostering inter-community dialogue, understanding, and social cohesion.
Achieving true inclusion and integration requires sustained efforts, commitment, and a
multifaceted approach to address the complex interplay of social, economic, political, and cultural
factors perpetuating marginalization in Nepal.
119. Discuss the efforts made for the upliftment of women in the context of Nepal.
Here's a summary of the efforts made for the upliftment of women in Nepal:
Legal and Constitutional Provisions:

- Constitution enshrines equality, non-discrimination, and rights for women.
- Laws enacted to protect women's rights, address domestic violence and sexual harassment.
Institutional Mechanisms:
- National Women's Commission established to protect women's rights and interests.
- Ministries and departments formulate policies and programs for women's empowerment.
Participation and Representation:

- Constitution mandates at least 33% representation of women in parliaments.
- Initiatives to promote women's participation in decision-making processes.
Education and Economic Empowerment:

- Policies and programs to increase girls' enrollment, promote women's literacy.
- Skill development training, micro-credit schemes, and income-generating programs.
Health and Reproductive Rights:

- Efforts to improve maternal and child health services, family planning access.
- Legalization of abortion to safeguard reproductive rights.
Gender-Based Violence Prevention:

- Awareness campaigns, hotlines, and support services for victims.
- Safe houses and shelters for protection and rehabilitation.
Civil Society and International Support:

- NGOs and international agencies advocate for women's rights, provide legal aid, and implement
empowerment programs.
Challenges:
- Deeply rooted patriarchal attitudes and gender-based violence.
- Limited access to education and economic opportunities, especially in rural areas.
- Need for stronger implementation and enforcement of laws and policies.
Continuous efforts from the government, civil society, and international partners are necessary to
address challenges and ensure the full realization of women's rights and empowerment in Nepal.
123. What are the formulas of unity while protecting the diversity in Nepali society.
Nepal is a diverse nation with various ethnic, linguistic, and cultural groups. Promoting unity
while protecting this diversity is a delicate balance that requires a multifaceted approach. Here are
some formulas or strategies that Nepal has adopted or could consider:
1. Constitutional recognition and protection: The Constitution of Nepal (2015) recognizes the
multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, multi-religious, and multi-cultural characteristics of the country. It
enshrines the right to participate in cultural practices and provides for the preservation and
promotion of diverse languages and cultures.
2. Federalism and decentralization: Nepal has adopted a federal system with three tiers of
government (federal, provincial, and local). This decentralization allows for greater autonomy
and representation of diverse groups at different levels, fostering a sense of inclusion and
empowerment.
3. Affirmative action and inclusive policies: The government has implemented affirmative action
policies and quota systems in education, employment, and political representation to ensure the
inclusion of marginalized communities and groups, such as Dalits, Janajatis (indigenous groups),
Madhesis, and women.
4. Promotion of mother tongues and cultural heritage: Efforts have been made to promote the use
and preservation of various mother tongues and cultural practices. This includes initiatives such
as language-based education, cultural festivals, and the preservation of tangible and intangible
cultural heritage.
5. Inter-community dialogue and understanding: Initiatives that promote inter-community

dialogue, understanding, and appreciation of diverse cultures can help bridge gaps and foster
unity. These can include cultural exchange programs, interfaith dialogues, and awareness
campaigns.
6. Equal opportunities and non-discrimination: Ensuring equal opportunities and non-

discrimination in access to resources, services, and opportunities for all communities, regardless
of their ethnic, linguistic, or cultural backgrounds, is crucial for promoting unity and inclusion.
7. Conflict resolution mechanisms: Establishing effective mechanisms for resolving conflicts and
addressing grievances related to ethnic, cultural, or linguistic issues can help prevent tensions
from escalating and promote peaceful coexistence.
8. Inclusive development policies: Development policies and programs that take into account the
specific needs and challenges of diverse communities can help address inequalities and promote a
more equitable distribution of resources and opportunities.
9. Education and awareness: Incorporating multicultural education, promoting awareness about

diversity, and challenging stereotypes and prejudices through educational curricula and public
awareness campaigns can help foster a culture of respect and understanding.
10. Embracing diversity as a strength: Promoting the narrative that Nepal's diversity is a strength
and a source of cultural richness, rather than a source of division, can help foster a sense of pride
and unity in the country's diversity.
Achieving unity while protecting diversity in Nepal requires a comprehensive and sustained
effort from various stakeholders, including the government, civil society, educational institutions,
and the general public. It involves a combination of legal and policy frameworks, institutional
mechanisms, cultural preservation efforts, and the promotion of values such as inclusivity, non-
discrimination, and inter-community understanding.

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Administration and Management

Public Administration Theory and Concepts:

Public Financial Management:

Here is a classification of the questions by topic:

Administration and Governance:

Human Resource Management:

Law and Justice:

Representation and Inclusion:

Rights and Duties:

14, 31, 63, 75, 85, 108, 121

5. Question 90 on indicators of rule of law. Key for good governance.

66. Mention the importance of public participation in development.

Public participation in development is important for several reasons:

- Inclusive decision-making: Allows for more democratic and participatory decision-making by

- Recognition of community contributions through volunteer work, donations, etc. towards

Development administration refers to the administration and implementation of policies,

- Promoting Inclusive Development: Development administration ensures participatory processes

- Ensuring Efficient Use of Resources: Administrative principles around accountability,

- Driving Institutional Reforms: Development administration allows reforming outdated

In summary, development administration provides the institutional foundations necessary for

- Participation builds capacity and empowerment. By actively engaging in development

- Participation enables ongoing learning. Development is a continuous process of adaptation.

- Participation strengthens accountability. With participatory development, beneficiaries have

- Education: NGOs supplement government education programs by building and supporting

In summary, NGOs have played an indispensable role complementing government efforts in

51. Can policy be made without politics? Present a logical idea.

- Requires reconciling interests of various stakeholders and building consensus.

- Results in authorization and allocation of resources to implement the decision.

- Translates government priorities into actions, programs, regulations etc.

- Aims to produce desired changes and outcomes for society.

In the context of Nepal, some key policymaking bodies include:

- Provincial Assemblies: Approve policies and laws at the provincial level.

- Ministries: Formulate policies and programs related to their sector.

In summary, policy decisions in Nepal emerge through an institutional process involving

- Adequate resources - Sufficient budgetary allocation, manpower, technology, infrastructure etc.

- Monitoring and feedback mechanisms - Robust M&E provides learnings to enhance

In summary, Nepal's Constitution incorporates key tenets of rule of law by establishing

88What is the rule of law? Mention its main features.

- Separation of powers - An independent judiciary ensures fair application of laws by the

90. What are the indicators of the rule of law? Mention.

- Open government - High levels of transparency, accountability and public participation in

69. Clarify the importance of inclusion in the context of strengthening democracy.

- Promotes representation of diverse interests and perspectives in policymaking. An inclusive

- Expands opportunities for sustainable bargains, compromise and concessions between

In summary, inclusion of diverse interests encourages representation and participation that

4. Limited infrastructure development - Chronic under-investment in roads, electricity, irrigation

3. Ensure inclusive governance - consult impacted groups in policymaking, protect freedom of

108. How should management information system be used by development administration?

5. Accountability: By tracking government activities and spending, MIS supports transparency

Some key issues seen are:

3. Fiscal federalism principles are yet to be properly implemented as revenue distribution,

In summary, Nepal's intergovernmental planning and implementation system is still hindered by

5. Supporting local economic development: Fostering growth of small businesses, skill

3. Social Security Expansion: Introduction of universal old-age allowances, disability allowances

3. Overdependence on Remittances -Economy overreliant on remittances makes it vulnerable to

1. Politicization of Institutions: Recruitments and appointments especially in independent

5. Increased Decentralization: Rapid expansion of subnational governments with newly created

5. International Commitments: Nepal's obligations under certain UN frameworks, SDGs, climate

2. Inadequate Capabilities: Lack of trained technical manpower, poor forecasting, monitoring

3. Poor Planning and Prioritization: Unrealistic projections of spending capacity, inclusion of

4. Over-reliance on Foreign Aid: Capital investments leaning heavily on external development

1. To address historical discrimination & exclusion - Reservation provides opportunities to

2. Enhance equitable representation - These groups have negligible representation in decision-