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Ambedkar’s Educational Odyssey, 1913–1927

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Ambedkar’s Educational Journal of Social Inclusion Studies

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Odyssey, 1913–1927 2020 Indian Institute of
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J. Krishnamurty1

Abstract
I have attempted to provide an accurate timeline for Ambedkar’s incredible
educational achievements between 1913 and 1927. Although there is wealth of
literature on Ambedkar’s life, ambiguities and errors abound. I have therefore
examined afresh archival material and secondary sources.
Besides preparing several other manuscripts and papers in economics, Ambedkar
secured his MSc and DSc degrees from London and published two major books,
one on monetary policy and the other on fiscal policy. One was the basis on
which he was awarded his Columbia PhD degree. It also appears that an earlier
doctoral thesis draft prepared in 1917 was lost at sea. At the same time, he
acquired his professional qualification as a lawyer, being called to the bar in 1920.
Ambedkar’s relations with his supervisors were harmonious and he appears to
have been treated well by them.
Ambedkar produced a large and varied body of original work under the most
difficult of conditions. In the light of the above the fact which I also establish that
he was not the first Indian to obtain a doctoral degree in economics pales into
insignificance.

Keywords
Ambedkar, Indian economist, PhD, DSc, Columbia, London

Dr B. R. Ambedkar was among the group of early Indian economists of the 20th
century who had professional training and made major contributions to Indian
economics. In the course of my research on early Indian economists, including
Ambedkar, I consulted several archival sources and records of some universities
in the USA and the UK. Of particular interest to me was to find out where they
studied, the difficulties they faced, who their teachers were and how those teachers
and others influenced them. Many of them underwent considerable difficulties in

1
Institute for Human Development, New Delhi, India.

Corresponding author:
J. Krishnamurty, Institute for Human Development, New Delhi 110092, India.
E-mail: krishnamurty@gmail.com
2 Journal of Social Inclusion Studies

securing admission and funding, travelling to the universities, living and working
for their degrees and achieving recognition among their peers. Ambedkar, more
than any other aspiring Indian economist, faced almost insuperable problems in
his path of academic achievement, yet he came through brilliantly.
Tracking Ambedkar’s studies outside India, I found that he had studied in the
USA, the UK and Germany, and secured several degrees. His biographers have
written extensively about this phase of his life. However, there remains much
confusion about the dates, places and degrees. I have tried to get the facts straight.
In this article, I first examine whether it was true that Ambedkar was the first
Indian to obtain a doctorate in Economics. I then try to set right the chronology of
his various theses and degrees. After briefly examining his interactions with his
supervisors, I conclude with a few thoughts on his prodigious output in the broad
area of Economics.

The First Indian Doctorate?

It is widely believed that Ambedkar was the first Indian to obtain a doctorate in
Economics from abroad. This is stated on several web sites, albeit added with
some qualifications. For example, some writers state that his was the first Indian
doctorate in Economics and Public Finance; while some others hold that he was
the first Indian to study abroad for a PhD in Economics. While some of these
statements are ambiguous, others are certainly wrong. There is also some
understandable confusion regarding the PhD and DSc degrees due to different
practices regarding course work and thesis requirements adopted by different
universities, and changes in them over time.
Take the case of the London University, a popular destination for Indian
students. Prior to 1921, the only research degree on offer was the DSc degree
(University of London, 1926). The PhD degree was formally introduced in the
university in 1921 apparently in response to demands from several dominions and
colonies.
Ambedkar obtained his London DSc degree in 1923 for his thesis ‘Problem of
the Rupee’ (University of London, 1926). However, he was not the first Indian to
achieve this feat. Records of the London University clearly show that John
Matthai and Pramathanath Bandyopadhyay (more popularly known as
Pramathanath Banerjea) obtained their DSc degrees from the university in 1916.
Besides Matthai (later an Indian Finance Minister) and Banerjea (later Minto
Professor of Economics at Calcutta University), the other Indian economist
awarded a DSc degree from London University before Ambedkar was Ratan
Chand Rawlley in 1919.
Regarding London PhD degrees, Satyashraya Gopal Panandikar was the first
Indian to obtain a PhD in Economics from London University in 1921. Following
Panandikar, Sadanand Mungesh Dhume, Bal Krishna and Sudhishchandra Ray
secured their PhDs in 1922.
Krishnamurty 3

Turning to US doctorates, while Ambedkar was one of the early Indians to work
for a PhD in the USA, he was awarded his degree by Columbia University only in
1927. The first Indian PhD in Economics in the USA was probably Rajani Kanta Das,
a labour economist, who worked with Professor John Commons and was awarded the
PhD degree by the University of Wisconsin in 1917 (Krishnamurty, 2019).

An Attempt at Chronology
Ambedkar’s studies and research have been discussed in several places. These
include Dhananjay Keer’s (1954) biography, the many volumes produced by
Vasant Moon, and the web site of Frances Pritchett. Papers maintained at Columbia
University and the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library and some recent
evidence from the London School of Economics also help us to fill in details and
check for consistency (LSE blog; Venkatachalapathy, 2018). I have also benefited
from inputs from the archivists at the London School of Economics and Columbia
University libraries.
In 1912 Ambedkar obtained his BA degree in Economics and Political Science
from Bombay University. He was provided a scholarship by the Maharaja of
Baroda and arrived in New York on 22 July 1913. He enrolled at Columbia
University and obtained his MA degree in 1915 submitting, as a requirement, a
thesis titled ‘Administration and Finance of the East India Company’ (Moon, Vol.
6, Book 1).
There was another manuscript, ‘Ancient Indian Commerce,’ which Ambedkar
prepared but did not submit for his MA degree (Moon, Vol. 12, Part I). Keer refers
to Ambedkar submitting yet another thesis ‘National dividend of India: A historical
and analytical study.’ Keer (1954, p. 29) states that it was accepted by Columbia
University, but we do not know more. I guess that it was probably part of the
course work-cum-examination content of his MA and PhD programme. This is
confirmed by Ambedkar’s own remarks in his passport application to the UK.
In 1916 Ambedkar planned a trip to the UK with the intention of collecting
material for his Columbia thesis. He indicated in his passport application that he had
been a postgraduate student of Columbia University and that he would be completing
‘all requirements for the PhD degree except my thesis which is a very essential part
thereof’ by the end of June 1916 (Venkatachalapathy, 2018). Ambedkar was
planning to go to London in June 1916 to collect material for his work on financial
decentralisation, as in his own words, ‘the source materials for the completion of
[his] thesis was to be found only in England.’1 This is corroborated by his Columbia
University supervisor, Prof Edwin Seligman’s letter to Prof Sidney Webb dated 23
May 1916, wherein he stated: ‘He [Ambedkar] is now spending a year in London to
finish up his dissertation on the financial history of India.’2
Ambedkar arrived in London in 1916 and was working hard when his Baroda
scholarship came to an end. He had to go back to India in 1917. He returned to
London in July 1920 with assistance from the Maharaja of Kolhapur among others.
4 Journal of Social Inclusion Studies

During his first stay in London Ambedkar was reportedly preparing an MSc
thesis for London University on the subject of provincial decentralisation of Indian
finance. This is corroborated by Professor Edwin Canaan (his London University
supervisor) in a letter dated 24 November 1917 to an unknown addressee:

Mr B R Ambedkar came to London in June 1916 highly recommended to me by my old

friend, Professor Seager of Columbia University, New York, and was readily accepted
as a candidate for the M.Sc. (Economics) degree by the University of London. His
work (is) to be under my supervision. He proposes to offer a thesis on the provincial
decentralization of Indian finance but being obliged to return to India he has obtained
leave to interrupt his work for a time.3

Three years later, in 1920, when Ambedkar returned to London from India,
Professor Edwin Seligman wrote to Professor Foxwell of the London School of
Economics, on 23 September 1920 recommending Ambedkar thus:

Ambedkar was a student with us for several years in Columbia and passed his
examination for the Doctor’s degree with considerable distinction. He has been filling
the chair of Commerce and Economics at the Sydenham College of Commerce in
Bombay, and he is now proposing to spend about two years in Great Britain to finish a
piece of research work in which he is interested.4

We may presume that Ambedkar planned to use his time in the UK looking at
government reports and archives directly relevant to his work on provincial
decentralisation, the subject of the thesis he was to submit to Columbia University.
However, the phrase ‘to finish a piece of research work in which he is interested’
is vague. This letter appears to have confused Foxwell as well. In November
1920, Foxwell wrote to the Secretary of the LSE, Mrs Mair:

I find he has already taken his doctor’s degree and has only come here to finish a
research. I had forgotten this. I am sorry we cannot identify him with the School but
there are no more worlds for him here to conquer.5

Despite this, Ambedkar continued to work with Prof Edwin Canaan at the London
School of Economics and in 1921 he submitted a thesis, ‘Provincial decentralization
of imperial finance in India’ for his MSc London. He was successful in obtaining
the degree in July 1921.6
In March 1923, Ambedkar submitted a thesis for his London DSc degree on a
completely different subject—Stabilisation of the Indian exchange: problem of
the rupee. It was referred back by the examiners who apparently sought revisions
in the text, but not the conclusions. In August 1923, Ambedkar resubmitted his
thesis and was awarded the DSc in November 1923.7 A revised version of the
same was published in December 1923 as The Problem of the Rupee, by P. S. King
and Son Limited, London.
Meanwhile in the same year, Ambedkar published another book, The Evolution
of Provincial Finance in British India: A Study in the Provincial Decentralization
Krishnamurty 5

of Imperial Finance, with a foreword by Prof Edwin A. Seligman (Ambedkar,

1923). A copy of this book at the Asiatic Society, Kolkata, has been digitised and
is available on archive.org.8 The version more frequently referred to was published
in 1925.9
We may assume that this book drew upon Ambedkar’s MSc London thesis
of 1921 on the same subject. However, it must have been a much more
substantial piece of work than an MSc thesis. As we shall see, he would be
submitting more or less the same text for his Columbia PhD degree. Following
his MSc thesis, Ambedkar must have researched much further on provincial
finance on his own with some guidance from Prof Seligman. This was,
presumably through correspondence, as he did not visit New York between
1917 and 1923, when the 1923 book on provincial finance appeared. In both,
the 1923 and 1925 versions, Ambedkar acknowledged his immense general
debt to Prof Seligman while mentioning that Prof Canaan read ‘a rough draft of
a small part of the manuscript’.
As his thesis at Columbia University, Ambedkar submitted the 1925 book on
provincial finance for his PhD degree. Hence, this submission must have been
made in 1925 or soon thereafter. We do not have a firm submission date for it.
Columbia University possesses the copy of the 1925 book which was submitted
by Ambedkar for the PhD It carries a sticker with the following statement:
‘Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of
Philosophy in the Faculty of Political Science, Columbia University, in the City of
New York.’10 The formal award of his Columbia PhD degree, it may be noted, was
made much later in 1927.11
To fully grasp the magnitude of Ambedkar’s achievement, it is necessary to
establish that his work on provincial finance was done by 1923 and that the 1925
volume is a reprint of the earlier volume with very slight changes. A comparison
of some of the texts makes this clear. There are slight changes in the title of
different chapters and Prof Seligman’s introduction, otherwise identical in both
versions, carries a date (October 1924) which was missing in the 1923 version. As
is known, it was the 1925 version that Ambedkar submitted as his dissertation for
the Columbia PhD degree. We may, therefore, conclude that both his DSc and
PhD theses were completed within a very short period of time from 1920 to 1923.
Over this period, Ambedkar achieved several awards in different areas of
activity. In Economics, he secured his MSc and DSc degrees from London and
published two major books, one on monetary policy and the other on fiscal policy.
He also completed the book on the basis of which he was to be awarded his
Columbia PhD degree. At the same time, he acquired his professional qualification
as a lawyer: He was called to the bar in 1920.
All this reflected not only Ambedkar’s immense intellectual capabilities but
also his unremitting hard work. His biographer Keer described how Ambedkar
spent long hours in the British Museum as well as the India Office Library,
University of London Library and other libraries in London. He would also spend
most of his nights working. Ambedkar once explained to Asnodkar, his roommate,
that ‘poverty and want of time required him to finish his studies as early as
possible and hence the dogged and ceaseless persistence’ (Keer, 1954, p. 46).
6 Journal of Social Inclusion Studies

A Couple of Puzzles
A reconstruction of the chronology of Ambedkar’s academic achievements points
to differences in the dating of specific events by different writers. There are also
some puzzles which are difficult to solve today, without access to more evidence.
Two puzzles may be highlighted:
●● His lost thesis in 1917.
●● Two versions of the book on provincial finance.

We first learn of the lost thesis in a letter that Ambedkar wrote to Prof Seligman
datelined London, 16 February 1922:

Dear Professor Seligman,

Having lost my manuscript of the original thesis when the steamer was torpedoed on
my way back to India in 1917. I have written out a new thesis entitled ‘The Stabilization
of the Indian Exchange’ which I hope with your permission to submit for the Ph.D. at
Columbia.12

This is the first time we learn of a lost thesis. How do we reconcile this with
some of the facts spelled out in the last section? Let us try to see how it fits the
timeline.
1917: Ambedkar’s shipment from London to Bombay was lost when the ship car-
rying it was torpedoed by the German Navy. According to Ambedkar, his draft
Columbia PhD thesis (presumably on financial decentralisation) was among the
things lost. Ambedkar mentioned this to Prof Seligman in 1922.
1920: In a letter to Ambedkar, dated 23 September 1920, Prof Seligman asked:
‘Are you ever going to finish your Doctor’s dissertation. I shall be interested in
knowing.’13 There is no mention here of a lost thesis.
1921: Ambedkar submitted his MSc thesis on the same broad subject, that is, finan-
cial decentralisation, to London University. Unfortunately, no copy exists.14
1922: Ambedkar, for the first time, informed Prof Seligman, his Columbia supervi-
sor, that his original PhD thesis was lost due to a German torpedo as it was being
transported back to India in 1917. He indicated that he had written a new thesis,
‘The stabilization of the Indian exchange’ which he wanted to submit in its place.
1923: Ambedkar submitted his thesis on the stabilisation of the Indian exchange to
London University for his DSc degree. It was returned for resubmission. He
resubmitted his DSc thesis and was awarded the degree by London University.
Based on it, he published a book, The Problem of the Rupee, in December
1923. He published in the same year another book, The Evolution of Provincial
Finance in British India: A Study in the Provincial Decentralization of Imperial
Finance, with a preface by Prof Seligman.
1925: Ambedkar again published his 1923 book on provincial finance. In that year or
soon thereafter he submitted this book as his thesis for the Columbia PhD degree.
1927: He was formally awarded the PhD degree by Columbia University.
Krishnamurty 7

How do we interpret the facts placed in the aforementioned timeline? My own

interpretation of events is the following: After the loss of his Columbia PhD thesis
draft in 1917, Ambedkar prepared a fresh draft on financial decentralisation which
he submitted in London for the MSc degree in 1921. He was simultaneously
working with Prof Edwin Cannan on another thesis on exchange stabilisation. He
finally decided to submit to London the thesis he had worked on with Prof Canaan.
He submitted to Columbia the thesis he had worked on mainly with Prof Seligman,
which may have been built upon his work in London for his London MSc degree.
We do not know how much input, in terms of comments and suggestions, Prof
Seligman had provided in the provincial finance books. Also, we do not know
why Ambedkar republished his book on provincial finance. Perhaps it had
something to do with the requirements for his submission for the PhD or maybe
copies of the earlier print had run out.

Ambedkar and His Supervisors

A study of Ambedkar’s academic career throws some light on the interactions he
had with several eminent economists of the time, particularly his supervisors, Prof
Cannan at LSE and Prof Seligman at Columbia University. Ambedkar appears to
have had good working relationships with both of them, although he had
differences with them on some issues, especially with Prof Canaan. One may
explain this as reflecting the very different views of British and Indian economists
on the impact of British policies in India. One may also speculate that after his
unpleasant experiences of discrimination in India, Ambedkar found the USA and
the UK a more level playing field where he was treated as an intellectual equal.

Canaan
In 1918, when his opinion about Ambedkar was asked, Prof Canaan responded
positively. We learn that ‘Professor Canaan, who saw him several times, judged
him to be capable and well-instructed with no lack of self-appreciation.’15
Canaan clearly liked Ambedkar and admired his dedication. At the same time,
he did not agree with Ambedkar on many points in his thesis. He was, however,
willing to accommodate these differences and not let it impact negatively on his
role as supervisor. Obviously, Ambedkar and Canaan viewed their relationship
from different perspectives. While expressing his gratitude ‘to my teacher’
Canaan, Ambedkar wrote:

His sympathy towards me and his keen interest in my undertaking have placed me under
obligations which I can never repay. I feel happy to say that this work has undergone
close supervision at his hands, and although he is in no way responsible for the view I
have expressed. I can say that his severe examination of my theoretic discussions has
saved me from many an error. (Ambedkar, 1923, Preface p. 330)
8 Journal of Social Inclusion Studies

In his Foreword, Prof Cannan is quite forthright:

As he is aware, I disagree with a good deal of his criticism... I do not share Mr

Ambedkar’s hostility to the system, nor accept most of his arguments against it and
its advocates. But he hits some nails very squarely on the head, and even when I have
thought him quite wrong, I have found a stimulating freshness in his views and reasons.
An old teacher like myself learns to tolerate the vagaries of originality, even when they
resist ‘severe examination’ such as that of which Mr Ambedkar speaks. (Ambedkar,
1923, Foreword, p. 331)

Seligman
Ambedkar’s interaction with Prof Seligman probably began around 1913, when
he came to New York. Seligman supported Ambedkar with letters of
recommendation when he went to London in 1916 and again, when Ambedkar
went to Germany in 1923. In his letter to Prof Webb, Seligman introduced
Ambedkar thus: ‘He is an excellent student and a nice fellow, moderate, broad and
able…’16
There appears, however, to have been some gaps in communication between
Ambedkar and Seligman around 1916, when Ambedkar went to London (and
thence to India) and in 1920 when he was back in London. It was in 1920, writing
from London, that Ambedkar informed Seligman of his intention to spend a
couple of years in London doing some research (he did not specify topics). The
letter is worth reproducing in full as it makes clear how grateful Ambedkar was to
Seligman and other members of the faculty at Columbia.

My dear Prof. Seligman,

You will probably be surprised to see me back in London. I am on my way to New York
but I am halting in London for about two years to finish a piece or two of research work
which I have undertaken. Of course, I long to be with you again for it was when I was
thrown into academic life by reason of my being a professor at the Sydenham College
of Commerce & Economics in Bombay, that I realised the huge debt of gratitude I owe
to the Political Science faculty of the Columbia University in general and to you in
particular.

While I am in London I wish to utilise certain research facilities and I should be

extremely obliged if you can send me a letter of introduction to Prof. Sidney Webb,
Professors Marshall, Nicholson, and Foxwell. I am sure you know them and will not
withhold this much kindness from your loving student, B. R. Ambedkar17

It is worth noting that Ambedkar regarded his stop in London as being on the way
to his return to New York, but he made no mention in this letter of the state of his
Columbia PhD dissertation. Seligman replied on 17 March 1921, agreeing to
Krishnamurty 9

provide the requested letters of introduction. However, the last couple of sentences
of his letter are of particular interest: ‘Are you ever going to finish your Doctor’s
dissertation? I shall be interested in knowing.’18
Ambedkar had probably not informed Seligman of the loss of his papers due to
the torpedo attack in 1917. It is only in a subsequent letter from London dated 16
February 1922, (reproduced in an earlier part of this article), that he told Seligman
about the loss of his original thesis and that he was thinking of submitting a fresh
thesis to Columbia University on the topic of ‘Stabilization of the Indian Exchange’
in December of that year.
As we know, this did not happen. Within about a year of informing Seligman
of the loss of his manuscript, Ambedkar published his book on provincial finance.
Significantly, in the preface to his book on provincial finance, first published in
1923, Ambedkar thanked Prof Canaan, but the main acknowledgement was to
Prof Seligman:

I am also thankful to Prof. Cannan, of the University of London, who has read the
rough draft of a small part of the manuscript. My debt to Prof. Seligman, my teacher at
Columbia University, is of course immense: for from him I learned my first lessons in
the theory of Public Finance.19

From the aforementioned, it is not clear how much input in terms of comments
and suggestions were made by Seligman on the 1923 book (and hence the 1925
book which was to become his thesis). Ambedkar finally secured his Columbia
PhD in 1927 on his thesis on provincial finance in British India, based on his
submission of the 1925 book.

Concluding Remarks
Between his arrival in the USA in 1913 and the award of his Columbia PhD in
1927, Ambedkar managed to produce many original works in Economics. We must
remember that during this period he spent time in New York, London, Bonn and
India; for varying periods, he worked for the Baroda government, he was a
professor at the Sydenham College of Commerce, and he was increasingly drawn
towards political activities in the public sphere. He also lost one set of his papers
and a draft PhD thesis in a torpedo attack in 1917. Apart from this he wrote on other
subjects and worked towards a law degree. He produced an MSc and a DSc thesis
for the London University and an MA and a PhD thesis for the Columbia University.
What is really remarkable is not merely the volume and scope of his writings
in Economics and related fields, but their consistently high quality. While in India,
he wrote a classic paper on small holdings in the country, published in 1918.20
During his stay abroad, he wrote treatises on ancient Indian commerce, the
administration and finance of the East India Company, the national dividend of
India, provincial decentralisation of imperial finance and on the stabilisation of
the Indian rupee. These writings involved considerable original thinking, the
10 Journal of Social Inclusion Studies

analyses of available primary and secondary material and drafting of text. His two
doctoral theses continue to be referred as major works on the subject.
If my interpretation of the facts is right, all this must rank as a most prodigious
effort resulting in a large body of original work. In the light of the aforementioned,
the fact that Ambedkar was not the first Indian to obtain a doctoral degree in
Economics pales into insignificance.

Acknowledgements
I am grateful to Professor Sukhadeo Thorat for his valuable comments at different stages
of the development of this article. Responsibility for the views expressed in this article is
entirely mine.

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, author-
ship and/or publication of this article.

Funding
The author received no financial support for the research, authorship and/or publication of
this article.

Notes
1. For details see Venkatachalapathy, who quotes from Ambedkar’s letter of 17 May 1916
applying for a passport, found in the British Library. There appears to be a slight error
in Venkatachalapathy’s article; Ambedkar intended to leave the USA on 3 June 1916,
not in 1917.
2. Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, Ambedkar Papers [hereafter NMML-AP] Reel
2, Letter 25.
3. NMML-AP, Reel 2.
4. Seligman to Foxwell, 23 September 1920 in LSE Blog.
5. Foxwell in LSE Blog.
6. See: NMML-AP, Reel 2, J Marr to W A Douglas-Rudge, 3 May 1922.
7. The dates are taken from the LSE Blog.
8. See https://ia601609.us.archive.org/27/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.31840/2015.31840.The
-Evolution-Of-Provincial-Finance-In-British-India_text.pdf
9. For an easily accessible text see https://mea.gov.in/Images/attach/amb/Volume_06.
pdf, pp. 51–312.
10. I am grateful to Mr Gary Hausman, South Asian Studies Librarian, Columbia
University, for providing me a copy of the title page.
11. See http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/timeline/1920s.html
12. Columbia University Library, Seligman Collection, Box 23, Correspondence Sent,
1919–1924.
13. See http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/timeline/1920s.html
14. I am indebted to Ms Sue Donnelly, Archivist, London School of Economics Library
for confirming this.
15. NMML-AP, C S MacTaggart to Percy Anstey, 14 May 1918.
16. NMML-AP, Seligman to Webb, 23 May 1916.
17. Letter of 3 August 1920, Seligman papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library,
Columbia University.
 Krishnamurty 11

18. Columbia University Library, Seligman Collection, Box 23, Seligman to Ambedkar,
17 March 1921.
19. See preface in B. R. Ambedkar (1923).
20. Reproduced in Krishnamurty (2019, pp. 19–51).

References
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the Provincial Decentralization of Imperial Finance. London, UK: P. S. King and Son
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330, pagination of Moon, Vol. 6). London, UK: P. S. King and Son.
Keer, D. (1954). Dr Ambedkar: His life and mission. Bombay, India: Popular Prakashan
Publishers.
Krishnamurty, J. (2019). Towards development economics (pp. 123–125). Delhi, India:
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LSE blog. (2016). No more worlds here for him to conquer-Dr B R Ambedkar at LSE.
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for-him-toconquer-%20br-ambedkar-at-lse
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speeches.php
Pritchett, F. (2020). A timeline of Dr B R Ambedkar’s life. Retrieved from http://www.
columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/timeline/index.html
University of London. (1926). Historical record, second issue 1836–1926. London, UK:
University Press. Retrieved from https://www.vitae.ac.uk/news/vitae-blog/100-years-
of-the-phd-by-prof-david-bogle
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R Ambedkar’s educational journey. The Hindu.

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