N 9th Class Chemistry Chapter No. | 2 | STRUCTURE OF ATOMS Short Questions and Answers Q. Write down the postulates of Dalton’s atomic theory. Ans. Postulates of Dalton’s atomic theory are: © Matter is made up of very small individual particles called atoms «Atom is hard and dense sphere. «Atoms of same element are alike. * Atoms combine in different ways to form compounds. Q. What is plum pudding theory? Ans. J. J. Thomson put forward his plum pudding theory. According to this theory, atoms are solid structures of positive charge with tiny negative particles stuck inside. It is like plums in pudding. Q. Who discovered electron, proton and neutron? Ans. In 1877, J. J. Thomson discovered electron, in 1886 Goldstein discovered proton and in 1932 Chadwick discovered neutron. Q. — Give the characteristics of cathode rays. Ans. Characteristics of cathode rays: 1. They travel in straight lines perpendicular to the cathode surface. 2. They cast a sharp shadow of an opaque object placed in their path. 3. They are deflected towards positive plate in an electric field showing that they are negatively charged. 4, They raise temperature of the body on which they all. 5. When they hit the walls of the discharge tube, light is produced. Q. Write three properties of positive (canal) rays. Ans. Properties of positive (canal) rays: 1. They travel in straight lines in the direction opposite to the cathode rays. 2. They are deflected towards negative plate in an electric field showing that they are positively charged. 3. The nature of these rays depends upon the nature of the gas present in the discharge tube. Q. Write a brief note on the discovery of neutron. ‘Ans. In 1932, Chadwick discovered neutron. He bombarded alpha particles on a beryllium target. He observed that highly penetrating radiations were produced. For more Notes, Guess Papers and Books, visit www.rashidnotes.com9th Class Chemistry Chapter No. 2 Ans. Ans. Ans. Ans. Ans. Q. Ans. These radiations were called neutrons. The process is shown in the form of equation. Be + $He ——> %C+in Write the properties of neutrons. Properties of neutrons: 1. They carry no charge. 2. They are highly penetrating. 3. Mass of these particles is nearly equal to the mass of the proton. Write the observations of Rutherford’s experiment. Observations of Rutherford’s Experiments: Almost all the particles passed through the foil undeflected. Out of 20,000 particles, only a few were deflected at fairly large angles and very few bounced back on hitting the gold foil What are the defects of Rutherford’s atomic model? Defects of Rutherford’s atomic model: 1. According to classical theory of radiation, electron being the charged particles should release energy continuously and they should ultimately fall into the nucleus and so atom should be unstable but in fact atom is stable. 2. If the electron emit energy continuously, they should form a continues spectrum but in fact atom show only line spectrum. Give any two postulates of Bohr’s atomic theory. Postulates of Bohr’s atomic theory: 1. The hydrogen atom consists of a tiny nucleus and electrons are revolving in one of circular orbits of radius ‘r’ around the nucleus. 2. Each orbit has a fixed energy that is quantized As long as electron remains in an orbit, it does not emit or absorb energy. When does it emit or absorb energy? When an electron jumps from higher to lower orbit it emits energy. When it jumps from lower to higher orbit it absorbs energy. Differentiate between Rutherford’s theory and Bohr’s theory? Difference between Rutherford and Bohr’s atomic theory: Rutherford’s Theory Bohr’s Theory It was based upon classical theory _It was based upon quantum theory For more Notes, Guess Papers and Books, visit www.rashidnotes.com9th Class Chemistry Chapter No. 2 Electrons revolve around the Electrons revolve around the nucleus. nucleus in orbits of fixed energy. No idea about orbits was Orbits had angular momentum introduced. Atoms should produce continuous Atoms should produce line spectrum spectrum. Atoms should collapse. Atoms should exist. Differentiate between shell and subshell with examples. Difference between shell and subshell: Shell Subshell Shell is specific energy level in Each shell of an atom consists of which electrons revolve around the different subshells. Subshells are nucleus. Shells are designated by designated by small alphabets e.g., capital alphabets e.g.,K,,M,N _s,p,d, and f What is electronic configuration? Write the electronic configuration of hydrogen. The distribution of electrons around the nucleus in various shells and subshells according to their increasing energy is called electronic configuration. The sequence of filling of electrons in different subshells is as follows: 1s?, 2s?, 2p®, 3s”, 3°... Electronic configuration of Hydrogen: 1s? Write the electronic configuration of chloride ion (CI”). No. of electrons in chlorine (Cl) =17 No. of electrons in chloride ion (CI) =17+1=18 Electronic configuration of CI- = 1s", 2s?, 2p®, 382, 3p Write the electronic configuration of phosphorous ion (P?~). No. of electrons in phosphorous (P) =15 No. of electrons in chloride ion (CI") = 15 +3=18 Electronic configuration of P>~ = 1s*, 2s?, 2p®, 38’, 3p* Write down the electronic configuration of Al’+. How many electrons are present in its outermost shell? No. of electrons in phosphorous (Al) =13 No. of electrons in chloride ion (Al**) =13-3=10 Electronic configuration of Al?* = 1s?, 2s?, 2p® For more Notes, Guess Papers and Books, visit www.rashidnotes.com9th Class Chemistry Chapter No. 2 There are 8 electrons are present in the outermost shell of Al?*. Q. Ans. Ans. Ans. Ans. Ans. Ans. How many electrons will be in the M shell of an atom having atomic number 15? Atomic number of atom = 15 Electronic configuration of atom = 1s”, 2s”, 2p®, 3s”, 3p? No. of electrons in K shell = 2 No. of electrons in L shell = 8 No. of electrons in M shell = 5 Define isotopes and write the names of isotopes of hydrogen. Isotopes are defined as, “the atoms of an element that have same atomic number but different mass numbers.” Isotopes of Hydrogen: There are three isotopes of hydrogen. These are given below: 1. Protium (}H) 2. Deuterium (7H) 3. Tritium (7H) Write the isotopes of chlorine and uranium. Isotopes of Chlorine: There are two isotopes of chlorine. These are: 38Cl and 32C1 Isotopes of Uranium: There are three isotopes of uranium. These are 33U, 733U and 238 Write the uses of cobalt-60. For the treatment of cancer affecting within the body cobalt-60 is used because it emits strongly penetrating gamma (¥) rays. How is the goiter in thyroid gland detected? Isotopes of iodine-131 are used for diagnosis of goiter in thyroid gland. Give one example each of the use of radioactive isotopes in medicine and radiotherapy. Use of Radioactive Isotopes in Medicine: In medicine, isotopes of iodine-131 are used for diagnose of goiter in thyroid gland. Use of Radioactive Isotopes in Radiotherapy: In radiotherapy, isotopes like P-32 and Sr-90 are used for the treatment of skin cancer. For more Notes, Guess Papers and Books, visit www.rashidnotes.com9th Class Chemistry Qa. Ans. Ans. Ans. Ans. Ans. Chapter No. 2 Differentiate between radioactive-isotopes dating and carbon dating. Difference between radioactive-isotopes dating and carbon dating: Radioactive-lsotope Dating The method of age determination of very old objects based on the half lives of the radioactive isotopes is called isotope dating radioactive- Carbon Dating The method of age determination of old carbon containing objects (fossils) by measuring the radioactivity of C in them is called carbon dating. Define nuclear fission reaction. When slow neutrons are bombarded on a heavy nucleus, it breaks up into two smaller nuclei. This process is called nuclear fission reaction. A large amount of energy is released in this process, Example: 733U + jn > 122Ba + 3éKr + 34n + Energy U-235 fission produces two atoms of which elements? U-235 fission produces Barium (Ba-139) and Krypton (Kr-94). How many neutrons are produced in the fission reaction of U-235? Three neutrons are produced in the fission reaction of U-235 as shown in the equation. 234U + jn ————_+132Ba + 34Kr + 3)n + Energy For what purpose U-235 is used? U-235 is fissioned by carrying out controlled nuclear fission reactions in nuclear reactors. A large amount of energy is released in this process. This energy is used to convert water into steam in boilers. The steam then drives turbines to generate electricity. For more Notes, Guess Papers and Books, visit www.rashidnotes.com9th Class Chemistry Chapter No. 2 Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which scientist put forward “Plum Pudding” theory? (a) J.J. Thomson (b) Neil Bohr (c) Plank (d) Rutherford 2. Who discovered cathode rays? (a) Goldstein (b) John Dalton (c) Sir William Crooks (d) Neil Bohr 3. Cathode rays have charge: (a) negative (b) positive (c) neutral (d) none of these 4. Who discovered the proton? (a) Goldstein (b) J. J. Thomson (c) Neil Bohr (d) 5. Which one of the following results in the discovery of proton? (a) cathode rays (b) canal rays (c) X-rays (d) alpha rays 6. _Indischarge tube the canal rays produced due to: (a) presence of anode (b) ionization of gas molecules (c) presence of cathode (d) high pressure of gas 7. Neutron was discovered by: (a) Crooks (b) Bohr (c) Rutherford (d) Chadwick 8. Neutron has ~--+------- charge. (a) negative (b) positive (c) zero (d) partial positive 9. Which one of the following is the most penetrating? (a) protons (b) electrons (c) neutrons (d) alpha particles 10. The helium nuclei (He”*) among these is: (a) alpha particle (b) atomic number (c) atomic number (d) Avogadro’s number o 11. The nucleus of an atom is composed of: (a) electrons (b) electrons and protons (c) electrons and neutrons (d) protons and neutrons For more Notes, Guess Papers and Books, visit www.rashidnotes.com9th Class Chemistry 12. Whois the father of “Nuclear Science”? (a) Neil Bohr (b) Rutherford (c) Max Plank (d) J.J. Thomson 13. The concept of orbit of an atom was introduced by: (a) J.J. Thomson (b) Rutherford (c) Bohr (d) Planck 14. The value of angular momentum of electron in the first orbit (a) 1x 10°* kgm?s* (b) 2x 10% kgm?s* (c) 3x 10°4 kgm?s? (d) 2.5 x 10% kgm?s* 15. Which one is the 2 energy level? (a)K (b)L (QM (aN 16. The maximum electrons in K-shell are: (a)2 (b) 8 (c) 18 (d) 32 17. How many electrons can be accommodated in M-shell: (a) (b) 18 (c) 20 (d) 40 18. _N-shell can accommodate electrons: (a) 18 (b) 32 (8 (a) 2 19. Which one of the following shells consists of three subshells? (a) O-shell (b) N-shell (c) Lshell (d) M-shell 20. Which shell consists of four sub-shells (a) K-shell (b) L-shell (c) M-shell (d) N-shell 21. _p subshell can accommodate electrons: (a)2 (b) 4 (6 (a) 18 22. The p subshell has: (a) one orbital (b) two orbital (c) three orbital (d) our orbital 23. The electronic configuration of hydrogen (a) 4s?, 2s? (b) 1s? Chapter No. 2 equivalent to: For more Notes, Guess Papers and Books, visit www.rashidnotes.com9th Class Chemistry 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 35. (c) 18?, 2s¢ (a) 1s? Electronic configuration of nitrogen is: (a) 1s?, 2s?, 2p? (b) 15%, 2s?, 2p? (c) 1s, 2s?, 2p* (d) 1s, 2s?, 2p* Which element do not have any neutron in its atom? (a) hydrogen (b) oxygen (c) nitrogen (d) carbon Atomic number of oxygen i (a)6 (b) 9 (8 (a) 10 ----- electrons in its outer shell. (b) 4 ()7 (a) 8 The atomic number of argon (Ar) is: (a) 16 (b) 10 (c)8 (d) 18 Number of neutrons of potassium is: (a) 19 (b) 20 (c)39 (a) 18 Atomic number of calcium (a) 11 (b) 12 (c)19 (4) 20 Number of isotopes in hydrogen are: (a)2 (b)3 (4 (a) 5 Deuterium is used to make: (a) light water (b) heavy water (c) soft water (d) hard water How many stable isotopes are present in carbon? (a) one (b) two (c) three (d) four The isotope C-12 is present in abundance of: (a) 96.9% (b) 97.6% (c) 99.7% (d) 98.9% Uranium has -~ --- number of isotopes. Chapter No. 2 For more Notes, Guess Papers and Books, visit www.rashidnotes.comSth Class Chemistry Chapter No. 2 (aja (b)3 (4 (d)5 36. The isotope used to generate electricity in nuclear reactor is: (a) c-12 (b) U-235 (c) Co-60 (d) P-32 37. Which one of the following is not used for cancer treatment? (a) P-32 (b) Sr-90 (c) 1-431 (d) Co-60 38. Which radioisotope is used for the diagnosis of tumor in the body? (a) obalt-60 (b) iodine-131 (c) strontium-90 (d) phosphorous-30 39. Which radioisotope is used for the diagnosis of goiter in thyroid gland (a) cobalt-60 (b) iodine-131 (c) iodine-134 (d) phosphorous-30 40. When U-235 breaks up, it produces: (a) electrons (b) neutrons (c) protons (d) nothing ‘Answers c b d a b b b d c a c d a b c b For more Notes, Guess Papers and Books, visit www.rashidnotes.com