Alcohol, Phenol And Ether

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Catalytic Reduction From Cumene Preparation of Phenols from
haloarenes

From Grignard reagents Hydroboration-Oxidation

Reimer-Tiemann Reaction Kolbe’s Reaction

Williamson synthesis Friedel-Crafts Reaction
 Chemical Bonding

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 Fajans Rule Percent Ionic
Electrovalent Bond
Character

Ionic Covalent

Low positive High positive

charge charge
Factor Affecting Lattice
Large cation Small cation Energy

Small anion Large anion

Bond Order
Dipole Moment (μ) = Charge (Q) * distance
● Bond order (B.O.) is defined as of separation (r)
one-half the difference between
the number of electrons present Bond Length
in the bonding and the
antibonding orbitals.

● Bond order (B.O.) = ½ (Number

of bonding electrons - Number
of the antibonding electron) Formal Charge
● Bond order = ½ (Nb - Na)
 Chemical Kinetics

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 Variation in the concentration vs
All rates written as In general for the overall time plot for a zero order reaction
reaction

aA + bB 🠆 cC + dD

Overall rxn Rate

Rate Laws for: aA 🠆 Products (all the following equations assume that k is for the overall
reaction)
A plot between ln[R] and t for a Plot of log [R0] / [R] vs time for a Temperature dependence of rate (Arrhenius
first order reaction first order reaction Equation)
 Structure Of Atom

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Internal Energy First Law of Work
Thermodynamics
● w = -PextΔV (constant external pressure)
ΔU = Uf - Ui ● w = -ΔngasRT (also constant external
ΔU = q + w
pressure)
● Δngas = (#mol gas prod) = (#mol gas react)
Heat

● Substances not changing phase Enthalpy to Internal Energy

● ΔH = ΔU + PΔV (constant pressure)

● ΔU = ΔH - ΔnRT
● Substances that are changing
phase (transition) Calorimetry

●
 Hess’ Law Third Law-Absolute Entropy

● ●

● Free Energy

● ● D

● ●

Entropy and the Second Law

●
 Coordination Compounds

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 Ligands with their spins, symmetry and Denticity
CFT in Octahedral Coordination Entities

Spectrochemical series for ligands

I- < Br- < Cl- , F-, OH- < H2O < .: NCS- < NH3 < en < CO, CN-
Weak-field ligands (high spin) Intermediate-field ligands Strong-field ligands (low spin)
Number of Possible Isomers for six Coordinate metal Colour in Coordination Compounds
complexes
Complementary colors are pairs of colors which,
Number of Stereo Pairs of when combined or mixed, cancel each other but by
Formula
Isomers Enantiomers producing a grayscale color like white or black

Ma6 1 0 Excited state energy-Ground

state
Ma5b 1 0 Energy = Energy of the photon
Energy of the photon =
Ma4b2 2 0 1/wavelength of light

Ma3b3 2 0
Color that we observe is
Ma4bc 2 0 complementary to the color
absorbed by the complex
Ma3bcd 5 1

Ma2bcde 15 6

Mabcdef 30 15

Ma2b2c2 6 1

Ma2b2cd 8 2

Ma3b2c 3 0
 d and f block elements

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 Atomic Size Ionization Enthalpy Oxidation States

Sc > Ti > V > Cr > Mn > Fe = All d-block elements show variable
Co = Ni < Cu < Zn

Lanthanide Contraction

Magnetic Properties
Melting point and Boiling Point

➢ No. of unpaired electrons :

Metallic bonding :
M.P./B.P.
Chromate Ion Dichromate Ion

Heat of Atomization

➢ No. of unpaired electrons :

Metallic bonding : Heat of
atomization.
 Preparation of Dichromate Ion

Inter Conversion reaction of Chromate and Dichromate

When heated it decomposes at 513 K

2KMnO4 🠆 K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2

2Mn2+ + 5S2O82- + 8H2O 🠆 2MnO4- + 10SO42- + 16

H+
 Electrochemistry

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 Faraday First Law of Nernst Equation
Variation of Cell Potential in ZN-CU Conductance
Cell Electrolysis

W ∝ Q W = ZQ W = Zit

Molar Equivalent
Conductance Conductance

Concentration Cell Gibbs Free Energy Change

Standard Cell potentials (SRP)
Anode Cathode
Zn 🠆 Zn2+(C1) + 2e Zn2-(C2) + 2e- 🠆 Zn(s)

Degree of Dissociation
Faraday Second Law
of Electrolysis
 Hydrocarbons

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 Wurtz Reaction Oxidation with Ozone

Ozonolysis - give carbonyls compounds

Frankland Reaction
RX + Zn + Rx 🠆 R - R + ZnX2

Sabatier - Senderens Reduction

From Alkynes Decarboxylation
Alkynes on partial reduction with
partially deactivated palladised charcoal
known as Lindlar’s catalyst give
alkynes. Aromatization
Kolbe’s electrolytic method

Addition Reactions

Under vigorous conditions, i.e., at high From Haloalkanes

temperature and /or pressure in the
Oxidation presence of nickel catalyst, hydrogenation Dehydrohalogenation (E2 or 1,
of benzene gives cyclohexane. 2-elimination or Beta-elimination)
 Friedel-Crafts alkylation Reaction

When benzene is treated with an alkyl halide in

the presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride,
alkyl benzene is formed.

Friedel-Crafts acylation Reaction

The reaction of benzene with an acyl halide or

acid anhydride in the presence of Lewis acids
(AlCl3) yields acyl benzene.
Some Basic Concepts Of Chemistry

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 Temperature Percentage Composition Number of gram atoms Mass of 1 atom of
element

Mole Formulas Number of molecules in Relative atomic mass Molecular Mass

W(g) of substance
Number of Molecules

in V litres = of gas
at STP

Mixing two solutions of the Number of molecules in n

Dilution Formula same substance moles of substances
Concentration Terms Formula Miscellaneous Formulas

Molarity can be directly calculated

from % by mass if density (d) is
known;
Some Basic Concepts Of Organic Chemistry

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Isomers Chain Isomerism

CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3

Position Isomerism

CH3-CH2-CH2-Br

Functional group Isomerism

Metamerism

CH3-CO-CH2CH2CH3 CH3CH2-CO-CH2CH3
 Priority of Functional Groups Order Thin Layer Chromatography

-COOH, -SO3H, -COOR (R=alkyl group), COCl,

-CONH2, -CN, -HC=O, >C=O, OH, -NH2, >C=C<,
-C≡C-.
Dumas Method

Kjeldahl’s Method

Carius Method

Let the mass of organic compound taken = mg

Mass of AgX formed = m1g
1 mol of AgX contains 1 mol of X percentage of halogen
 Structure Of Atom

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 Estimation of closest The radius of a nucleus Radius De-Broglie wavelength
distance of approach
(derivation) of ⍺ - particle:

Energy
Photoelectric Effect
Planck’s Quantum Theory

Bohr’s Model for Hydrogen like atoms Wavelength of emitted

photon

Number of photons
emitted by a sample
of H atom
Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle Quantum Numbers

Nodes in the Ψ