Atoms, Stoichiometry and Redox

1 Atoms, Stoichiometry and Redox

Section A

For each question there are four possible answers, A, B, C and D. Choose the one you consider to
be correct.

PromoHCI07/I/2

1 On collision, airbags in cars inflate rapidly due to the production of nitrogen. The nitrogen is
formed according to the following equations:

2NaN3  2Na + 3N2

10Na + 2KNO3  K2O + 5Na2O + N2

How many moles of nitrogen gas are produced from 1.0 mol of sodium azide, NaN3?

A 1.5 B 1.6 C 3.2 D 4.0

PromoHCI07/I/3

2 To identify an oxide of nitrogen, 0.10 mol of the oxide was mixed with
10 dm3 of hydrogen gas and passed over a heated catalyst. At the end of the reaction, 0.4 dm 3
of hydrogen gas remained. The ammonia produced required 125 cm 3 of 0.80 mol dm−3 H2SO4
for neutralisation. All gaseous volumes were measured at room temperature and pressure.

What is the formula of the oxide of nitrogen?

A NO B N2O C NO2 D N2O4

PromoHCI07/I/4

3 Chlorine gas is a severe irritant to the eyes and respiratory system. The maximum safe tolerant
level of chlorine gas in air is 0.005 mg dm−3.How many chlorine molecules are present in 10
dm3 of air at this toleration level?

A 0.05  71 B 0.05  6  10 23
6  10 23 71

C 0.05  6  10 23 D 0.05  71  6  10 23
1000  71 1000
 Atoms, Stoichiometry and Redox

PromoHCI08/I/1

4 71 g of Cl2 reacted with 1 g of H2 to give HCl gas under standard conditions. How many
molecules are present at the end of the reaction?

A 3.01 x 1023 B 6.02 x 1023 C 9.03 x 1023 D 15.1 x 1023

PromoHCI08/I/2

5 The oxidation number of an element M in a compound was determined as follows:

0.013 mol of the compound was dissolved in water and the solution was made up to 100 cm 3.
10.0 cm3 of this solution required 21.65 cm3 of
–3
0.02 mol dm K2Cr2O7 to oxidize M in the compound to the +5 oxidation state.

Cr2O72– + 14 H+ + 6e  2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O

What is the original oxidation state of element M?

A +1 B +2 C +3 D +4

PromoHCI09/I/1

6 Carbon disulfide, CS2, is a volatile flammable liquid used in the manufacture of cellophane.

On combustion, CS2 is oxidised as follows:

CS2(g) + 3O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2SO2(g)

A 20 cm3 sample of carbon disulfide vapour is ignited with 100 cm3 of oxygen. The resultant
gas mixture is treated with excess aqueous alkali.

What percentage (by volume) of the gas mixture is absorbed by the alkali?

A 40% B 60% C 80% D 100%

PromoHCI09/I/2

7 The metallic ion Xn+ is oxidised to XO3 by MnO4 ion in an acidic solution. If 1.93 x 103 moles
of Xn+ require 1.16 x 103 moles of MnO4 for oxidation, what is the value of n?

A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4
 Atoms, Stoichiometry and Redox

PromoAJC12/I/1

8 Bones contain a complex mixture of calcium salts, protein and other material. When a bone is
strongly heated in a current of air, the only residue is calcium oxide.

From a sample of 50.0 g of bone, 14.0 g of calcium oxide were obtained.

What is the percentage by mass of calcium in the bone?

A 10.0% B 14.0% C 20.0% D 23.3%

PromoAJC12/I/2

9 0.35 g of A2CO3 (a carbonate of A) is found to react completely with

50 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid.

What is the relative atomic mass of A?

A 10 B 40 C 80 D 140

PromoAJC12/I/3

10 Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.

Sodium percarbonate, (Na2CO3)x.y(H2O2), is an oxidising agent found in home and laundry

cleaning products.

On acidification, 15.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3 sodium percarbonate produces 72 cm3 of carbon
dioxide at r.t.p..

In another experiment, 10.0 cm3 of 0.050 mol dm–3 sodium percarbonate requires 12.0 cm3 of
0.0500 mol dm–3 acidified KMnO4 for complete reaction. Given that

2MnO4– + 5H2O2 + 6H+ 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 5O2

x
What is the ratio of ?
y

A 1 B 3 C 3 D 2
3 1 2 3
 Atoms, Stoichiometry and Redox

PromoNYJC12/I/1

11 Bromine gas is toxic. The maximum safe toleration level of bromine gas in air is 0.004 mg dm -3.
How many bromine atoms are present in 1 dm3 of air at this toleration level?

A 1.50 x 1016 B 3.00 x 1016

C 6.00 x 1016 D 3.00 x 1019

PromoNYJC12/I/2

12 Group I and Group II ionic hydrides react with water.

H + H2O  OH + H2

In an experiment, 1 g of a sample of an ionic hydride is dissolved in excess H2O. The resulting

solution required 24.0 cm3 of a 2.0 mol dm-3 HCl solution for complete neutralisation.

What is the formula of the hydride?

A CaH2 B LiH

C MgH2 D NaH

PromoNYJC12/I/3

13 Carbon disulfide, CS2, a volatile flammable liquid used in the manufacture of cellophane, is
oxidised on combustion as follows:

CS2 (g) + 3O2 (g)  CO2 (g) + 2SO2 (g)

A 20 cm3 sample of carbon disulfide vapour is ignited with 100 cm 3 of oxygen. The final volume
of gas after burning is passed into an excess of aqueous alkali. What percentage of this final
volume dissolved in the alkali? (All volumes are measured at the same temperature and
pressure, conditions under which CS2 is a gas.)

A 20% B 40% C 60% D 80%

PromoTJC12/I/1

14 Alkenes are compounds of carbon and hydrogen. If 0.560 g of an alkene of general formula
CnH2n is burned in excess oxygen, how many moles of H2O are formed?

A 0.0400 C 0.0800

B 0.0600 D 0.400
 Atoms, Stoichiometry and Redox

PromoTJC12/I/2

15 Solution X contains iron(II) ions. Solution Y contains MnO4– ions. 25.0 cm3 of X required, in
acidic conditions, 20.0 cm3 of Y for complete reaction. What volume of Y would be required to
oxidise 25.0 cm3 of X in neutral conditions?
The half equations for the reduction of MnO4– in acidic and neutral conditions are:
MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– Mn2+ + 4H2O
MnO4– + 2H2O + 3e– MnO2 + 4OH–

A 20 x cm3 C 20 x cm3

B 20 x cm3 D 20 x cm3

PromoTJC12/I/3

16 In an experiment, 32.50 cm3 of 0.500 mol dm-3 Na2SO3 reacted exactly with 100 cm3 of solution
containing 1.39 g of KIO3.

The half equation for the oxidation of SO32- is shown below:

SO32-(aq) + H2O(l) SO42-(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e

What is the final oxidation state of iodine after reaction?

A +1 B ‒1 C 0 D +5

PrelimACJC12/I/1
121 123
17 The relative atomic mass of antimony, which consists of the isotopes Sb and Sb, is 121.8.
What is the percentage of 123Sb in the isotopic mixture?

A 40% B 45% C 50% D 55%

PrelimACJC12/I/2

18 20 cm3 of a gaseous unknown hydrocarbon was combusted in 100 cm3 (an excess) of oxygen.
After the combustion, the mixture was left to cool and the gaseous volume was 90 cm 3. Upon
treatment with potassium hydroxide, the volume was decreased to 50 cm3.
What is the molecular formula of the unknown hydrocarbon?

A CH4 B C2H2 C C2H6 D C3H6

 Atoms, Stoichiometry and Redox

PrelimAJC12/I/1

19 The first stage in the manufacture of nitric acid is the oxidation of ammonia by oxygen.

aNH3(g) + bO2(g) cNO(g) + dH2O(g)

What are the values for a, b, c and d?

a b c d

A 4 5 4 6

B 4 6 4 5

C 5 6 5 4

D 6 5 6 4

PrelimAJC12/I/2

20 The nickel–cadmium rechargeable battery is based on the following overall reaction.

Cd + 2NiOOH + 4H2O Cd(OH)2 + 2Ni(OH)2.H2O

What is the oxidation number of nickel at the beginning and at the end of the reaction?

Beginning End

A +1.5 +2

B +2 +3

C +3 +2

D +3 +4

PrelimDHS12/I/1

21 To determine the mass of arsenic present in a sample of pesticide, all the arsenic was first
converted to arsenate ion, AsO43. 1.25 x 103 mol of AgNO3 was then added to precipitate
AsO43 as Ag3AsO4. The excess
+ 3 3
Ag ions needed 3.64 cm of 0.054 mol dm KSCN to form silver thiocynate, AgSCN.

Calculate the mass of arsenic (Ar = 74.9) present in the sample of pesticide.

A 0.015 g B 0.026 g C 0.079 g D 0.488 g

 Atoms, Stoichiometry and Redox

PrelimDHS12/I/3

22 How many moles of electrons must be removed from each mole of methylbenzene, C6H5CH3,
when it is oxidised to benzoic acid, C6H5COOH?

A 1 B 2 C 4 D 6

PrelimMJC12/I/1

23 Which of the following statements contains one mole of the stated particle?

A Molecules in 19.0 g of fluorine gas.

B Electrons in 24.0 dm3 of hydrogen gas at room temperature and pressure.

C Neutrons in 1.00 g of helium gas.

D Protons in 2.02 g of neon gas.

PrelimNYJC12/I/1

24 The mass percentage of magnesium in a mixture of magnesium chloride and magnesium

nitrate was found to be 21.25%. What mass of magnesium chloride is present in 100 g of the
mixture?

A 47g B 51g C 53g D 56g

PrelimRI12/I/1

25 Sulfur dichloride dioxide, SO2Cl2, reacts with water to give a mixture of sulfuric acid and
hydrochloric acid. How many moles of sodium hydroxide, NaOH, would be needed to
neutralise the solution formed by adding one mole of SO2Cl2 to an excess of water?

A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4

PrelimTJC12/I/1

26 If a mixture of 0.4 g hydrogen and 9.6 g oxygen is exploded, what will be the volume of the
remaining gas at room temperature and pressure?

A 0.60 dm3 B 1.20 dm3 C 2.40 dm3 D 4.80 dm3

 Atoms, Stoichiometry and Redox

PrelimTJC12/I/4

27 25.0 cm3 of 0.0200 mol dm-3 of yellow FA1 solution reacts with x g of zinc and the latter is
oxidised to Zn2+. The resulting solution required 15.0 cm3 of 0.0200 mol dm-3 of acidified
KMnO4 to restore its original colour. Find x.

A 0.0196 g B 0.0218 g C 0.0327 g D 0.0491 g

PrelimVJC12/I/1

28 The hardness present in a water sample due to dissolved calcium ions can be determined by
using an ion-exchange column as shown in the diagram.

A 50 cm3 sample of a solution containing calcium sulfate was passed through the ion-exchange
resin. The calcium ions in the sample were quantitatively exchanged by hydrogen ions. The
sample collected in the flask required 25 cm3 of 1.0 x 10-2 mol dm-3 potassium hydroxide for
complete neutralisation.

What was the concentration of the calcium sulfate in the original sample?

A 2.5 x 103 mol dm3

B 1.0 x 102 mol dm3

C 2.0 x 102 mol dm3

D 4.0 x 102 mol dm3

 Atoms, Stoichiometry and Redox

PrelimYJC12/I/1

29 Sodium hydrogen carbonate, NaHCO3, can be prepared from sodium sulfate by a three-step
process.

Na2SO4(s) + 4C(s)  Na2S(s) + 4CO(g)

Na2S(s) + CaCO3(s)  CaS(s) + Na2CO3(s)

Na2CO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)  2NaHCO3(s)

What is the mass of sodium hydrogen carbonate, to the nearest kg, that could be formed from
100 kg of the sodium sulfate, assuming a 90% yield in each step?

A 146 kg B 122 kg C 94 kg D 86 kg

PrelimYJC12/I/2

30 Which one of the following aqueous solutions contains the greatest number of ions?

A 1 dm3 of 0.1 mol dm–3 sulfuric acid

B 1 dm3 of 0.2 mol dm–3 nitric acid

C 1 dm3 of 0.05 mol dm–3 aluminium sulfate

D 2 dm3 of 0.05 mol dm–3 magnesium chloride

PrelimYJC12/I/3

31 10 cm3 of a hydrocarbon was combusted in excess oxygen. At the end of the reaction, there
was a contraction in volume by 25 cm3. When the gaseous mixture was passed through
aqueous calcium hydroxide, there was a further contraction in volume by 40 cm3. All volume
measurements were done at room temperature and pressure.

Which of the following is the hydrocarbon?

A CH3CH2CH2CH3

B CH2=CHCH2CH3

C H2C=C=CHCH3

D H2C=C=C=CH2
 Atoms, Stoichiometry and Redox

PrelimYJC12/I/4

32 10.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3 aqueous iron(II) sulfate is titrated against 0.025 mol dm–3 aqueous
potassium manganate(VII) in the presence of an excess of both hydrogen and fluoride ions. It
is found that exactly 10.0 cm3 of the manganate(VII) solution is required to reach the end-point.

What is the oxidation number of the manganese at the end-point?

A +2 B +3 C +4 D +6

Section B

For each of the questions in this section, one or more of the three numbered statements 1 to 3 may
be correct.
Decide whether each of the statements is or is not correct (you may find it helpful to put a tick against
the statements you consider to be correct).
The responses A to D should be selected on the basis of

A B C D

1, 2 and 3 are 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 only is

correct are correct are correct correct

No other combination of statements is used as a correct response.

PromoAJC12/I/22

33 A 30 cm3 mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons R and S, in the ratio of 1:2, was sparked with an
excess of oxygen. After cooling to room temperature, 100 cm3 of the residual gas was
absorbed by sodium hydroxide.

Which of the following pairs of hydrocarbons could be R and S?

R S

1 C2H6 C4H8

2 C4H12 C3H6

3 C3H8 C2H4
 Atoms, Stoichiometry and Redox

PrelimNYJC12/I/31

34 10 cm3 of a gaseous hydrocarbon X is mixed with 100 cm3 oxygen and ignited. After the
reaction the gases produced are shaken with aqueous KOH solution. The final volume of gases
is 25 cm3. Which of the following hydrocarbons could be X?

(All volumes are measured at room temperature and pressure.)

1 C4H8

2 C5H10

3 C6H6

PrelimRI12/I/31

35 Complete combustion of a sample of hydrocarbon gave 0.132 g of carbon dioxide and 0.054 g
of water. Which of the following formulae could correctly represent this hydrocarbon?

1 CH2CH2

2 CH3CHCH2

3 CH3CH(CH2CH3)2
 Atoms, Stoichiometry and Redox

Structured and Free Response Questions

PromoHCI07/II/2c(modified)

1 A Group II cation M2+ forms a precipitate with sulfuric acid as shown by the equation:

M2+(aq) + H2SO4(aq)  MSO4(s) + 2H+(aq)

A solution containing M2+ requires 25.60 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm−3 sulfuric acid for complete
precipitation. 4.71 g of solid is formed. Identify the unknown cation, showing your working
clearly. [2]

PromoDHS12/III/2a(modified)

2 The Group VII elements (halogens) play an important part in the development of chemistry.
Chlorine, one of the most important halogens, has its uses in the manufacture of many
products in everyday life.

Sodium hypochlorite, NaClO, is an active ingredient in many household liquid bleaches.

NaClO is manufactured when chlorine gas dissolves in cold aqueous sodium hydroxide.
Chlorine gas undergoes a disproportionation reaction into Cl– and ClO–.

(a) By using the reaction of chlorine gas in cold aqueous sodium hydroxide, explain what is
meant by ‘disproportionation reaction’.

(b) Write a balanced equation for the reaction between chlorine gas and cold aqueous
sodium hydroxide.

(c) The percentage of hypochlorite ion, ClO– in household liquid bleach can be determined
by iodometric titration.

A 25.0 cm3 sample of household liquid bleach is made up to a total volume of 250 cm 3
in a volumetric flask. Iodine is produced when an excess of potassium iodide was
added to 20.0 cm3 aliquot of this solution in acidic medium. The iodine produced in the
20.0 cm3 solution required 25.30 cm3 of 0.0240 mol dm–3 sodium thiosulfate for
complete reaction.

Calculate the concentration of hypochlorite ions in the household liquid bleach.

[5]
 Atoms, Stoichiometry and Redox

PromoNYJC12/II/2c(modified)

3 0.270 g of a metallic salt containing the anion IxCly– decomposed when heated to form iodine
vapour and the metallic chloride. The iodine evolved was bubbled into excess potassium
iodide solution.

The dissolved iodine required 21.30 cm3 of 0.0600 mol dm-3 of aqueous sodium thiosulfate for
complete reaction. When the residue was dissolved in water, the resultant solution required
6.40 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm-3 aqueous silver nitrate for complete reaction.

(a) Determine the value of x and y in IxCly–.

(b) Hence, determine the identity of the metallic element.

[5]

PrelimACJC12/II/6

4 Calcium (Ca2+) ions play an important role in the clotting of blood as well as other cellular
processes. As such, an abnormal Ca2+ concentration is of concern.
To determine the Ca2+ concentration, 1.00 cm3 of human blood is treated with aqueous
Na2C2O4 solution. The resulting CaC2O4 precipitate is filtered and then treated with H2SO4 to
release the C2O42- ions into solution. This solution is then titrated with acidified KMnO4.
2.05 cm3 of 4.88 x 10-4 mol dm-3 KMnO4 was required to reach the end-point for a particular
blood sample.

(a) Given that C2O42- is oxidised to CO2, write a balanced ionic equation for the reaction
between MnO4- and C2O42-. [1]

(b) Calculate the amount of Ca2+ present in the blood sample. [2]

(c) Given that the normal concentration of Ca2+ is 90 – 110 mg / L blood, show whether the
concentration of Ca2+ in the sample is acceptable.

[2]
 Atoms, Stoichiometry and Redox

PrelimACJC12/III/4a(modified)

5 Statistics show a correlation between road accidents and drivers who drink too much. One of
the first chemical breathalysers was based on the oxidation process of ethanol using acidified
potassium dichromate(VI).

(a) Derive the half equation for the oxidation of ethanol to ethanoic acid.

(b) Hence, using relevant information from the Data Booklet, write a balanced ionic
equation for the oxidation of ethanol using acidified potassium dichromate(VI).

The breathalyser kit consists of an inflated 1000 cm3 plastic bag connected to a glass tube
containing the dichromate crystals. When the breath is expelled through the tube the crystals
change colour as they are reduced. The proportion of the crystals that change colour indicates
the amount of alcohol present.

The current legal maximum blood alcohol concentration when driving is

80 mg per 100 cm3 of blood. Alcohol concentration in the blood can be estimated by analysing
the alcohol in the breath because an equilibrium is set up between the alcohol in the blood and
the alcohol in the breath:

CH3CH2OH(blood) CH3CH2OH(breath)

At body temperature, the concentration of alcohol in the blood is about 2300 times that in the
breath.

(c) What is the corresponding breath alcohol concentration in

mg per 1000 cm3 of breath?

(d) What colour change would you expect for a positive result?

[4]

PrelimAJC12/III/1d(modified)

6 A chromium–containing ion, CrOxn–, disproportionates in acid solution to produce a mixture of

chromium(III) ions and dichromate(VI) ions.

A solution containing 7.5 x 10–3 mol of CrOxn– ions was acidified and the disproportionation
occurred. The resulting solution contained
2.5 x 10–3 mol of dichromate(VI) ions. Using the information given, calculate the oxidation
number of chromium in the ion CrOxn–.

[2]
 Atoms, Stoichiometry and Redox

PrelimRI12/II/2c(modified)

7 When potassium manganate(VII) is dissolved in very concentrated aqueous potassium

hydroxide, the manganese is reduced and a green solution results. When this green solution is
diluted with water, a brown solid is precipitated and the solution turns purple.

(a) With reference to the Data Booklet, state the formula of each manganese-containing
species.

(b) With the aid of relevant half-equations, construct a balanced equation for the reaction
which occurs when the green solution is diluted.

[5]

PrelimRI12/II/3c(modified)

8 A sodium salt of the interhalogen ion, IBrx is prepared. When heated, the salt evolves bromine
vapour, leaving sodium iodide as the residue.

The bromine vapour evolved requires 32.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm3 of aqueous sodium
thiosulfate for complete reaction. The balanced ionic equation for the reaction between
bromine and thiosulfate is as shown below:

S2O32(aq) + 4Br2(g) + 5H2O(l)  2SO42(aq) + 8Br(aq) + 10H+(aq)

(a) Calculate the number of moles of bromine gas evolved.

The sodium iodide residue was completely reacted with concentrated sulfuric acid to give HI
gas, which immediately further reacted with concentrated sulfuric acid to give H2S, together
with black crystals of iodine. The mass of the iodine crystals formed was found to be 1.63 g.

(b) Write two balanced equations for the reactions described above.

(c) Calculate the number of moles of iodine formed and hence deduce the formula of the
interhalogen ion.

[5]

PrelimTJC12/II/6e(modified)

9 0.05 mol of a compound, CnH2nO, underwent complete combustion in excess oxygen. The
remaining gases occupied 8.2 dm3. After shaking these gases with aqueous sodium hydroxide,
the final volume of gas remaining is 3.4 dm3. All gaseous volumes were measured at room
temperature and pressure.

Deduce the molecular formula of Q, showing your working clearly.

[3]
 Atoms, Stoichiometry and Redox

PrelimVJC12/II/3a+c(modified)

10 (a) A sealed glass vessel, fitted with 2 tungsten filaments separated by a 5 mm gap, is
fitted with clean, dry air consisting of 78% N2 and 21% O2 at standard temperature and
pressure.

An electrical discharge is established between the two filaments. Over the next few
minutes, a distinct brownish tinge due to the formation of NO2 gas is seen.

Calculate the initial concentrations of nitrogen and oxygen in the glass vessel. Hence,
calculate the maximum concentration of NO2 that may be obtained in this vessel at
standard temperature and pressure.

[3]

(b) Granular urea CO(NH2)2 can be used to remove NO2 from the flue gases of power
stations where hydrocarbon fuels are burned in air. Carbon dioxide, water and nitrogen
are formed.

Write a balanced equation for the reaction between CO(NH2)2 and NO2.

Why is it important to remove NO2 from the flue gases?

[2]