Chapter 3 Electrochemistry

VIETNAM NATIONAL OIL AND GAS GROUP
PETROVIETNAM UNIVERSITY
GENERAL CHEMISTRY II
Chapter 3: Electrochemistry
Lecturer: Nhung NTP

Email : nhungntp@pvu.edu.vn
Electrolytic dissociation
Electrical conductivity in the solution

Contents
Cell and electrodes
Corrosion
Summary
Nhung NTP General chemistry II 2

Electrochemistry
Objectives
In this chapter, you should be able to identify
▪ Definition of conductors
▪ Definition of Electrode
▪ Dissolution – solvation
▪ Calculation of activity coefficients
▪ Electrolytic dissociation
▪ Cell and electrodes
▪ Nerst equation
▪ Calculation of E
▪ Type of cell
▪ Corrosion: definition and how to reduce the corrosion
Electrochemistry
Batteries


Contents
Cell and electrodes
Corrosion
Summary

Part I.
Electrolytic Type of conductors
dissociation
Dissociation
Van 't Hoff factor
Dissolution - solvation
Debye-Huckels theory
Calculation of activity coefficients
Part I.
dissociation
Dissociation
Van 't Hoff factor
1.1. Type of conductors
Definition: A conductor is a material which permits the flow of
energy.
+ A material which allows the flow of charged particles is
an electrical conductor.
+ A material which allows the transfer of thermal energy
is a thermal conductor or heat conductor.
There are two types of conductors in Elec.:

1. Metallic conductors
2. Electrolytic conductors

Metallic Conductors:
- Allowing the electricity to pass through them without

undergoing any chemical change. For example, copper, silver
etc.
- The stream of electrons constitutes the current.
Electrolytic Conductors:
Substances that allow the passage of electricity through
their molten state or aqueous solutions and undergo chemical
decomposition.

Difference between metallic and electrolytic conduction

(a) Definition:
Dissociation in chemistry and biochemistry is a general process
in which molecules (or ionic compounds such as salts, or
complexes) separate or split into smaller particles such as atoms,
ions or radicals, usually in a reversible manner.
K2SO4’s dissociation
Part I.
dissociation
Dissociation
Van 't Hoff factor
1.2. Dissociation
Dissociation constant: For reversible dissociations in a
chemical equilibrium
𝑧 + 𝑧 −
𝑀𝜐+ 𝐴𝜈− ⇌ 𝜐+ 𝑀 + 𝜐− 𝐴
Of course 𝜐+ 𝑧 + = 𝜐− 𝑧 − , the dissociation constant KD is the ratio
of dissociated to undissociated parts:
𝜐 𝜐
𝑛++ .𝑛−−
𝐾𝐷 =
𝑛𝑀𝜐 𝐴𝜐
+ −
where n, n+ and n- are molar concentration and ion mol of the
undissociated part and cation and anion.
1.2. Dissociation
Dissociation degree: The dissociation degree is the fraction of
original solute molecules that have dissociated.
❖ It is usually indicated by the Greek symbol α
[𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑]
𝛼=
[𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦]
→ when no mol dissociation and α dissociation degree dissolve
into a solution following [1.2].
At equilibrium state:
- Undissociated part: (no – noα)
- Cation: ?
- Anion: ?

1.2. Dissociation
The dissociation constant will be:
(𝜐+ +𝜈− −1) (𝜐+ +𝜐− )
𝑛𝑜 .𝛼 𝜐+ 𝜐−
𝐾𝐷 = 𝜐+ 𝜐−
1−𝛼
When 𝜐+ = 𝜐− = 1 then:
𝑛𝑜 𝛼2
𝐾𝐷 =
1−𝛼

1.2. Dissociation
Example: Derive an expression for the degree of dissociation, α,
in terms of Kp. For the homogeneous gaseous reaction:
2AB2(g) ⇌ 2AB(g) + B2(g)
Derive an expression for the degree of dissociation, α, in terms
of Kp and total pressure P assuming that α << 1.
→ For YOU

1.2. Dissociation
Electrolytic dissociation: the separation of the molecule of an

electrolyte into its constituent atoms.
The electrolysis of copper sulphate may be taken

as an example.

Part I.
dissociation
Dissociation
Van 't Hoff factor
1.3. Van 't Hoff factor
(a) Definition: The van't Hoff factor is the ratio between the
actual concentration of particles produced when the substance is
dissolved, and the concentration of a substance.
- For non-electrolyte, i = 1.
- For most ionic compounds dissolved in water, the van 't
Hoff factor is equal to the number of discrete ions in a formula
unit of the substance.

Predict the van’t Hoff factor:
❖ Glucose, C6H12O6
❖ NaCl
❖ Mg(NO3)2


Dissociation Equations and the

Determination of i
i=2
NaCl(s) → Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) i=2
AgNO3(s) → Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq) i=3
MgCl2(s) → Mg2+(aq) + 2 Cl-(aq)

i=3
Na2SO4(s) → 2 Na+(aq) + SO42-(aq)
AlCl3(s) → Al3+(aq) + 3 Cl-(aq)

i=4

(b) Ideal vs. Real van’t Hoff Factor
The ideal van’t Hoff Factor is only achieved in VERY

DILUTE solution.

Ion pairing
❖ One mole of NaCl does

not yield two moles of
ions
❖ Some ions will
reassociate for a short
time
❖ The actual van’t Hoff
factor will be slightly
lower than predicted

IF 𝜐+ = 𝜐− in [1.4] is total ions in dissociated molecules

and mol of solute (no). We have:
𝑛𝑜 − no𝛼 +(𝜐+ + 𝜐− )𝑛𝑜 𝛼
𝑖=
𝑛0
𝑛𝑂 [(1−𝛼)+(𝜐+ +𝜐− ) 𝛼]
=
𝑛0
Or i = 1 + (𝜐-1)α [1.6]
𝑖−1
Or 𝛼 = [1.7]
𝜐−1
where 𝜐 = 𝜐+ + 𝜐-

When i is determined, α can be calculated using [1.6] or

[1.7] if 𝜐+ and 𝜐- knew in [1.2]
𝑧 + 𝑧 −
𝑀𝜐+ 𝐴𝜈− ⇌ 𝜐+ 𝑀 + 𝜐− 𝐴 [1.2]
* Base on α, electrolytes have been classified

Part I.
dissociation
Dissociation
Van 't Hoff factor
1.4. Dissolution - solvation
(a) Dissolution:
Dissolution is the process by which a solute forms a solution in
a solvent:
❖ The solute, in the case of solids, has its crystalline
structure disintegrated as separate ions, atoms, and molecule
forms.
❖ For liquids and gases, the molecules must be adaptable
with those of the solvent for forming a solution

Dissolution vs reaction
dry
Ni(s) + HCl(aq) NiCl2(aq) + H2(g) NiCl2(s)
❖ Dissolution is a physical change—you can get back
the original solute by evaporating the solvent.
❖ If you can’t get it back by evaporating the solvent,
IT?
reacted.
Degree of saturation
❖ Saturated solution:
• Solvent holds solute as much
as possible at that temperature.
• Undissolved solid remains in
flask.
• Dissolved solute is in dynamic
equilibrium with solid solute
particles.

❖ Unsaturated solution:
• Less than the maximum
amount of solute for that
temperature is dissolved in the
solvent.
• No solid remains in flask.

❖ Supersaturated solution:
• Solvent holds more solute than is normally possible at that
temperature.
• These solutions are unstable; crystallization can often be
stimulated by adding a “seed crystal” or scratching the side
of the flask.
Unsaturated, Saturated or Supersaturated solution?

(b) Solvation:
❖ Solvation is the process of attraction and association of
molecules of a solvent with molecules or ions of a solute.
❖ As ions dissolve in a solvent they spread out and become
surrounded by solvent molecules.

A sodium ion solvated by water molecules. It has to be assumed

that delta on hydrogen is 1/2 of delta on oxygen for this diagram
to be correct
How does it relate to corrosion?

The Process:
❖ NaCl goes down into the Water

The Water surrounds the NaCl pulling it apart, Na to
the Negative side of water and Cl to the positive
side of water and the NaCl is no more, it has been
dissolved – it is one with the water. Polar unto
Polar.

Polar in Polar
❖ And the Like Molecules shall be dissolved by the Like

Molecules, Polar unto Polar and Nonpolar unto
Nonpolar each Unto it’s own kind.
❖ Unlike Molecules shall not be dissolved by Unlike
Molecules, Polar SHALL NOT dissolve Nonpolar, Oil
and Water Shall Not dissolve.

C2H5OH






Electrolytes vs. non-electrolytes
❖ Strong Electrolytes: are substances that only exist as ions
in solution.
• Strong acids, strong bases and salts are strong
electrolytes.
• Example, when solid NaCl is placed in water, it
completely dissociates to form Na+ and Cl‾ ions.
→ is α small or large?


❖ Weak Electrolytes: A weak electrolyte only partially
dissociates in solution and produces relatively few ions.
• Weak acids and weak bases are weak electrolytes.

❖ Nonelectrolytes: A nonelectrolyte does not dissociate at all
in solution and therefore does not produce any ions.
• Nonelectrolytes are typically polar substances that do
dissolve in water as molecules instead of ions.
• Sugar (C12H22O11) is a good example of a nonelectrolyte.
van't Hoff factor = ?

Part I.
dissociation
Dissociation
Van 't Hoff factor
1.5. Debye-Huckels theory
❖ The properties of electrolyte solutions can significantly
deviate from the laws used to derive chemical potential of
solutions.
• In nonelectrolyte solutions, the intermolecular forces are
mostly comprised of weak Van der Waals interactions and for
practical purposes this can be considered ideal.
• In ionic solutions, however, there are significant
electrostatic interactions between solute-solvent as well as
solute-solute molecules. These electrostatic forces are
governed by Coulomb's law.

❖ Consequently, the behavior of an electrolyte solution
deviates considerably from that an ideal solution.
❖ Indeed, this is why we utilize the activity of the individual
components and not the concentration to calculate deviations
from ideal behavior.
❖ Then, in 1923, Peter Debye and Erich Hückel …
Peter Debye – Maastricht - Netherlands Erich Hückel – Berlin - Germany (Aug.

(Mar. 24, 1884 – Nov. 02 1966, aged 82). 09, 1896 – Feb. 16, 1980, aged 83)

To developed a theory which is called “Debye-Huckels theory”

❖ What does Debye-Huckels theory use for?
❑ Allow us to calculate the mean ionic activity

coefficient of the solution, γ ±
❑ Explain how the behavior of ions in solution
contribute to.

Ionic-atmospheres:
❖ An increased concentration of ions of opposite charge in the
volume surrounding a given ion in solution; it forms because
of the action of the electric field generated by the ion.
❖ The total charge of the ionic atmosphere is equal in
magnitude to the charge of the ion but is of opposite sign.
❖ The Debye-Hückel theory is based on three assumptions of
how ions act in solution:
1. Electrolytes completely dissociate into ions in solution.
2. Solutions of Electrolytes are very dilute, on the order of 0.01
M.
3. Each ion is surrounded by ions of the opposite charge, on
average.




Part I.
dissociation
Dissociation
Van 't Hoff factor
1.6. Calculation of activity coefficients
The activity coefficients of an ion can be calculated and
provided that three pieces of information are known.
These are:
• The ionic strength of the solution (μ)
• The charge of the ion (Z)
• The effective diameter of the hydrated ion (αi) in
angstrom (A°)

The Debye-Huckel equation can be used for such a

calculation where:
- log γi = (0.51 Zi2 μ1/2)/(1 + 0.33 αi μ1/2)
In situations where the effective diameter of the ion is 3 Ao
(you can assume this situation to solve assigned
problems) we can write
- log γi = (0.51 Zi2 μ1/2)/(1 + μ1/2)

Example: Calculate the activity coefficients of K+ and
SO42- in a 0.002 M K2SO4 assuming an effective diameter
of 3 A° for both ions.

Summary
Any Questions??

Summary
A strong electrolyte is?

1) A solute that completely ionizes or
dissociates in a solution.
2) A solute that almost completely
ionizes or dissociates in a solution.
3) 1 + 2

Summary
What is nonelectrolytes’ α?
1) 0
2) 1
3) 0 < α < 1

Summary
Strong electrolytes?
1) Exist as ions in solution.

2) α is large
3) 1 + 2


Contents
Cell and electrodes
Corrosion
Summary

Contents
Part II.
Electrical
conductivity
Conductivity of electrolyte
in the
solution
Kohlrausch's law
Conductivity measurement
Ionic Mobility
Summary
Contents
Part II.
Electrical
conductivity
Conductivity of electrolyte
in the
solution
Kohlrausch's law
Ionic Mobility
Summary
2.1. Conductivity of electrolyte
(a) What is conductivity?
Conductivity is the ability of a solution, a metal or a gas -
in brief all materials - to pass an electric current. In solutions the
current is carried by cations and anions whereas in metals it is
carried by electrons.
How well a solution conducts electricity depends on a

number of factors:
• Concentration
• Mobility of ions
• Valence of ions
• Temperature.

All substances possess some degree of

conductivity. In aqueous solutions the level of
ionic strength varies from the low conductivity
of ultra pure water to the high conductivity of
concentrated chemical samples.

(b) How is conductivity measured?
Migration of ions in solution

(b) How is conductivity measured?
Conductivity may be measured by applying an alternating
electrical current (I) to two electrodes immersed in a solution
and measuring the resulting voltage (V).
During this process:
❑ The cations migrate to the negative electrode.
❑ The anions to the positive electrode.
❑ The solution acts as an electrical conductor.

(c) What is a conductive solution?
Conductivity is typically measured in aqueous solutions
of electrolytes.
❑ Electrolytes are substances containing ions, i.e. solutions of
ionic salts or of compounds that ionize in solution.
❑ The ions formed in solution are responsible for carrying the
electric current.
❑ Electrolytes include acids, bases and salts and can be either
strong or weak.

❑ Explain strong electrolytes.

❑ Explain weak electrolytes

(d) Definition of terms?
Resistance: The resistance of the solution (R) can be calculated
using Ohm’s law (V = R x I).
𝑽
𝑹=
𝑰

Conductance: Conductance (G) is defined as the reciprocal of
the electrical resistance (R) of a solution between two
electrodes.
𝟏
𝑮 = (S, Siemens)
𝑹

Cell constant: This is the ratio of the distance (d) between the
electrodes to the area (a) of the electrodes.
K = d/a
K = cell constant (cm-1)
a = effective area of the electrodes (cm2)
d = distance between the electrodes (cm)

Conductivity: Electricity is the flow of electrons. This indicates
that ions in solution will conduct electricity. Conductivity is the
ability of a solution to pass current. The conductivity reading of
a sample will change with temperature.
ρ = G.K (S/cm, Siemens/centimeter)
ρ = conductivity (S/cm)
G = conductance (S), where G = 1/R
K = cell constant (cm-1)

Contents
Part II.
Electrical Conductivity of electrolyte
conductivity
in the
solution Kohlrausch's law
Ionic Mobility
Corrosion inhibitor
Summary
2.2. Kohlrausch's law
At infinite dilution, the dissociation of the electrolyte is
complete and hence each ion makes definite contribution to
the equivalent conductivity of the electrolyte irrespective of
the nature of other ions associated with it.
Therefore the limiting equivalent conductivity of an electrolyte is

the algebraic sum of limiting equivalent conductivities of its
constituent ions.
Where λo+ and λo- are the limiting equivalent conductivities

of cation and anion respectively.
However the Kohlrausch law can also be stated in terms of
molar conductivities as:
The limiting molar conductivity of an electrolyte is the sum of
individual contributions of limiting molar conductivities of its
constituent ions.
Where μo+ and μo- are the limiting molar conductivities of

cation and anion respectively.
And n+ and n- are the stoichiometric numbers of positive
and negative ions formed during the dissociation of
electrolyte.
The applications of Kohlrausch's law
- Calculation of limiting conductivities of weak
electrolytes. According to Kohlrausch law, the limiting
equivalent conductance values of CH3COOH, CH3COONa,
HCl and NaCl can be written as follows:

Contents
Part II.
conductivity
in the
Ionic Mobility
Corrosion inhibitor
Summary
2.3. Conductivity measurement
A typical conductivity meter applies an alternating current (I) at
an optimal frequency to two active electrodes and measures the
potential (V). Both the current and the potential are used to
calculate the conductance (I/V). The conductivity meter then
uses the conductance and cell constant to display the
conductivity.
Conductivity = cell constant x conductance

Simplified conductivity meter diagram

2-pole cell
In a traditional 2-pole cell, an alternating current is
applied between the 2 poles and the resulting voltage is
measured. The aim is to measure the solution resistance
(Rsol) only. However the resistance (Rel) caused by
polarization of the electrodes and the field effect
interferes with the measurement, and both Rsol and
Rel are measured.

3-pole cell
The 3-pole cell is not as popular now as it has been
replaced by the 4-pole one.

4-pole cell
In a 4-pole cell, a current is applied to the outer rings (1
and 4) in such a way that a constant potential difference
is maintained between the inner rings (2 and 3). As this
voltage measurement takes place with a negligible
current, these two electrodes are not polarized (R2 = R3
= 0). The conductivity will be directly proportional to the
applied current.

4-pole cell
The geometry of 4-pole cells with an outer tube minimizes the
beaker field effect, due to the measurement volume being well
defined within the tube. The position of the conductivity cell in
the measuring vessel or the sample volume therefore has no
influence on the measurement.

Select the right conductivity cell
2-pole or 4-pole cell?

Select the right conductivity cell
2-pole or 4-pole cell?

Conductivity values at 25°C

What influences the measurement?

The accuracy of conductivity measurements can be influenced
by the following factors:
❖ Polarization
❖ Contamination
❖ Geometry
❖ Cable resistance
❖ Cable capacitance
❖ Frequency change
❖ Temperature

Applications of conductivity measurements
❖ Conductivity measurements
❖ Resistivity measurements
❖ TDS measurements
The TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) corresponds to the total
weight of cations, anions and the undissociated dissolved
species in one liter of water.
❖ Concentration measurements
❖ Salinity measurements

Contents
Part II.
conductivity
in the
Ionic Mobility
Corrosion inhibitor
Summary
2.4. Ionic Mobility

2.4. Ionic Mobility

2.4. Ionic Mobility

2.4. Ionic Mobility

2.4. Ionic Mobility

2.4. Ionic Mobility

Contents
Part II.
conductivity
in the
Ionic Mobility
Corrosion inhibitor
Summary
Contents
Part II.
conductivity
in the
Ionic Mobility
Corrosion inhibitor
Summary
Summary
Any Questions??

Summary
What influences the conductivity

measurement?
1) Polarisation, Contamination and
Geometry.
2) Cable resistance and Cable
capacitance
3) Frequency change and Temperature
4) 1 + 2 + 3

Summary
Corrosion inhibitors work by?

1) Anodic protection
2) Cathodic protection
3) Forming a protective film

Contents
Part III
Cell and Electrochemical cell
Electrodes
Nersnt equation
Electrodes
Electrochemical power sources

Cell and Electrodes
Objectives
In this part, you should be able to identify
◼ Fundamentals of Cell
◼ How to creative the cell
◼ Writing the Nerst equation
◼ Calculation of K, concentration, pH, E by Nerst
equation
◼ Type of electrode
◼ Determine E of electrode
Contents
Part III
Electrodes
Nersnt equation
Electrodes

3.1. Electrochemical cell
An electrochemical cell is a device capable of either generating
electrical energy from chemical reactions or facilitating
chemical reactions through the introduction of electrical energy.
Electrical energy formation Chemical reaction formation

Half-cells
An electrochemical cell consists of two half-cells.
❖ Each half-cell consists of an electrode and an electrolyte.
❖ The two half-cells may use the same electrolyte, or they

may use different electrolytes.
❖ The chemical reactions in the cell may involve the

electrolyte, the electrodes, or an external substance

Salt bridge
A salt bridge (e.g., filter paper soaked in KNO3 or some other
electrolyte) is often employed to provide ionic contact between
two half-cells with different electrolytes.
❖ Prevent the solutions from mixing and causing unwanted
side reactions.
❖ An alternative to a salt bridge is to allow direct contact
(and mixing) between the two half-cells.

Salt bridge
❖a difference in charge is established.
❖A salt bridge allows the flow of negative or positive ions to

maintain a steady-state charge distribution between the
oxidation and reduction vessels, while keeping the contents
otherwise separate.
❖ Other devices for achieving separation of solutions are

porous pots and gelled solutions.

Equilibrium reaction
Each half-cell has a characteristic voltage.
In the half-cell that is undergoing oxidation, the closer the

equilibrium lies to the ion/atom with the more positive oxidation
state the more potential this reaction will provide.
Likewise, in the reduction reaction, the closer the equilibrium

lies to the ion/atom with the more negative oxidation state the
higher the potential.

Cell potential
Ecell, is the measure of the potential difference between two half
cells in an electrochemical cell.
A redox reaction occurs when a certain substance is oxidized,

while another is reduced.
During oxidation, the substance loses one or more electrons, and

thus becomes positively charged.
The cell potential (Ecell) is measured in voltage (V), which allows

us to give a certain value to the cell potential

How to measure the cell potential?

Contents
Part III
Electrodes
Nersnt equation
Electrodes

3.2. Nersnt equation
Phương trình Nernst
E=E +
o RT
ln
 a v1
oxihoa
nF a v2
red
𝑅𝑇 0
𝐸= 𝐸 − 𝑙𝑛𝑄𝑐
𝑛𝐹

Exemple 1. Zn2+ +2e →Zn
RT
E=E + o
ln aZn 2+
2F
Exemple 2. Fe3+ +1e →Fe2+
RT aFe3+
E=E + ln o
F aFe 2+

Electrode potential
Electrode potential ➔ due to the transfer of charged

species across the interface.
𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝐸𝑐𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑𝑒 − 𝐸𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒

How to measure an electrode potential
Working electrode
Purging gas tube
Counter electrode
Reference electrode

How to measure an electrode potential?
The measurement is generally conducted using a three-

electrode system.
The potential measurements are performed with the positive

terminal of the electrometer connected to working electrode and
the negative terminal to the reference electrode.

Standard electrode potential
-Abbreviated E°,
- Condition: an effective concentration of 1 mol.dm−3, and gases

at a pressure of 1 atm. The reduction potential is an intensive
property. The values are most often tabulated at 25 °C.




✓ Fast comparison of corrosion possibilities of different metals

by referring on Energy Required to Convert Ore to Metal
table:
✓ Comparing relative energy
requirements for converting ores
into metals.
✓ This means that metals have a high
Energy level they have a tendency
to corrode. Therefore:
✓ Magnesium has a greater
tendency to corrode.
✓ Gold has a smaller tendency to
corrode.

Based on the standard electrode potential, What can you

design for industry applications?

Nersnt equation
Let's review what occurs in a galvanic cell:

❖ The zinc electrode is losing mass as Zn metal is oxidized
to Zn2+ ions which go into solution.

Nersnt equation
- start at standard-state conditions, but as the reaction proceeds,

the concentrations of the solutions change, the driving force
behind the reaction becomes weaker, and the cell potential
eventually reaches zero.
When the cell potential equals zero, the reaction is at

equilibrium.
That is the reason why electrochemical power sources become

weaker after long time used.

Nersnt equation
𝑅𝑇 0
𝐸= 𝐸 − 𝑙𝑛𝑄𝑐
𝑛𝐹
E: cell potential (V) under specific conditions
E0: cell potential at standard-state conditions

R: ideal gas constant = 8.314 J/mol-K
T: temperature (kelvin), which is generally 25C (298 K)
n: number of moles of electrons transferred in the balanced equation
F: Faraday's constant, the charge on a mole of electrons = 95,484.56
C/mol
lnQc: the natural log of the reaction quotient at the moment in time

Nersnt equation
0.05268
𝐸= 𝐸0 − 𝑙𝑛𝑄𝑐
𝑛
For the reaction:
Zn + Cu2+ → Zn2+ + Cu

Nersnt equation
There is a transfer of 2 electrons, so n = 2.
[𝑍𝑛2+ ]
𝑄𝑐 =
[𝐶𝑢2+ ]
2+
0
0.05268 [𝑍𝑛 ]
𝐸= 𝐸 − 𝑙𝑛
2 [𝐶𝑢2+ ]
At equilibrium E = 0 and Qc = Kc:
0
𝑅𝑇
0= 𝐸 − 𝑙𝑛𝐾𝑐
𝑛𝐹
The Nernst equation can be rearranged as follows:
𝑛𝐹𝐸 0 = 𝑅𝑇𝑙𝑛𝐾𝑐
𝑛𝐹𝐸 0
𝑙𝑛𝐾𝑐 =
𝑅𝑇
This equation can be used to calculate the equilibrium constant for any
oxidation-reduction reaction from its standard-state cell potential.

Summary
❖ The Nernst equation relates the effective concentrations

(activities) of the components of a cell reaction to the
standard cell potential.
❖ Ionic concentrations can usually be used in place of
activities when the total concentration of ions in the solution
does not exceed about 0.001M.
❖ In those reactions in which H+ or OH– ions take part, the
cell potential will also depend on the pH. Plots of E vs. pH
showing the stability regions of related species are very
useful means of summarizing the redox chemistry of an
element.

Pourbaix diagram (E-pH diagram)
The effects of pH on the form in which an element in a given
oxidation state exists in natural waters can be summarized with
predominance diagrams such as that for phosphorous shown
below.

Pourbaix diagram (E-pH diagram)
Knowledge of the pH condition of the environment is not

sufficient for predicting the form in which an element will exist
in natural waters.
You must also take into consideration whether the aqueous

environment is well aerated (oxidizing) or polluted with organic
wastes (reducing). In order to add this variable, we must expand
the predominance diagram to include the reduction potential of
the environment as well as the pH. This type of predominance
diagram is known as a Pourbaix diagram. Eo-pH diagram, or
pE-pH diagram.

What do we find in Pourbaix diagram?




The rate of electron ➔ increase ➔ the potential

difference must decrease.
If we short-circuit the cell by connecting the two

electrodes with a conductor having negligible resistance, the
potential difference is zero and no work will be done.
The total amount of energy a reaction can supply under

standard conditions at constant pressure and temperature is
given by ΔH°.
ΔH = ΔG° + T ΔS
Contents
Part III
Electrodes
Nersnt equation
Electrodes

3.3. Electrode
❖ An electrode: current enters and leaves the electrolyte.
❖ the cathode : the current leaves the electrodes
❖the anode : the current enters
❖ Electrodes: components of electrochemical cells.
❖ Standard electrode system (SHE)

3.3. Electrode
What are the mechanics of an electrode?
What processes are going on?
❖ An electrode ➔ a metal ➔ the location where oxidation-

reduction equilibrium is established between the metal and
what is in the solution.
❖ The electrode: an anode or a cathode.
❖ An anode: receives current or electrons
❖ the solution: the electrode is placed into, donates electrons.

This causes the atoms/molecules to become positive ions.

3.3. Electrode
What is an electrode made of?
❖ An electrode ➔ a good electrical conductor
❖ metal is made out of is dependent on whether or not it is

involved in the reaction.
❖ While other reactions utilize solid forms of the reactants,

making them the electrodes.
❖ An example of this type of cell would be:

3.3. Electrode

What is an electrode made of?
(left side is the anode) Cu(s)|Cu(NO3)2(aq)
(0.1M)||AgNO3(aq) (.01M)|Ag(s) (right side is cathode)
Here you can see that a solid form of the reactant, copper, is
used. The copper, as well as the silver, are participating as
reactants and electrodes.

3.3. Electrode

Standard (Hydrogen) Electrode
A Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) is an
electrode that scientists use for reference on all half-cell
potential reactions. The value of the standard electrode
potential is zero, which forms the basis one needs to
calculate cell potentials using different electrodes or
different concentrations.

3.3. Electrode
Standard (Hydrogen) Electrode
SHE: 1.0 M H+(aq) solution containing a square

piece of platinized platinum (connected to a platinum wire
where electrons can be exchanged) inside a tube.
hydrogen gas is then passed through the tube:

2H+(aq) + 2e- <==> H2(g).
It is inert and does not react

much with hydrogen.
3.3. Electrode
What types of the standard electrode?
Silver-Silver Chloride Copper–copper(II)
SHE Calomel electrode (SCE ) electrode (Ag/AgCl) sulfate electrode
Electrode (CCS)

3.3. Electrode
Many types of electrochemical cells have been produced, with
varying chemical processes and designs, including
❖ Galvanic cells
❖ Electrolytic cells
❖ Fuel cells
❖ Flow cell
❖ Voltaic piles. GC EC
FC
FlC VP
3.3. Electrode
Potential formed due to ionic transfer is called diffusion
potential.
Diffusion potential: difference generated across a membrane

because of a concentration difference of an ion.
❖ The size of the diffusion potential depends on the size of the

concentration gradient.
❖ The sign of diffusion potential depends on whether the

diffusing ion is positively or negatively charged..

3.3. Electrode
What is EMF?
EC
EMF = EC + |Ea|
Electromotive force!!!
EA

3.3. Electrode
The electromotive force (EMF) is the maximum potential

difference between two electrodes of a galvanic cell.
For example, the maximum potential between Zn and Cu of a

well known cell: Zn (s) | Zn2+ (1 M) || Cu2+ (1 M) | Cu (s)
has been measured to be 1.100 V. A concentration of 1 M in an

ideal solution is defined as the standard condition, and 1.100 V
is thus the standard electromotive force or standard cell potential
for the Zn-Cu galvanic cell.

3.3. Electrode
Electrode 1: Metal immerse in their salts ó.

Men+ +ne →Me
Formule: Men+/Me
Nerst equation
RT
E = E Men+ / Me +
o
ln aMen+
nF
3.3. Electrode
Electrode 2: Work for anion. Metal immerse in

their salts which is dissolute very difficulty
Điện cực: X-,MexXy/M
RT
E = E Mex X y / Me −
o y
ln a X −
yF

3.3. Electrode
Electrode Ag
Electrode Calomen
Electrode 2
Electrode Gase
Electrode metal oxide

3.3. Electrode
Ag-Electrode
Component
1. Solution HCl or KCl
2. AgCl
3. Ag
4. Metal wire
5. Hole for change the solution
6. Membrane
Ag++ e ➔ Ag
AgCl + e → Ag + Cl-
RT TAgCl
E AgCl / Ag = E o
AgCl / Ag + ln
F aCl −
3.3. Electrode
Ag- Electrode
Electrode Potential
1,00N KCl, 0,2384
AgCl/Ag
0,10 N KCl, 0,2900
AgCl/Ag
0,10 N HCl, 0,2890
AgCl/Ag
RT TAgCl
E AgCl / Ag = E o
AgCl / Ag + ln
F aCl −
3.3. Electrode
Ag-Electrode
Note: E depend on T, and

concentration of ion Cl-
RT TAgCl
E AgCl / Ag = E o
AgCl / Ag + ln
F aCl −

3.3. Electrode
1. Membrane
Calomen- Electrode 2. Membrane
3. Hg2Cl2
4. Hg
5. Wire Pt
6. Wire
7. solution KCl
8. Hole of changing KCl
RT
E Hg 2Cl 2 / Hg = 0,2768 − ln aCl −
F
3.3. Electrode
Calomen- Electrode
1. Advantage: E is often constant
➔ popularly used.
2. Disadvantage: Using Hg
(toxic) ➔ Now, Ag-electrode
is preferred to use
RT
E Hg 2Cl 2 / Hg = 0,2768 − ln aCl −
F
3.3. Electrode
Electrode of Hg2SO4
- Measurement the ion SO42-
Electrode: Hg2SO4/Hg
Hg2SO4+2 e → 2Hg + SO42-
RT
EH 2 SO4 / Hg = 0,6156 − ln aSO 2−
2F 4

3.3. Electrode
Hydro- electrode
1. Pt
2. Solution H+
3. 2H+ +2e → H2
RT a2H +
E = E0 + lg
2F PH 2

3.3. Electrode
Hydro- electrode
Condition:
PH2=1 atm
aH+ = 1
➔ E= E0
➔ E0 of Hidro
➔ Determine the other E
RT a2H +
E = E0 + lg
2F PH 2
3.3. Electrode

3.3. Electrode
Hydro- electrode
Feature: Complete electrode➔

to be easily contaminated ➔
Error of measure E ➔ Using
the Ag – Electrode
RT a2H +
E = E0 + lg
2F PH 2
3.3. Electrode
Oxy electrode: OH-/O2 (Pt):
In the base:
O2 + 4e + 2H2O → 4OH- (Eo=0,401V)
1/ 4
RT P
E = 0,401 +
O2
ln
4F aOH −

3.3. Electrode
Oxy electrode: OH-/O2 (Pt):
In the acid:
O2 + 4e + 4H+ → 2H2O (Eo= 1,229 V)
RT
E = 1,229 + 1/ 4
ln(aH + .PO2 )
4F

3.3. Electrode
O/Red electrode
Reaction: Ox + Ze → Red
RT aOxi
E=E +o
ln
ZF aRe d

3. Các loại điện cực
Ox/Red Electrode
Electrode: Fe3+, Fe2+/Pt; MnO4-, Mn2+, H+/Pt
Writing the Nerst equation:
RT aOxi
E=E + o
ln
ZF aRe d

3. Các loại điện cực
Metal oxide- electrode

Component: MxOy,OH- /Pt
Reaction:
MexOy + y H2O + 2ye → xMe + 2y OH-
RT
E = E0 − 2
ln a OH −
2 yF

Contents
Part III
Electrodes
Nersnt equation
Electrodes

3.4. Electrochemical power sources
Electrochemical Power Sources include:
❖ Batteries
Batteries
❖ Fuel cells
❖ Supercapacitors
Supercapacitors
Full cells

Batteries
An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more
electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy into
electrical energy.
Commercial batteries
Batteries
What is happening inside a fuel cell?
Coin-cells were made in dry room

Batteries
This table provides a comparison of battery technologies:

Batteries
Battery Applications:

Fuel cells
The fuel is oxidized at the anode, flows through a circuit

to do electrical work, and is reduced at the cathode.
The resulting electricity can be used in a variety of ways,
such as:
❖ Powering motor vehicles
❖ Electrical devices
❖ Airplanes.

Fuel cells

Fuel cells

The fuel cell enables hydrogen to be combined with
oxygen to produce electricity, water, and heat.
A fuel cell alone only produces a small amount of power.

However, grouping the individual fuel cells together
creates a fuel cell stack.
When delivered to a fuel cell engine, fuel cell stacks

create enough energy to power buses and other vehicles, and
have even been used to power spaceships.

Fuel cells
Each fuel cell contains two electrodes, a positive cathode

(where the reduction occurs) and a negative anode (where the
oxidation occurs), within the stack.
The energy producing reactions take place at the

electrodes.
The power being output by a fuel cell is equal to the voltage

multiplied by the current, and is measured in watts.

Fuel cells
❖ Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFC)

❖ Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFC)
❖ Zinc Air Fuel Cells (ZAFC)
❖ Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFC)
❖ Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC)
❖ Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFC)
❖ Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC)

Fuel cells

Fuel cells
The Benefits of Fuel Cell Power: Fuel cells create little to no

environmentally damaging emissions:
As long as fuel is always available, the fuel cell can run for an
infinite amount of time.
❖ Fuel cells offer cleaner, quieter, and more efficient power

production than conventional internal combustion engines.
❖ Fuel cells can use a variety of gases,

Contents
Part IV
Corrosion Introduction
Different theories of corrosion
Form of corrosion
Preventing corrosion
Summary
Introduction

Introduction
❖ What is corrosion?
❖ How/why does corrosion occur?
❖ Corrosion costs
❖ Form of corrosion
❖ Corrosion control methods

Introduction
✓ Corrosion is an electro
chemical process that
removes electrons from
one material and passes
them to another.
✓ Corrosion is caused by
having two dis-similar
metals in contact
through an electrolyte
and results in an electric
current passing between
them.
Nhung NTP General chemistry II
Introduction
The degradation of a material due to a reaction

with its environment.
Introduction

Introduction
Most metals are oxidized by the oxygen in

air, this process is called oxidation
Introduction
Conditions Required for Corrosion

Corrosion is an electrochemical process occurring at the
interface between metal and environment.
1. Two areas on a structure or two structures must

differ in electrical potential.
2. Those areas, called anodes and cathodes, must be

electrically interconnected.
3. Those areas must be exposed to a common electrolyte

(soil or water).

Introduction
Those areas must be exposed to a common
electrolyte
CURRENT
FLOW
WIRE
CATHODE ANODE
(COPPER) (IRON)
CURRENTFLOW
IONIZEDELECTROLYTE
CURRENTFLOW
(- TO+INELECTROLYTE)

Introduction
Corrosion Rate
As a result of this process, electric current flows

through the interconnection between cathode and anode.
The cathodic area is protected from corrosion damage at
the expense of the metal, which is consumed at the
anode. The amount of metal lost is directly proportional
to the current flow. Mild steel is lost at approximately
20 pounds for each ampere flowing for a year.

Introduction
Factors Affecting Corrosion Rate
1. Potential Difference Between Anode and Cathode
(Galvanic Series)
2. Circuit resistance – Resistivity of the Electrolyte
3. Chemical Activity
4. Stray Currents

Introduction
Potential Difference
Interconnecting two dissimilar metals in an electrolyte
will create a corrosion cell. The strength of this cell
increases as the distance within the galvanic series
increases.

Introduction
Galvanic Series
o METAL VOLTS (CSE)
o Commercially Pure Magnesium -1.75
o Magnesium Alloy -1.60
o Zinc -1.10
o Aluminum Alloy -1.05
o Commercially Pure Aluminum -0.80
o Mild Steel (clean & shiny) -0.50 to -0.80
o Mild Steel (rusted) -0.20 to -0.50
o Cast Iron (not graphitized) -0.50
o Lead -0.50
o Mild Steel in Concrete -0.20
o Copper, Brass, Bronze -0.20
o High Silicon Cast Iron -0.20
o Carbon, Graphite, Coke +0.30
Introduction
Circuit Resistance
Circuit resistance includes the following:
Resistance of the anode
Resistance of the cathode
Resistance of the electrolyte
Resistance of the metallic path
Increasing the resistance will reduce the corrosion rate.

Introduction
Environmental Factors

Introduction
Chemical Activity
➢ Passive (less corrosive) Environment
➢ High pH (neutral or basic)
➢ Low Moisture Content
➢ Lack of Salts
➢ High Resistivity
➢ Low Temperature
➢ Homogenous Environment

Introduction
Chemical Activity
➢ Active (more corrosive) Environment

➢ Low pH (acidic)
➢ High Moisture Content
➢ Salts
➢ Low Resistivity
➢ Moderate to High Temperature
➢ Heterogeneous Environment

Introduction
Direct costs Indirect costs

NACE,CC, technologies & ✓ Catastrophe: Public
FHWA jointly produced a safety, property,
report in 2001 detailing the damage, environmental
costs of corrosion contamination
✓276 billion USD annually ✓ Natureal Resources:
✓3.1 % of US GDP (1998) Waste production,
increased energy
consumption
✓ Public Outcry: Traffic,
inconvenience

Form of corrosion
Form of Corrosion
General: Identified by uniform formation of corrosion products

that causes a even thinning of the substrate steel
Localized: Caused by difference in chemical or physical

conditions between adjoining sites
Bacterial: Caused by the formation of bacteria with an affinity for

metals on the surface of the steel
Galvanic/Dissimilar Metal: Caused when dissimilar

metals come in contact, the difference in electrical potential sets up a
corrosion cell or a bimetallic couple
Form of corrosion

Form of corrosion

Form of corrosion

Form of corrosion
Uniform corrosion (general corrosion)
Manhole's
uniform
corrosion
Uniform corrosion is characterized by corrosive attack

proceeding evenly over the entire surface area, or a large
fraction of the total area. General thinning takes place until
failure. On the basis of tonnage wasted, this is the most
important form of corrosion.
Examples:
Lamppost
Manhole
Weathering steel
Form of corrosion
(b) Galvanic corrosion
Galvanic
corrosion of Al-
Steel couple
For galvanic corrosion to occur, three conditions must be

present:
* Electrochemically dissimilar metals must be present
* These metals must be in electrical contact
* The metals must be exposed to an electrolyte

Form of corrosion
(c) Crevice corrosion
Crevice corrosion is a localized form of corrosion usually
associated with a stagnant solution on the micro-
environmental level.
The shape of crevice corrosion

Form of corrosion
Crevice corrosion happen around screw

Form of corrosion
Such stagnant microenvironments tend to occur in

crevices (shielded areas) such as those formed under
gaskets, washers, insulation material, fastener heads,
surface deposits, disbonded coatings, threads, lap joints and
clamps.
- Depletion of inhibitor in the crevice

- Depletion of oxygen in the crevice
- A shift to acid conditions in the crevice
- Build-up of aggressive ion species (e.g. chloride) in
the crevice

Form of corrosion
(d) Pitting corrosion
- Producing holes or small pits in a metal but the bulk
of the surface remains unattacked.
- Pitting is often found in situations where resistance
against general corrosion is conferred by passive surface
films and where these passive films have broken down.
Pits happen in pipes

Form of corrosion
Pitting is initiated by:

- Localized chemical or mechanical damage to the
protective oxide film; water chemistry factors which can
cause breakdown of a passive film are acidity, low dissolved
oxygen concentrations and high concentrations of chloride
(as in seawater)
- Localized damage to, or poor application of, a
protective coating
- The presence of non-uniformities in the metal
structure of the component, e.g. nonmetallic inclusions.

Form of corrosion
Certain types of pitting corrosion

Form of corrosion
(e) Environmentally induced cracking
- Brittle fracture of a normally ductile alloy in the presence of
an environment that causes minimal uniform corrosion is
defined as EIC.
- Environmental cracking refers to a corrosion cracking
caused by a combination of conditions that can specifically
result in one of the following form of corrosion damage:
+ Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC)
+ Corrosion fatigue
+ Hydrogen embrittlement (HE)
+ Hydrogen induced cracking (HIC)
SCC of bridge
Form of corrosion
(e) Intergranular corrosion
The microstructure of metals and alloys is made up
of grains, separated by grain boundaries. Intergranular
corrosion is localized attack along the grain boundaries, or
immediately adjacent to grain boundaries, while the bulk of
the grains remain largely unaffected.
The shapes of intergranular corrosion

Form of corrosion
(g) Erosion corrosion
Erosion corrosion is an acceleration in the rate of
corrosion attack in metal due to the relative motion of a
corrosive fluid and a metal surface. The increased turbulence
caused by pitting on the internal surfaces of a tube can result
in rapidly increasing erosion rates and eventually a leak.
Consequences of erosion corrosion

Form of corrosion
(f) Dealloying
Dealloying refers to the selective removal of one
element from an alloy by corrosion processes. A common
example is the dezincification of unstabilized brass, whereby
a weakened, porous copper structure is produced.
Dealloying example Dealloying happened with

heat exchanger in refinery
Form of corrosion
(h) Microbiologically-influenced corrosion (MIC)
- Known as microbial corrosion or biological corrosion,
is the deterioration of metals as a result of the metabolic
activity of microorganisms.
- A dozen of bacteria known to cause microbiologically
influenced corrosion of carbon steels, stainless steels,
aluminum alloys and copper alloys in waters and soils with
pH 4~9 and temperature 10 oC – 50 oC.
The shapes of MIC

Form of corrosion
Mechanism

Form of corrosion
Mechanism
The shapes of MIC

Form of corrosion
(i) Filiform corrosion
- Filiform corrosion is a special form of corrosion that
occurs uder some thin coating in the form of randomly
distributed threadlike filaments.
- Filiform corrosion is also known as “under-film
corrosion” or “filamentary corrosion”.
The shape of filiform corrosion

Method of corrosion
control
Barrier protection: Provided by a protective coating the acts as

a barrier between corrosive elements and the metal substrate
Cathodic protection: Employs protecting one metal by

connecting it to another metal that is more anodic, according to the
galvanic series
Corrosion resistant materials: Caused by the formation of

bacteria with an affinity for metals on the surface of the steel

Cathodic protection
Impressed current
Galvanic Sacrificial anode
Galvanic Zinc Application: Zinc metallizing, zinc-rich

paints, hot-dip galvanizing

Barrier protection
Paint
Powder coatings
Galvanizing

✓ Cathodic protection
✓Impressed current:
❑External source of direct current power is connected (or
impressed) between the structure to be protected and the ground
bed (anode)
❑ Ideal impressed current systems use ground bed material that
can discharge large amount of current and yet still have a long
life expectancy

✓Galvanic sacrificial anode:
Pieces of an active metal such as magnesium or zinc are placed in

contact with the corrosive environment and are electrically
connected to the structure to be protected

✓Galvanic Zinc Application
✓Zinc Metallizing (plating)
Feeding zinc into a heated gun, where it is melted and sprayed on
a structure or par using combustion gases and/ or auxiliary
compressed aire
✓Zinc-rich Paints
Zinc-rich paints contain various amounts of metallic zinc dust
and are applied by brush or spray to properly prepared steel
✓Hot-dip galvanizing
Complete immersion of steel into a kettle/vessel of molten zinc
Key to obtaining enough cathodic protection
⚫ Determine amount of current required

➔Theoretical calculations based on coating quality
and environment
➔ Or, perform current requirement testing
⚫Calculate output expected from anode and
determine number of anodes required.

Galvanic CP
Pros of Galvanic CP
⚫Inexpensive
⚫Little Maintenance cost
⚫No external Power source
⚫A variety of install methods can be used. For
example, many UST’s are shipped with anodes
attached.

Galvanic CP
Cons of Galvanic CP
⚫Typically work best with electrically isolated
structures.
⚫No external power source, limited driving potential
(driving potential based on the galvanic series)
⚫Limited output makes it ineffective when trying to
protect large uncoated surfaces.
Require a low resistivity electrolyte to function
⚫
well.
Impressed Current CP
◼ Utilize an external power source to develop a

high potential difference between the surface to
be protected and an anode.

IMPRESSED CURRENT
Anode Groundbed
Pos i ti v e Cabl e
Recti fi er
AC Power Suppl y
Negati v e Cabl e
Pi pel i ne

Pros of Impressed Current CP

◼ Unlimited driving potential.
◼ Capable of protecting large steel structures
when designed properly.
◼ Requires less anodes then a galvanic system.
◼ Output can be controlled using a permanent
reference electrode, desirable when the
electrolyte resistivity is known to change.

Cons of Impressed Current CP

◼ Initial costs can be more expensive.
◼ Requires an external DC power source along
with an AC supply.
◼ System requires routine maintenance and
monitoring.
◼ Anode wires can be susceptible to damage.

Impressed Current CP rectifier

A rectifier converts available AC power to low
voltage DC power. Most cathodic protection
rectifiers are provided with a means to vary the
DC output voltage in small increments, or in
some cases offer complete control from zero to
100% of rated DC output.

CP System Testing
A CP system can be evaluated by obtaining a
reference cell potential. This potential
determines the amount of cathodic polarization
the structure is receiving.
Adequate protection is indicated by obtaining a
value more negative then the established
criteria.
This criteria is specific to the reference cell used to
obtain potentials.

2.5. Inhibitor
Inhibitors can be classified as anodic and cathodic. Each of

these types of anodes has its own properties depending on
the way it affects anodic and cathodic reactions.
However, it must be noted that inhibitors are mainly used to
affect the electrochemistry of the system and not its
microbiology.
- Anodic inhibitors
- Cathodic inhibitor
- Mixed inhibitor

2.5. Inhibitor
These types of inhibitors can control the rate of oxidation
(anodic) reactions.

2.5. Inhibitor
These types of inhibitors can prevent or reduce the rate of
reduction (cathodic) reactions.

2.5. Inhibitor
Some inhibitors function as both anodic and cathodic,
influencing both the anode and the cathode reactions to a
larger or lesser extent.

Summary
▪ Type of conductor
▪ Calculation of Van’s Hoff factor
▪ Definition of solvation
▪ Determine the activity coefficients
▪ Giving the expression of conductivity measurement
▪ Calculation of ionic mobility
▪ Fundamentals of Corrosion
▪ Corrosion Cell:
▪ Conditions required for corrosion
▪ Corrosion Rate
▪ Corrosion Types
▪ Commonly Affected Structures
Summary
▪ Corrosion Control
▪ Materials Selection
▪ Inhibitors/Altering the environment
▪ Coatings
▪ Cathodic Protection
▪ Measuring potentials
▪ Criteria

Summary
What elements require for an

electrochemical corrosion reaction?
A) An anode
B) A cathode
C) A metallic conductor
D) An electrolytic conductor
E) A + B + C + D

Summary
How to protect corrosion?

A) Reject anode
B) Reject cathode
C) Reject metallic conductor
D) Reject electrolytic conductor
E) A + B + C + D

Summary
What type of corrosion is the most

importance in refinery and why?
A) Uniform corrosion
B) Pitting corrosion
C) Erosion corrosion
D) MIC
E) All of them

Summary
When you meet a leak in refining and

petrochemical factory, what will you
do first?
A) Shut down the unit
B) Call emergency
C) Call supervisors
D) Call polices
E) Leave

Summary
What differences between crevice

and galvanic corrosion?
A) Two contacted materials should be
the same for both but only uniform
corrosion for crevice corrosion
B) Two contacted materials should be
different for galvanic corrosion and
may not for crevice corrosion
C) No differences

Summary
❖ Viết phương trình Nerst cho bán phản ứng tại điều
kiện tiêu chuẩn sau:
𝑀𝑛𝑂4− + 8𝐻 + + 5𝑒 → 𝑀𝑛2+ + 4𝐻2 𝑂

Summary
❖ Tính hằng số cân bằng của phản ứng tại điều kiện
tiêu chuẩn sau:
❖ 𝑀𝑛𝑂4− + 5𝐹𝑒 2+ + 8𝐻 + → 𝑀𝑛2+ + 5𝐹𝑒 3+ + 4𝐻2 𝑂
❖ Biết rằng thế điều kiện tiêu chuẩn của Fe3+/Fe2+ và
MnO4-/Mn2+ tương ứng là 0,77V và 1,51V

Chapter 3 Electrochemistry

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Chapter 3 Electrochemistry

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VIETNAM NATIONAL OIL AND GAS GROUP

Lecturer: Nhung NTP

Electrical conductivity in the solution

Cell and electrodes

Nhung NTP General chemistry II 2

Nhung NTP General chemistry II 4

Electrical conductivity in the solution

Cell and electrodes

Nhung NTP General chemistry II 5

There are two types of conductors in Elec.:

Nhung NTP General chemistry II 8

- Allowing the electricity to pass through them without

Nhung NTP General chemistry II 9

Difference between metallic and electrolytic conduction

Nhung NTP General chemistry II 10

Nhung NTP General chemistry II 14

Nhung NTP General chemistry II 15

Nhung NTP General chemistry II 16

Electrolytic dissociation: the separation of the molecule of an

The electrolysis of copper sulphate may be taken

Nhung NTP General chemistry II 17

Nhung NTP General chemistry II 19

Nhung NTP General chemistry II 20

Nhung NTP General chemistry II 21

Dissociation Equations and the

NaCl(s) → Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) i=2

AgNO3(s) → Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq) i=3

MgCl2(s) → Mg2+(aq) + 2 Cl-(aq)

Na2SO4(s) → 2 Na+(aq) + SO42-(aq)

AlCl3(s) → Al3+(aq) + 3 Cl-(aq)

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The ideal van’t Hoff Factor is only achieved in VERY

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❖ One mole of NaCl does

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IF 𝜐+ = 𝜐− in [1.4] is total ions in dissociated molecules

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When i is determined, α can be calculated using [1.6] or

* Base on α, electrolytes have been classified

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Unsaturated, Saturated or Supersaturated solution?

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A sodium ion solvated by water molecules. It has to be assumed

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❖ NaCl goes down into the Water

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❖ And the Like Molecules shall be dissolved by the Like

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van't Hoff factor = ?

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