UNIT-3 (Mid – II)

What is Mitigation??
• The process of reducing the severity of an
impact caused due to developmental activity
is called Mitigation
 Mitigation Plans and Relief &
Rehabilitation
• The mitigation plans for control of adverse impacts arising out
of developmental activity should address the following:
• Technological Measures
• Technological measures are to be specified to mitigate the
impacts in each phase of the project. The mitigation measures
need to be stated separately along with emission and waste
reduction for each phase and under the following strategy
categories:
• Pollution prevention
• Waste minimization
• End-of-the-pipe treatment technology
• Attenuation in the source-receptor pathway
• Protection of the sensitive receptors
• Mitigation Measures (onsite & offsite) to minimize risk
• Physical Planning
Physical plans address formulation, implementation and
monitoring of environmental protection measures during and
after commissioning of the project.
It is important to verify the inclusion of the following points in
the EMP for checking the completeness and adequacy of the
Physical Plan
• The listing of devices for pollution control, prevention and
attenuation; and receptor protection to be put in place; their
specifications, efficiency and cost. (it is recommended that
such a listing be provided for each stage of the project and
significant impacts separately. The physical facilities specified
in Disaster Management Plan also need to be covered).
• The Schedule of project implementation fitted with proposed
environmental management measures.
• The proposed layout plan of facilities fitted with
requirements for Environmental Management and Disaster
Management Plans.
Human Resources
• The Human Resources Plan for implementation of
Environmental Management should include training,
awareness, preparedness and institutional strengthening
requirements.
• The salient issues that need verification by the reviewer are
whether:
 the skills required for effective implementation of mitigation
plans are identified
 the organizational chart for implementation of mitigation
measures with roles and responsibility is provided
 the provision for financial resource allocation for supporting
the human resources is made
 the responsibilities of operation and maintenance and
provision for preventive maintenance are specified.
 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
• Environmental monitoring is critical to understand
whether the quality of our ambient natural
environment improving or deteriorating by different
anthropogenic activities.
• Environmental monitoring is a scientific and technical
tool to access environmental conditions and trends.
• Environmental monitoring is collection of
information and observation of data to understand
the state of environment.
TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

• Air Monitoring
• Soil Monitoring
• Water Monitoring
• Waste Monitoring
• Noise Monitoring
 Air/Atmospheric Monitoring
• Air pollutants harm the environment and human health. Some air
pollutants are also known to degrade infrastructure, including
cultural buildings, therefore, it is essential to monitor the air quality,
following national (and international) air quality regulations.
Air/atmospheric levels can be monitored using a variety of sensors:
• Temperature sensors
• Humidity sensors
• Carbon dioxide sensors
• Oxygen sensors
• On a larger scale, by monitoring atmospheric air, transport,
industrial processes, energy consumption, agricultural waste, and
general waste management affect human health and the
environment can be studied
• By gathering continuous data, governments and other authorities
can make amendments to environmental policies. For eg, if there
has been an increase in air pollutants in an area, emission standards
and limit values can be revised to protect the environment.
 Soil Monitoring
• Soil monitoring has become increasingly important in the 21st century.
Climate change, water availability shortages, and vulnerable ecosystems
have forced the need to monitor soil environments and protect it.
• Monitoring soil not only helps manage soil moisture and plants’ health,
but the soil is also related to many natural processes and helps us
understand water resources, both locally and regionally. Most soil
sampling requires composite soil samples, which involves physically mixing
soil cores, however, environmental monitoring of soil also uses a variety of
different methods:
• Remote sensing to monitor salinity in soils: If salinity is unbalanced in
soils, it can have harmful effects on water quality, plant yield, and
infrastructure.
• Chemical methods such as spectrometry are used to measure
contamination in soils. Toxic properties like microplastics, nuclear waste,
and acid rain can cause toxic zones in the environment that can develop
pollution-related diseases harmful to humans and other animals.
• Measuring the pH: As many factors such as pollution, climate, and the
environment can affect the pH in soil, measuring the pH of soil also helps
us understand soil environments.
 Water Monitoring
• Water is essential to all life on earth, therefore, all bodies of water
must be monitored to ensure it is clean, drinkable, safe, and
sanitary. Water pollution is a major issue, which is why water
monitoring is so important. By monitoring water quality, we can
look at current, ongoing, and future issues in water systems.
• Water quality can be monitored using a variety of sensors:
1. Dissolved oxygen sensors
2. Turbidity sensors
3. pH sensors
4. Temperature sensors
• Additionally, water quality is tested in laboratories for nitrates, bio-
indicators, and chemical contamination.
• Measuring the conductivity in water is also significant, as water
quality can be indirectly measured through conductivity using
a conductivity probe. Conductivity determines how many
contaminants exist in the water and have the ability to transmit
electricity.
 Waste Monitoring
• Poor waste management contributes to climate change and air
pollution, directly impacting the environment and exposing humans
to harmful substances, putting pressure on human health systems.
• Waste monitoring looks at production and consumption.
• For example, if a country produces less waste, it may indicate they
are producing fewer materials. However, many countries export
waste (known as the global waste trade) to other countries, where
they are sometimes unequipped to manage the waste.
• What type of waste management is dependent on which is best for
the environment. There are five stages, ranked from the least
harmful to the most harmful to the environment:
• Prevention
• Reuse
• Recycle
• Recovery
• Disposal
 Noise Monitoring
• A type of environmental monitoring that is often forgotten about is
noise pollution. Noise pollution affects both animals on land and in the
sea. Marine cetaceans, such as whales and dolphins, use noise as a
sense of direction and communication. Therefore, if there is too much
noise, they cannot communicate with others which puts them in
danger.
• Noise monitoring not only protects sea life, but on land it plays a vital
role in protecting communities residing near industrial sites like
airports.
• Noise pollution can be monitored on land and out to sea using a sound
level meter (SLM). Integrated sound level meters (ISLM) and noise
dosimeters are also frequently used.
• These monitoring sensors are connected to software to monitor live
noise levels. Before monitoring the noise, noise level thresholds are set
by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the World
Health Organization (WHO) to determine how much noise can be
made in a certain area. Monitoring allows these organizations to
rectify noise level thresholds if needed.
 TYPES OF SAMPLING FOR
MONITORING
• Source Emission Monitoring
• Ambient Environmental Monitoring
 Source Emission Monitoring

• Source emission monitoring is carried out to

determine the emission rate for a particular source
and its effects on the environment. Environmental
Monitoring Methods vary based on the source of
emission.
STATIONARY SOURCE OR STACK MONITORING
• The stack is nothing but chimney which is used
to disperse the hot air at a great height, emissions &
particulate matters that are emitted from the various
types of stacks like boiler, flue gas etc.
• At these heights, the polluted air disperses in a very
large area so that concentrations at the ground are
within permissible limits and not harmful for humans,
animals and vegetation.
• There are two important
points in stack monitoring.
• First, the sample taken should be an accurate
representation of pollutant emission at a particular
point and a particular time.
• Also, the frequency and duration of sampling should
be kept at a particular interval so that combined
reports or results can become complete source
emission.
• In monitoring process of a circular stack, sampling
points at equal distance ensures the emission
variation are counted.
• In rectangular stack monitoring, sampling points
should be located at equal distance from each other.
Generally, 8-12 sampling points are enough to
overcome any deficiencies in the location of the
stack.
 MOBILE SOURCE MONITORING
• Mobile source monitoring means monitoring
emission released from Vehicles and air crafts.
• While monitoring
mobile sources state
of engine (idling,
accelerating,
braking or cruising
etc.) is also should
be taken into
consideration.
Waste Water Monitoring Methods or
Procedures
• The wastewater sampling procedure is also like stack
monitoring as liquids are also irregular like gases.
• In wastewater sampling, samples are taken from
different cross-section points for a sample to be
representative of the source.
• Sampling from vertical pipes is less liable to affected
by the deposition of solids as compared to horizontal
pipes.
• Whenever there is a variation of effluents with time
then grab samples or auto samplers are used to get a
more representative sample. Grab sampling is one of
the traditional environmental monitoring methods.
 Solid Waste Monitoring

• Solid waste is more inhomogeneous than gases and

liquids.
• Solid waste is generated after wastewater treatment,
remained residue from the municipal furnace,
wastes from coal-fired from power plants.
• In Solid waste sampling, composite sampling method
is used to get a more representative sample.
 AMBIENT ENVIRONMENTAL
MONITORING
• Environmental monitoring can be carried out for
different reasons, but the most important reason is
to get a more representative sample of a particular
place and time.
• Air pollution varies from place to place, time to time
and pollutant to pollutant, therefore sampling
methods, duration, time, frequency vary depending
upon factors.
• Site selection in environmental monitoring is very
important as it directly affects the samples and
results
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
METHODS
• Filtration
• In this method based on the type of
pollutants needs to monitored filtration
method is selected.
• It evaluates the concentration of the
gaseous or vapour pollutants that are
present in the atmosphere. This method
uses filter cassettes to trap the
contaminants.
• Technique used in collection of air pollutants
of size smaller than 10 micrometer in
diameter
• Sedimentation is a very simple environmental
monitoring method for air sampling. In this process, an
open container is placed in an open outdoor area
which is free from overhead obstructions. This method
is widely used to determine the fallout of dust fall in a
particular area.
• Simplest device used for sampling
particles larger than 10 micrometer
• A collector consists of a plastic jar of
about 20-35cm height and 10-15cm
diameter at the base with a slight
inward tapering of the walls from top
to bottom
• The sample is deposited for over a
period of one month and the material
is dried and weighed.
• Electrostatic Precipitators (ESP) are particulate
collection devices that use electrostatic force to
remove particles less than 5 micron in diameter
• It is very difficult to use gravity settlers effectively for
the said range. Particles as small as 1/10th of a
micrometer can be removed with almost 100%
efficiency using ESP
• This method is very efficient to collect small samples,
On entering into sampler particles pickup charge and
get deposited on electrodes.
 • Impingers also known as bubblers, are small bottles
used with an air sample pump to collect airborne
hazards into designated collection liquids for analysis.
• The air is bubbled into the reactive liquid solution and
allowed to react with it.
• Impinger air sampling method is widely used
during high humidity and high temperature. It
primarily evaluates the contaminants of the
stationary sources and analyses the air sampled
through colourimetric methods.
• Very high-velocity air is passed through wet or
dry impingers based on collecting surface. If
collecting surface is dry, then dry impingers are
used and when collecting surface is wet then
wet impingers are used.
• Adsorption
• The adhesion of atoms, ions or molecules from a gas,
liquid or dissolved solid to a surface
• The adsorption of gases is a surface phenomenon.
Gas molecules are deposited on the Solid Surface.
Materials like activated carbon, silica gel, alumina
etc. are used in the adsorption process.
• The sample air is passed through a packed column
containing a finely divided solid adsorbent on whose
the pollutants are retained and concentrated
Freeze-out sampling (Condensation)
• Condensation is the conversion of vapour or gas to a
liquid
• Freeze-out sampling contains series of cold traps which
being used to condensate air pollutants from air.
• Method used to collect radioactive gases, hydrocarbons
and non-reactive vapours
• Freeze-out sampling contains series of cold traps which
being used to condensate air pollutants from air.
• As the gaseous pollutant pass through the different
temperature range of condensors where the
temperature is below the boiling point, the gaseous
pollutant will trap in the liquid
• In this method, sample collected is cooled down to
the below boiling point of the analyte and sample
becomes concentrated. Generally, there are two
traps one is at zero degrees as water vapour
becomes water and same can be removed from
sample as it is in a liquid state and then sample again
cooled down till -1960 C.
• The traps are bought into laboratory, samples are
removed, & analysis by means of Gas
Chromatography, Spectrophotometry etc.
 GRAB SAMPLING
• This technique involved the direct collection of an
air-contaminant mixture into a device (i.e., sampling
bag, syringe or flask) over a short interval of a few
seconds or minutes.
• Represents the atmospheric concentrations at the
sampling site at a given point in time
• This type of collected sample measures gas and
vapour concentrations AT A POINT IN TIME and are
used to evaluate “PEAK” exposures for comparision
to “Ceiling” limits
• Can be used to identify unknown contaminants to
evaluate contaminant sources, or to measure
contaminant levels from intermittent processes or other
sources.
• In grab sampling, high volume samplers are used with
filters in air quality monitoring process. Filters are
consist of glass fibres and have an efficiency of 99%
particles with 0.8 µ diameter.
• Sample collected by high volume samplers are
further analysed in laboratory chemically, by
microscopes, gravimetric and extraction techniques
• In Water, sampling sample is collected from different
locations, different depths and sent to laboratories
for analysis.
 COMPOSITE SAMPLING
• In composite sampling, the sample is collected from
different locations, different time to make the
sample more representative of the source.
• Composite samples are collected over time either by
continuous sampling or by mixing discrete samples.
• This type of sampling method gives an average waste
water characteristic during compositing period
WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL APPRAISAL ?
• There are numerous factors that affect the organisation
and its operations. These factors can influence the
organisation in both positive as well as negative ways.
• Identifying the issues and challenges existing in the
external environment is extremely important for an
organisation.
• In order to identify the factors in external environment,
an appraisal process of the industry's environment is
necessary.
• Environmental appraisal facilitates the managers with the
ability to study the competitive structure and
competitive position of the organisation along with the
position of its competitors.
 ENVIRONMENTAL APPRAISAL –
PROCEDURE
1) Understand Nature of Environment :
• Before starting the environmental
appraisal, the strategists must
understand the nature, i.e., the
volatility of external environment.
• To understand the nature of
environment, the strategic leaders
need to answer following questions :
• Is the environment stable or
dynamic?
• In which ways does the environment
change?
• Are the changes identifiable?
2) Analyse the Past Influences of Environmental Factors :
Once, the nature of external environment is identified, the
next step is to identify the factors that have influenced the
performance of organisation in the past. Analyzing these
factors will help in planning and formulating strategies to
handle future scenarios.
3) Identify Critical Competitive Forces :
The next step is to identify the key competitive forces
existing within the industry with the help of structural
analysis. This step helps to analyse the organisation's
current position, the bargaining power of buyers and
suppliers, the new entrants in the industry, and the existing
competitors of the organisation.
4) Analyse the Strategic Position :
In this step, the managers analyse the strategic position of
the organisation in relation to its competitors in terms of
resources, customers, etc.
To identify and analyse the strategic position of an
organisation, following ways should be adopted:
• Growth/Share analysis
• Attractiveness analysis
• Strategic group analysis
• Study of market segments and market power
• Competitor analysis
5) Identify the Opportunities and Threats :
Identify the opportunities and threats prevailing in the
environment. Formulate efficient strategies to reap the
benefits from the opportunities so that the threats can be
neutralized. The selection of strategy and effective
utilization of selected resources in an effective manner is
crucial for this stage.
 TECHNIQUES OF
ENVIRONMENTAL
APPRAISAL
• QUEST Analysis
The QUEST or "Quick Environmental Scanning Technique" is a
technique that facilitates estimation of wide-ranging
environmental factors and assesses their influences on the
organisation. It tries to scrutinize the environmental forces on
the basis of events and trends occurring in the market.
QUEST analysis allows the executives to understand and analyse
the different perceptions, interpretations and points of mistakes
regarding the environment.
QUEST is a future research process designed to permit executives
and planners in an organisation to share their views about trends
and events in future external environments that have critical
implications for the organisation's strategies and policies
• Various tools can be used to perform QUEST, such as
questionnaires, stakeholder analysis, Delphi technique,
structural analysis, etc.
• Process of QUEST
1) Preparation for QUEST
The first step of QUEST analysis is to make preliminary
preparations. These preliminary tasks are as follows :
– Define the environmental issues
– Select the members for the analysis (12 to 15)
– Document the complete information about the past trends
of environment relevant for the organisation
– Decide the location to carry-out the analysis
2) Analyse the Environment
3) Document the Discussions in a Report
4) Discuss the Report
• ETOP Analysis
Environmental Threats and Opportunities Profile (ETOP) is
a technique used to structure the issues of environment.
• The ETOP categorizes different environmental issues in
various sectors which in turn helps the management to
focus their attention towards specific areas.
• It helps in identifying the potential factors that influence
the organisation.
• Diagnosing the external environment closely is very
essential as it points out the opportunities and threats.
• ETOP Preparation
• To prepare ETOP of an organisation, the strategists need
to classify the environmental factors in specified
categories, after which the impacts of those factors can
be analysed. This categorization simplifies the overall
analysis process.
• PEST Analysis
"PEST" or "Political, Economic, Social and Technological"
analysis is one of the techniques of environment appraisal
which provides a deep insight about the macro-environmental
factors that affect the operations of a business
• Various factors that are analysed in PEST analysis are as
follows :
1) Political Factors - laws, orders, and interventions made
by the government in order to regulate the businesses.
2) Economic Factors - rate of economic growth, inflation,
exchange rates, average income, etc
3) Social Factors - rate of population growth, literacy rate,
employment, public safety, etc.
4) Technological Factors - arrival of new technology in
market, automation of business processes, research and
development projects
• SWOT Analysis
• Another well-known technique for analyzing the internal
and external environment of business is "SWOT" or
"Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threat"
analysis.
• It is a simple tool that is helpful in studying the internal
strength and weaknesses, and the external threats and
opportunities of a company.
• SWOT analysis involves identifying the business objectives
and defining the significant internal and external factors for
achieving the identified objectives.
• The main aim of conducting a SWOT analysis is to help the
business in protecting itself against the threats and to
exploit the potential business opportunities.
• This analysis is essential for formulating strategies as is
provides a base for strategy formulation. SWOT analysis
helps in studying the overall soundness of the business.
Components of SWOT Analysis

• 1) Internal Factors :
The first two letters in the acronym S (strength) and
W (weaknesses) refers to internal factors that are the
resources available in the organisation. These factors
may impart strengths which can be utilized to exploit
the opportunities or become a cause of weaknesses
of a strategic nature for the organisation.
i) Strengths :
• These are the factors that provide competitive
advantage to the organisation. These factors
collectively may allow an organisation to bring
change in an organisation. These factors can be
different for different organisations. These can be
resources, skills, etc. For example,
• Presence in global market & collaboration with
reputed international firms,
• Tie-ups with internationally reputed manufacturers
and exporters,
• Experience in tooling selectivity and metal cutting,
• Manufacturers certified with ISO 9001 certification.
• ii) Weaknesses :
• Weaknesses are the factors: that limit the growth of
company or restrict the company from moving in a
desired direction. These factors also hinder the
organisation from achieving success through the
internal capabilities. These factors vary as per the
organisation. A weakness can be anything such as
lack of resource, lack of market understanding, lack
of fund, etc. For example,
• Inconsistencies in cash flow system,
• Lack of research facilities and use of out dated
research data,
• Lack of latest technologies and no web presence,
• New firm and hence lack of goodwill.
2) External Factors :
External factors reside outside the organisation. These
are of two types :
i) Opportunities :
• An opportunity is a major favorably situation in the firm's
environment. The industry should build its production
capacity to meet the upward moving demand, both for
domestic and international markets. Opportunities are
those factors which act as the favorable situations for the
organisation. These situations encourage the
organisation to grow more and earn more profits. For
example,
• Loyal customers in market,
• High demand of certain products in a particular season,
• Poor substitutes available in the market,
• Obsolete technologies of the competitors.
 ii) Threat :
• Threats are the external unfavorable conditions. They
act as barrier for the organisation in achieving its
desired market position. These factors also differ as
per the organisation and the areas in which it
operates. For example,
• Too many competitors of the similar product,
• Introduction of taxes or increase in tax rates,
• Recession in economy,
• Latest technology used by competitors.
SOIL EROSION